Background: Purple potato contain sufficient phenolic compound and flavonoid which has high antioxidant capacity. Due to poor water solubility of phenolic compounds and quick oxidation of anthocyanin, we could not get maximum health benefits from purple potato. Therefore, we developed surfactant based aqueous nano suspension to enhance the solubility of phenolic compounds and protect the oxidation of anthocyanin from purple potato. Methods and Results: Two types of surfactant were used in this experiment based on hydrophilic-lycophilic balance viz. Brij and Span. In our study, lycophilic surfactant showed highest efficiency in TP extraction compared to water and lipophilic surfactant below 10 mM concentration. On the other hand, lipophilic surfactant showed highest efficiency in extracting flavonoid content. Conclusion: It is concluded that hydrophilic surfactant was significantly increased phenolic compounds five times, and lipophilic surfactant increased flavonoid two times, and anthocyanin three times compared to control. Therefore, total antioxidant capacity was increases two times compared to control.

수은 및 수은화합물의 배출로부터 국민의 건강 및 환경을 보호하기 위하여 국제수은협약(Minamata Convention on Mercury)이 채택되었다. 수은은 체내 비교적 미량이 노출되어도 생물체에 강한 독성을 나타낸다. 또한 수은으로 오염된 폐기물을 처리 및 처분하는 과정에서 수은이 환경으로 유출될 가능성이 존재하여 배출 규제 강화 및 관리에 관심이 집중되고 있다. 공정에서 배출되는 액상 수은 폐기물에는 용해된 수은 및 수은화합물과 고형물 형태의 것이 함유되어 있다. 따라서 폐기물의 특성에 적합한 수은의 제어가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 국내 산업시설에서 공정부산물로 발생하는 액상 수은 폐기물을 처리하기 위하여, 총 ６단으로 구성된 흡착설비를 구축하였다. 1~2단계는 각각 10㎛, 5㎛입경의 섬유 필터(MICRO Filter)를 사용하였다. HgCl2는 타 수은화합물에 비하여 수용성이 크고 폐수에 잔류할 가능성이 높다. 따라서 3~5단계는 Cl2제거 효과가 있는 활성탄 필터(CTO Filter)를 사용하였다. 액상 수은 폐기물의 처리 용량을 평가하기 위해 시료의 투입 유량 60 L/hr, 90 L/hr 및 150 L/hr로 달리하여 실험을 진행하였다. MICRO 필터 및 활성탄 필터(CTO Filter)의 수은 제거 효율은 최종단계에서 각 유량별로 96%, 92%, 86%으로 확인되었다. 액상 폐기물 시료에서 수은 화합물을 제거하는데 사용된 필터의 수은 함유 농도를 분석한 결과, 30.3~61.8 mg-Hg/kg으로 분석되었다. 액상 폐기물 수은 제거를 위하여 사용된 필터는 수은 오염 폐기물로써 적정 처리가 필요하다. 시료에 함유된 수은 화합물의 특성에 적합한 필터의 개발 및 사용된 필터의 적정 처리 방법에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

가축분뇨내 함유된 총 질소 농도는 3,000~6,000 mg/L 수준이며 이중 80%이상이 암모니아성 질소로 존재하기 때문에 호기성 액비화 과정에서 질산화 처리시간이 길고 탈질과정에서 탄소원의 부족 현상이 발생하여 정화처리가 용이하지 않다. 공동자원화 설비에서 현재 운영 중인 가축분뇨의 질소 변화특성을 살펴보면 농도 변화폭이 크고 이에 따른 대응 가능한 처리 및 회수 기술이 필요하다. 기존 암모니아 탈기법은 전통적인 암모니아 회수방법이나 pH를 10.5이상 유지시키면서 20℃에서의 공기요구량이 2,400 m³-air/m³-water 필요하여 운전비용이 15,000원/톤을 초과하기 때문에 경제성이 낮다. 최근 이온교환율이 높은 흡착제를 이용하는 회수기술이 개발 중이나 가축분뇨에 함유된 암모니아의 농도가 높기 때문에 흡착제를 재생하는 과정에서 16,000 원/톤 이상의 재생약품비용이 소비된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 가축분뇨 내에 존재하는 암모니아를 50% 회수함으로써 경제성을 증가 시키고 공정에서 발생하는 악취 문제를 2차적으로 해결함으로써 부가적인 효율을 증대시킬 수 있다. 또한 회수된 암모니아를 이용하여 암모니아수, 황산암모늄 등 암모니아화합물을 제조하여 제품화함으로써 부가가치를 창출할 수 있어 시설 투자비와 운전비 대비 부가가치 창출을 기대할 수 있다. 이에 실험실 규모 및 pilot 규모에서의 50% 암모니아 회수 최적 조건과 회수된 암모니아를 이용하여 암모니아화합물 생성 최적 조건을 도출하였으며 이를 토대로 30 톤/일 규모의 실증플랜트 설계를 최적화하였다.

도시생활폐기물소각재(MSWI ash)을 매립하게 되면 장기적으로 중금속이 침출된다. 급속탄산화를 통하여 MSWI ash 내의 중금속을 탄산염 형태로 고정하여, 중장기적으로 침출을 방지할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 급속 탄산화 방법을 통하여 소각재인 fly ash의 중금속 저감 및 이산화탄소 저감에 대해 수행하였다. NH4OH, NH4SCN, 및Ca(OH)2를 이용하여 test 하였으며, 소각재의 중금속을 탄산화 전, 후를 비교하여 중금속이 침출량을 비교 하였다. 추가적으로 이산화탄소가 fly ash에 포집된 이산화탄소 저감량을 나타내면서 이산화탄소 흡수제의 재사용 가능성을 확인하였다. 흡수제를 재생하는 과정에서 나온 CO32-이온에 의해 탄산화 된 금속염들의 성분 분석을 위해, XRD (X-ray diffraction analyzer(Ultima Ⅳ))를 사용하였다. 그리고 FE-SEM(Field emission scanning electron microscope, JEOL-7800)으로 filtering후 건조시킨 샘플과 fly ash의 표면구조를 촬영하고 비교하였다.

온실가스인 이산화탄소는 다른 온실가스에 비해 Global Warming Potential(GWP)가 가장 낮지만 배출량이 전체 온실가스 중 88 %의 비중을 차지하고 있다. 많은 국가에서 기후변화에 관심을 가지고 이산화탄소 저감에 대한 연구개발이 활발히 일어나고 있다. 본 연구에서는 암모늄 화합물을 이용하여 이산화탄소를 포집하고 산업폐기물의 금속이온을 이용하여 무기재료인 탄산칼슘을 생성하는 다양한 방법을 소개한다. 탄산칼슘 생성을 위해 칼슘이온이 포함된 탈황석고, 폐시멘트를 이용하였다. 결과에서 이산화탄소 포집 성능 및 최종생성물의 결정구조를 확인하였으며, 이산화탄소 loading 값  는 약 2.0의 값을 가진다. X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope의 분석을 통하여 탄산칼슘이 생성되었음을 확인하였으며, 결정구조는 Vaterite가 생성됨을 확인할 수 있다. 효과적인 공정을 위하여, 생성물을 생성한 후 용액을 회수하여 재이용할 수 있어 연속적인 공정이 가능하다. 회수된 용액의 재이용의 가능성을 보기위하여 이산화탄소를 재흡수 시키면서 같은 공정을 2cycle씩 진행하여, 연속적인 공정의 잠재성을 확인하였다.

Background : As the farmers who grow Chinese matrimony vine (Lycium chinense Miller) in rain-shelter greenhouses increase, it is necessary to develop a cultivar with self-compatibility and high quality. Methods and Results : The new boxthorn line, CBP06419-243 was selected from the cross between CBP03310-250(IT232705) and CBP05399-1 to breed the cultivar with self-compatibility and high quality. These lines used for crossing was tetradilpoid induced by the colchicine treatment on bud. Its preliminary yield test was performed from 2009 to 2011 and the selected line was named Cheongyang 18. Its regional yield trials were carried out in Cheongyang, Yesan and Jindo from 2012, 2014, 2015 and Cheongyang 18 was registered as the new variety, Whasu, in 2015. The specific characteristics were summarized as follows; Tree shape is semi-open type and the leaf is lanceolate. The flowers are distinctly larger. The fruit type is medium size, long oblong and yellowish red. The flowering was June 21 with medium flowering. Branching by pruning its sprout was generated less than the check variety, Cheongmeong. The infection rates on leaves to Eriophys macrodonis Keifer was as strong as 7.7 percent. Anthracnose on fruits in open field was slightly severe compared to the check variety, but the infection rates in rain shelter greenhouses was similar. The content of betaine and free sugar in dried-fruits were higher than that of the check. The dried-fruit yield was decreased about 13 percent in open field, but increased 18 percent in rain shelter greenhouses. Conclusion : This variety ‘Whasu’ was suitable for cultivation in plastic film greenhouses because of self-compatibility and high-yielding. It is not necessary the companion variety.

Koreans have sedentary lifestyles and use under-floor heating called Ondol as home heating systems. Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) caused by VOCs released from flooring material has been of significant interest in residential apartments. In this study, we measured exposure to VOCs by having test subjects breathe under conditions of high surface temperature. The results showed that the emission level of VOCs was high at 40oC in the early stage of the experiment. However, 20 days after the experiment began, the emission level was reduced by 0.9-4 times in each product at 40oC. The exposure to VOCs released from floor coverings was measured by taking into account the average respiratory rate, weight, and activity hour of test subjects and presuming that people are exposed to VOCs all the time while staying indoors. The level of emission from FJR of low-cost PVC floor coverings was the highest among the tested coverings, but the exposure to VOCs emission from the covering was relatively low at 0.025 mg/kg/day at 40oC. The amount of toluene detected from this experiment was the highest among VOCs emitted from floor coverings. The hazard quotient (HQ) of toluene detected in this test was over 20 times smaller than the risk characterization level of 0.1. It was, therefore, estimated that the emission of toluene from the floor surface would not be critically harmful to residents.

In order to prepare the information needed to construct a reduction system for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exhausted from ship-block paint-booths in a giant shipyard, VOCs in paint-shop airs were analyzed and compared to the components in paint thinners. Aromatic hydrocarbons containing eight and nine carbon atoms are known to be major VOC compounds found in shipyard paint-shops. The total hydrocarbon (THC(C7)) concentrations calibrated using toluene gas, were measured in block paint-shops with two photo-ionization detector (PID) meters, and the resulting THC(C7) data were converted to THC(C1) concentrations according to the Standard Methods for the Measurements of Air Pollution in South Korea. THC(C1) concentrations near the spray site ranged from 10 to 2,000 ppm, but they were less than 400 ppm near the walls of the paint-booth. The measurements of THC concentrations, based on the height of the monitoring sites, were related to the height of the target to which the spray paints were applied. The maximum concentrations occurred at almost the same height as the spray targets. When painted blocks had been dried-by warming with no spraying, the THC concentrations were 80~100 ppm.

점토광물은 자연에서 쉽게 얻을 수 있고, 환경친화적이며 다양한 물리화학적 특성을 갖고 있어 인류 역사상 여러 분야에 활용되어 왔다. 최근에는 몬모릴로나이트, 카올리나이트, 세피올라이트, 금 속이중층수산화물과 같은 점토 화합물에 화학적 개질을 도입하여 산업분야에 활용하고자 하는 연구 가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 넓은 비표면적과 높은 측면비율, 나노수준의 입자 두께, 그리고 조절가능한 표면전하를 갖는 점토화합물에 화학적 개질을 적용하면, 고분자의 기계적 성질과 기체차단성을 개선 하고, 고분자 필름에 지속적 항균성을 부여하는 충전제로 사용할 수 있다. 또한, 개질된 점토화합물은 높은 흡착능과 화학적 선택성을 지니므로, 수질이나 토양을 오염시키는 화학적, 생물학적 오염원을 효 과적으로 제거하는 물질로도 활용 가능하다. 본 논평에서는 이러한 점토화합물들이 미래의 주요산업 군인 식품포장재 및 환경개선 분야에 활용될 가능성에 대해 최근 연구 결과를 소개하고자 한다.

In this study, GC-MS linked with an automatic thermal desorber was used to quantitatively analyze the odorous and volatile compounds in the gas emitted from a sewage sludge drying facility. In addition, the removal characteristics of these compounds were investigated by using a pilot-scale packed bed wet scrubber. A quantitative analysis for 58 odorous and volatile compounds in the gas was successfully achieved with GC-MS and GC-FPD. The a quantitative analysis revealed the major odorous compounds were hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde. In addition, D-type siloxane compounds such as octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6), were quantitatively measured. The concentrations of siloxane compounds measured in the gas were in the range of 4.54- 7.36 ppmv, higher than those in landfill gas. The average removal efficiency of the odorous and volatile compounds in a wet scrubber was 67.37%. D4, D5, and D6, which are hydrophobic compounds, were also removed by as much as 50.68%, 44.56%, and 70.26%, respectively.

The volatile flavor components of the fruit pulp and peel of orange (Citrus sinensis) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) were extracted by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) using a solvent mixture of n-pentane and diethyl ether (1:1, v/v) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total volatile flavor contents in the pulp and peel of orange were 120.55 and 4,510.81 mg/kg, respectively, while those in the pulp and peel of grapefruit were 195.60 and 4,223.68 mg/kg, respectively. The monoterpene limonene was identified as the major voltile flavor compound in both orange and grapefruit, exhibiting contents of 65.32 and 3,008.10 mg/kg in the pulp and peel of orange, respectively, and 105.00 and 1,870.24 mg/kg in the pulp and peel of grapefruit, respectively. Limonene, sabinene, α-pinene, β-myrcene, linalool, (Z)-limonene oxide, and (E)-limonene oxide were the main volatile flavor components of both orange and grapefruit. The distinctive component of orange was valencene, while grapefruit contained (E)-caryophyllene and nootkatone. δ-3-Carene, α-terpinolene, borneol, citronellyl acetate, piperitone, and β-copaene were detected in orange but not in grapefruit. Conversely, grapefruit contained β-pinene, α-terpinyl acetate, bicyclogermacrene, nootkatol, β-cubebene, and sesquisabinene, while orange did not. Phenylacetaldehyde, camphor, limona ketone and (Z)-caryophyllene were identified in the pulp of both fruits, while α-thujene, citronellal, citronellol, α-sinensal, γ-muurolene and germacrene D were detected in the peel of both fresh fruit samples.

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of hyaluronidase (HAase) inhibition was determined from 92 species of oriental herbal medicine extracted with water and ethanol solvents because of their non-toxicity in the human body. The water extracts of Evodia officinalis (86.8%), Thuja orientalis (80.8%), Carthami semen (66.5%), Melia azedarach (74.7%), Siegesbeckia pubescens (61.3%), Saururus chinensis (49.15%) showed a relatively greater anti-inflammatory activity. The ethanol extracts of Ailanthus altissima and Saururus chinensis demonstrated the highest anti-inflammatory effect at above 90%. Saururus chinensis was selected for its high anti-inflammatory effect in both water and ethanol extract. Ethanol was more effective than water and optimal extraction conditions for phenolic compounds was determined to be extraction with 50% ethanol for 12 hours. The extracts from Saururus chinensis in optimal condition showed 70~80% anti-inflammatory effect when 100~250 μg/mL phenolic concentration was treated. Concentration of above 500 μg/mL decreased the inhibitory effect. The anti-inflammatory effect and extraction yield were increased by ultra-fine grind technology, indicating that this method can be used to increase the extraction yield of phenolic compounds from medicinal plants.

Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were investigated in leaves of organic apricot, filbert, mulberry, persimmon, and pomegranate trees during growing season. Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in leaves of organic apricot and filbert trees were gradually increased from May to June, attained peak in July, thereafter decreased to minimum level in October. In leaves of organic mulberry tree total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were simultaneously increased from May to June and sharply decrease to very low level. The leaves of organic persimmon trees showed very high level of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from May to June, thereafter gradually decrease to October. The leaves of organic pomegranate trees showed extraordinarily highest level of total phenolic compounds among five fruit trees investigated in the study during growing stages, as well as maintained higher than 91 percent of antioxidant activity from May to October. Correlation coefficients between total phenolic compound and antioxidant activity of the leaves of five organic trees were the highest in mulberry leaves, and then persimmon, filbert, apricot, and pomegranate, respectively. However, correlation coefficients between total phenolic compound and antioxidant activity of the leaves of organic pomegranate were very low level, and not significant in their relationship.

가축분뇨의 퇴/액비를 통한 자원화는 경종농가에서의 화학비료 사용으로 인한 양분집적 문제가 발생하고 있다. 따라서 가축분뇨 및 공동자원화시설과 연계한 질소 회수 기술 개발 및 적용을 통해 지역별 양분관리 기술 제공 및 양분총량제에 대응한 가축분뇨 자원화 기술 제공이 필요한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 가축분뇨 내에 존재하는 암모니아를 50% 회수함으로써 경제성을 증가 시키고 공정에서 발생하는 악취 문제를 2차적으로 해결함으로써 부가적인 효율을 증대시킬 수 있다. 또한 회수된 암모니아를 이용하여 암모니아수, 황산암모늄 등 암모니아화합물을 제조하여 제품화함으로써 부가가치를 창출할 수 있어 시설 투자비와 운전비 대비 부가가치 창출을 기대할 수 있다. 이에 실험실 규모에서의 50% 암모니아 회수 최적 조건과 회수된 암모니아를 이용하여 암모니아화합물 생성 최적 조건을 도출하였다.

Background : Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans are secondary metabolites present abundantly in the fruits belonging to the genus Schisandra. According to previous studies, Schisandra lignans exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic properties, as well as an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation. Therefore, establishing the Korean “Omija” (Schisandra chinensis) as a lignanrich source, in addition to identifying and quantifying the lignans, is extremely valuable. Methods and Results : Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans were analyzed with liquid chromatography using diode array detection/ mass spectrometry, from methanol extracts subsequently identified by a constructed chemical library of 50 lignans. A total of 27 components of lignan including gomisin S were identified, of which schisandrin, gomisin A, gomisin N, deoxyschisandrin, γ- schisandrin, and schisandrin C were identified as the major components in the Korean Omija, Schisandra chinensis. These compounds were divided into two groups, S-biphenyl and R-biphenyl based on the configurations of the stereoisomers structures with contents of 661.7 and 1350.1㎎ per 100 g dry weight, respectively. The total lignan content averaged 2011.4㎎ per 100 g dry weight, of which schisandrin and gomisin N comprised the majority (771.8 and 420.5㎎ per 100 g dry weight respectively). Conclusions : Lignans which are present in high quantities in the ripe fruit of Schisandra chinensis are important functional compounds that play a major role in the prevention and treatment of human diseases.

In this study, the chemical properties and phenolic compound of blueberry, bokbunja and mulberry and their pomace were determined to develop them as functional food materials. Water content of individual whole berry was ranged from 84.25-86.20%, and water content was significantly high in whole berries rather than their pomace (p<0.01). Additionally, each berry and its pomace’s pH was 3.32-5.18. Among them, whole mulberry showed the highest pH which is 5.18 (p<0.01). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were the greatest in blueberry pomace and they were 24.81 mg/g and 2.13 mg/g, respectively (p<0.01). However, mulberry pomace generated the greatest anthocyanin content compared to others (p <0.01). In phenolic compound profiles, cyanin chloride was detected in mulberry and bokbunja. Epigallocatechin, gallocatechin and isorhamnetin were found only in blueberry. Catechin (hydrate) and epicatechin were greater in pomaces than whole berries except blueberry (p<0.01), otherwise, significantly great rutin (trihydrate) and quercetin contents were found in whole berries as compared to their pomace except blueberry (p<0.01). Gallic acid was significantly greatest in mulberry (p< 0.01) and quercetin 3-D-galactoside was significantly greatest in blueberry (p< 0.01). Apigenin and luteolin were traced in mulberry, and mulberry pomace showed greater apigenin and luteolin contents than whole mulberry (p<0.01). Naringenin was greater in pomaces than whole berries (p <0.01). As a result, it was found that all berry extracts used in this study were able to be applied as

본 연구는 유전적 특성이 다른 몇 가지 수종의 테르펜화합물의 구성을 비교함으로써 수종별 특성 차이를 검정하고자 하였다. 수목의 잎에 함유된 테르펜화합물은 Headspace GC/MS으로 정성적 분석을 실시하였으며, SDE법(Simultaneous steam distillation and extraction apparatus)으로 잎에서 추출한 정유를 GC/MSD(GCMS-QP2010 Plus, Shimadzu, Japan)로 정량 분석을 하였다. 정성적 분석결과 검정하고자 한 19종의 테르펜화합물중 대부분의 수종에서 15~18종의 테르펜화합물이 검정되어 침엽수와 활엽수 간에 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 정량적 분석결과에서는 침엽수인 편백이 활엽수보다 잎에서 추출한 정유 수율이 9~10배 정도로 높게 나타났으며, 정유 수율은 편백 > 전나무 > 화백 > 잣나무 > 소나무 등의 순으로 나타났다. 수종별 테르펜화합물의 정량적 특성으로 trans-caryophyllene은 전나무 > 비목(활엽수) > 소나무 > 잣나무 순으로 나타났다. α-pinene은 화백 > 전나무 > 잣나무 > 편백 등의 순으로 나타났다. carene은 전나무와 화백에서 농도가 월등히 높았다. limonene은 편백 > 전나무 > 화백 순으로 높았으며, bornyl acetate는 전나무 > 화백 > 편백 순으로 나타났다. camphene, myrcene, humulene 등도 전나무에서 가장 농도가 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 일반적으로 활엽수에 비하여 침엽수 잎에 함유된 테르펜화합물의 농도가 높고, 침엽수 중 전나무는 편백에 비하여 수율이 59% 정도로 낮지만 trans-caryophyllene, α-등과 같은 유용테르펜화합물의 농도는 편백보다 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 편백나무 숲은 치유효과가 높은 것으로 이미 잘 알려져 있으며, 다양한 산림치유 활동이 편백나무 숲에서 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 편백나무는 우리나라 남부지역에 제한적으로 조림되어 있는 실정이다. 따라서 전나무뿐만 아니라 편백나무와 성상이 비슷하지만 내한성이 강한 화백도 편백에 비하여 높은 농도의 유용물질도 함유하고 있기 때문에 기후적으로 온대중부 이북에 속하는 곳에서는 치유의 숲에 편백을 대체할 수 있는 조림 수종으로 전나무와 화백을 주목할 필요가 있을 것이다.

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been received much attention recently due to rapid changes in materials and shorter replacement of consumer products. Most of WEEEs are collected and recycled at the designated recycling centers in Korea, and final residues after recycling, sorting and shredding them to separate valuable and recyclable parts in series are left as forms of shredded plastic mixtures, which would be a problem to be resolved. By further plastics separation the polyurethane foams are mostly remained and becomes waste to be treated by appropriate methods. Gasification to produce syngas and incineration to recover energy for such polyurethane foam waste could be utilized instead landfill presently treated. In this study the experiment was conducted to evaluate such performance characteristics of thermal processes. Pelletized solid refuse fuel (SRF) was fabricated to feed into the test furnace even though it was light with low density. Thermogravimetric analysis, proximate analysis and higher heating value were made. During gasification and incineration, gas composition with gaseous pollutants were measured. Due to nitrogen content in polyurethane, nitrogen containing gaseous substances such as NH3 and HCN were observed with varying equivalent air ratios (ERs). The assessment of polyurethane waste foam to energy using incineration and gasification was made with finding out the optimal condition of air injection to emit less pollutants in both operations. Produced syngas could be utilized as energy fuels by lowering pollutants emission.