For the asset management of a water pipe network, it would be necessary to understand the extent of the maintenance cost required for the water pipe network for the future. This study would develop a method to draw the optimum cost required for the maintenance of the water pipe network in waterworks facilities to maintain the aim revenue water ratio and to achieve the target revenue water ratio, considering the water service providers’ waterworks condition and revenue water ratio comprehensively. This study conducted a survey with 96 water service providers as of the early 2015 and developed models to estimate the optimum maintenance cost of the water pipe network, considering the characteristics of the water service providers. Since the correlation coefficient of all the developed models was higher than 0.95, it turned out that it had significant reliability, which was statistically significant. As a result of applying the developed models to the actual water service providers, it was drawn that increasing revenue water ratio to more than a certain level can reduce the maintenance cost of the water pipe network by a great deal. In other words, it is judged that it would be the most efficient to secure the reliability of waterworks management by increasing the short-term revenue water ratio to more than a certain level and gradually increase the revenue water ratio from the long-term perspective. It is expected that the proposed methodology proposed in this study and the results of the study will be used as a basic research for planning the maintenance of water pipe network or establishing a plan for waterworks facilities asset management.

Module coordination(分數), which is crucially relevant to plan shape of a fortress and the location of its gates and chis(雉, protruding posts), have not been thoroughly studied, despite its importance in fortress system. While plan shape of Goryeo fortress features orderly placement of gates and chis, under medium-sized Joseon fortress doesn’t follow it strictly. As a result, fortresses with various plan shapes greatly outnumber those of Goryeo. Especially, Gimhaeeupseong Fortress, which is a large-scale town wall, shows such a complicated plan shape, making it difficult to figure out its modular coordination. Presumably, the reason for Joseon fortress’ complicated plan shapes, which doesn’t follow the orderly modular coordination, is thought to be in its various geographical conditions. Also, it seems that the building of fortress with such various and complicated plan shapes was to deter enemies from intruding by confusing them. And various plan shapes of fortress are also figured out to be pertinent to street system of towns and positions of public offices.

In this study, nonlinear finite element analysis based on the Modified Compression Field Theory has been conducted to evaluate shear strength of RC walls with opening. On the analysis, reinforcement ratio within development length of rebars nearby the opening was reduced in the model in order to investigate the effect of opening on shear strength of RC shear walls. The nonlinear finite element analysis has been verified through comparison with the test result in literature. Through the verification, it was investigated that the analysis considering the development length of rebars well reflected the effect of an opening on shear strength of RC shear walls while current design provisions did not reasonably consider one.

Stress on plates may increase in the neighborhood the edges or the holes for rivets or bolts. Excessive stress concentration may lead to severe breakage of the plates. Thus, it is important to conduct optimization of arrangement of holes at the design stage. In this paper, accuracy of FEM analysis was examined for such stress concentration . By changing the hole size on a narrow plate, change of the stress concentration factor(K) was investigated. Additionally, the same experiment was conducted about series of multiple holes on plate to investigate interaction between the adjacent holes. Then, the FEM results were compared to the reference predictions respectively. Finally, a method by which simple stress concentrating situations can be optimized, will be suggested. This method was examined by FEM, and showed similar tendency with the expectation. Therefore, this method can be valuable when arranging the holes on a plate.

2011-2015년 동안 한국 중부 태안과 청주 강내의 배경 관측지점에서 측정한 PM10, PM2.5 질량 농도를 분석하 였다. 황사 사례를 제외한 PM10 질량 농도의 계절변동에서 겨울-봄 동안 높은 농도는 서풍 기류에 의한 영향이 반영 되고 있으며, 여름에는 북태평양 기단과 잦은 강수로 낮은 수준을 보이고 있었다. 따라서, 일평균 PM10 질량 농도 81μg m-3 (미세먼지 예보 ‘약간 나쁨’ 이상) 이상의 사례도 겨울-봄 동안에 발생이 많으며, 특히 중국 동부 배출원에 가까 운 태안에서 더 많은 사례가 발생하고 있었다. 인위적으로 발생한 연무는 입경 2.5 μm 미만 입자의 구성 비율이 높다. 천리안 위성의 밝기온도차 분석에서 대기와 입자가 작은 연무는 −0.5 o K 이상에서 관측된다. 2011-2015년 동안 태안과 청주 강내에서 관측한 연무 사례일의 PM10 질량 농도와 NOAA 19 위성 밝기온도차를 분석하였다. PM10 질량 농도 는 200 μg m−3 보다 낮지만, PM2.5/PM10 질량 농도비는 0.4보다 높고 밝기온도차는 −0.3-0.5 o K 범위에 분포하고 있었 다. 그러나, PM10 질량 농도 190 μg m−3 이상인 황사 사례의 밝기온도차는 PM2.5/PM10 질량 농도비가 0.4보다 낮고, 밝기온도차는 −0.7 o K 이하의 범위에 분포하고 있었다. 이러한 연무의 밝기온도차 경계값 범위를 적용한 결과는 MODIS AOD, OMI AI의 에어로졸 분포 범위와 일치하였다.

문학과 미술의 관계는 극히 상보적이며, 자연의 이미지와 인간의 심상을 드러내고자하는 우리 인간에게 있어 정신활동의 상상력(Imagination)을 극 대화시켜주는 가장 아름다운 예술세계이다. 문학은 언어적 영역이며, 미술 은 형상적 영역이지만 문학과 미술 사이에는 공통적으로 ‘미(美)’를 추구하는 동질성을 지니고 있다. 일반적으로 문학은 언어예술이라는 특징을 가지며 언 어는 우리의 사상을 논술적으로 표현하는 가장 대표적인 기초체계를 이루므 로 문학은 언어의 논술적 상징을 가지고 예술적 표현을 도모한다. 거기에 반 해 미술은 인간 세계에 존재하는 표상(表象, Representation)의 이미지를 시각적으로 표현하는 예술장르로서 여러 가지 미술적 기법(선, 색채, 면)에 의해 조화롭게 구성된 공간을 제시하여 우리에게 자연 또는 인간 심성의 일 상적인 모습과 깊은 내면의 현실을 드러낸다. 즉 문학은 일차적인 지각에 기 초해 감각적인 것과의 접촉이 가장 적은 예술이고, 미술은 감각적인 것과 접 촉이 가장 많은 예술이라는 차이점도 있지만 둘과의 관계는 미의 추구라는 공통점을 지니고 있다. 그리고 그것이 지니고 있는 상징성이나 의미는 상 당히 주관적으로 해석되어지는데, 이것은 각 나라나 민족, 지역이나 문화, 그리고 역사적 배경에 따라 그 상징성은 약간씩 다르게 나타난다. 본고에서는 그런 문학과 미술적인 상보적인 관계에 입각해 우리나라 의 고전시가 중 고려속요 <만전춘별사(滿殿春別詞)>에서 나타나는 우리 민족의 전통색인 오방색을 찾아 드러내 보임으로서 그동안의 문학적 측 면에만 치중되어온 우리나라의 고전시가에 대한 기존의 연구 틀에서 벗 어나, 만전춘별사에서 나타나는 다양한 감각적 이미지에서 나오는 우리 민족의 오방색(五方色)을 연구하고자 한다. 더불어 이 연구의 결과가 고 전시를 교육하는 ‘평생교육의 장(場)’에서 오방색을 활용하여 미술을 통 한 ‘시각적 문학 교육’의 효과적인 접근까지도 꾀할 수 있도록 고전시가 의 미학적 접근을 시도하고자 한다.

OBJECTIVES : Many roadway departure crashes on the freeway interchange are due to the running speed being greater than the design speed. This study aims to ensure a safe and pleasant driving experience for the driver by increasing the superelevation based on the running speed on the highway interchange ramp. METHODS: The mean running speed for each type of ramp is calculated on site survey more than 10 interchanges. Using the mean running speed, we calculated the superelevation and the side friction using the method given in “A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Street”(Pages 145-166, 2001). Then, we applied the modified method to the superelevation range. Finally, we ensured safety using the Degree of Safety that is proven by the centrifugal acceleration ratio as suggested by Joseph Craus (1978). RESULTS : The mean running speeds are 50 km/h and 65 km/h when the design speeds are 40 km/h and 50 km/h, respectively. After the application of the new method used in this study, the superelevation will be increased by 9.0% and 10.0% when the mean running speeds are 50 km/h and 65 km/h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A higher superelevation can give the driver a more comfortable and safe driving environment. However, the driver needs to be aware of snow and low-temperature conditions.

본 논문에서는 스트라우스의 성부진행공간을 음고류가 아닌 “음정적” 측면에서 재해석하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저 필자들은 두 집합류들 간의 성부진행을 음정류적 측면에서 산출할 수 있도록 음 정의 “확장-수축 측정치”를 새롭게 정의하였으며, 이를 토대로 3음군공간과 4음군공간을 재구성하였다. 이처럼 재구성된 성부진행공간은 두 집합 간의 성부진행을 음정적 확장과 수축의 개념으로 해석할 수 있으며, 또한 집합류 간의 성부진행을 -6󰀃ECM󰀃+6 안에서 수치화 시킬 수 있다는 점에 서 그 유용성이 있다고 하겠다. 마지막으로 본 논문에서는 이론적 효용성을 증명하기 위하여, 베베른의 《현악4중주를 위한 여섯 개의 바가텔 Op. 9》 중 제6곡을 분석하였다.

Sangnyang-mun(上樑文) is not only a memorial address for the ceremony of putting up the ridge beam, namely the sangnyang-ceremony(上樑式) but also the executional record of building construction. This paper aims at researching on the oldest five sangnyang-muns written for the constructions of palaces and government offices in Goryeo Dynasty, especially viewed in the architectural history. The results of that are as follows: First, it is supposed that sangnyang-mun originated in the ancient Chinese ceremonial songs for the celebration of building construction. Second, as compared against the former times, the sangnyang-muns in Goryeo Dynasty were written to the advanced establishing forms and literary patterns, so to speak, these were the more developed styles. Third, in the 12th century, sangnyang-mun was introduced from Chinese Song to Goryeo. To the late period of Joseon Dynasty, sangnyang-mun had been to write for the sangnyang-ceremony as necessary memorial address. Fourth, the writers of five sangnyang-muns in Goryeo Dynasty were the new civil ministers appointed by the soldier rulers. They wrote the contents of their sangnyang-muns, especially focused to the king’s achievements. And in the yugwi-song(六衛頌), they recited six poems in which were complicated the world view and aesthetics of the time.

The purpose of this study is to find framework schema of early Jusimpo-style Buddhist halls (Geungnakjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple, Muryangsujeon Hall of Buseoksa Temple, and Daeungjeon Hall of Sudeoksa Temple ). Though the halls are known as built in the late Goryeo Period, they show the influence of the architectural style of the early Unified Silla Period. To find the adopted modules and proportions of these halls, this study conceived a schematic diagram based on the whole frame structure taking reference from the Cai-Fen system in Yingzao Fashi . In these three halls, the heights of each cross-beam (Dori ) are made up by the layers of member and member units. This study computes the values of Cai, Zhi, and Fen which can apply to both the section and the plan. The vertical section structure is determined by combining the standard member heights (Cai ) and the standard unit heights (CaiZhi ). The bays of columns are made by multiples of the standard member width (Fen).

OBJECTIVES: Currently, the market for carbon emissions trading has been increasing. In Korea, it is known that traffic mode rate in bike transportation is low. However, if bike transportation system is encouraged and the traffic mode rate is increased, it would be possible to reduce carbon emissions through the trading market. In this study, a practical policy to activate the bike transportation system in Korea will be proposed and verified. METHODS: Past studies regarding bike transportation system in international and domestic metropolitan cities were analyzed. Moreover, detailed reviews on recent carbon emissions trading market were performed. In particular, SWOT analysis on the bike transportation system in Korea and policy topology analysis were conducted. RESULTS: Based on the literature reviews and SWOT analysis, a new bike transportation policy was proposed. Several actual plans to adopt in Korea were proposed. In addition, a new bike transportation policy was analyzed using policy typology model, and a business model related to the cost of implementing the system and CERs were also proposed. CONCLUSIONS : It is concluded that the proposed bike transportation activation policy and several practical plans to connect CERs and a business model including bus, subway, T-money and bike riders to give some incentive were effective and reasonable. It is desired that this study will help Korea to get CERs through bike transportation activation in the future.

SCM activities in a company are considered as total innovation through synchronizing supply and demand while maintaining appropriate inventory level and reducing the business operating costs. Until now, even several researches are carried out on the SCM performance of the companies which have introduced and been operating SCM, the research on the cost analysis for the inventory which occurs frequently on supply chain is still insufficient. Especially, for the electronics industry in which the product depreciation is sharp caused by the short product life cycle and the complexity of distribution channels, even the inventory related costs are a major factor in business management, since the current estimated criteria of inventory costs are limited to the interest and maintenance management costs, the criteria do not reflect the total influence of the product depreciation and lost opportunity cost which are related to the business management. Furthermore, even though the rapid price drops of the distributor inventory caused by the frequent new model launch can be covered by the product manufacturers, the scale of total costs related to the inventory has not been conceived because the price compensation is traditionally considered as a market costs.In this research, we analyzed the inventory characteristics of electronics industry in which the price depreciation happens frequently, newly defining the estimated criteria of the product total inventory cost which includes price depreciation from the product manufacturers’ view. Finally we focus on the case study of a representative electronics company and verify the scale of the influence on management performance.

This study dealt with truck crash performance evaluation of new guardrails made of PosMac steels considering the ground bearing capacity effect. Subsequent crash simulation results for SB2 and SB4 grades present that the developed model performs much better in containing and redirecting the impacting vehicle in a stable manner. In this paper, the existing finite element crash analysis of guardrails using the LS-DYNA program is further extended to study the nonlinear dynamic response of the guardrail structures with new type poles supported by external stiffeners. The numerical results for various parameters are verified by comparing different grades with displacements occurred in the barrier from the crash simulation.

Middle size of membrane retractable roof is under 25m span which consists of various moving systems. Trolley is the system that leads the membrane to parking place, transferring the load from the membrane to structural cable. When membrane closes roof completely, thus, structural behavior of trolley, which may contain various material with different friction coefficients, should be investigated by vertical load. Nummerical simulation of trolley prototypes, in this research, was performed by incrementation of vertical load. Consequently, this paper studied proper friction characteristics and provided the effective inner materials of trolley.

The risk-based assessment, also called time-based assessment of structure is usually performed to provide seismic risk evaluation of a target structure for its entire life-cycle, e.g. 50 years. The prediction of collapse probability is the estimator in the risk-based assessment. While the risk-based assessment is the key in the performance-based earthquake engineering, its application is very limited because this evaluation method is very expensive in terms of simulation and computational efforts. So the evaluation database for many archetype structures usually serve as representative of the specific system. However, there is no such an assessment performed for building stocks in Korea. Consequently, the performance objective of current building code, KBC is not clear at least in a quantitative way. This shortcoming gives an unresolved issue to insurance industry, socio-economic impact, seismic safety policy in national and local governments. In this study, we evaluate the comprehensive seismic performance of an low-rise residential buildings with discontinuous structural walls, so called piloti-type structure which is commonly found in low-rise domestic building stocks. The collapse probability is obtained using the risk integral of a conditioned collapse capacity function and regression of current hazard curve. Based on this approach it is expected to provide a robust tool to seismic safety policy as well as seismic risk analysis such as Probable Maximum Loss (PML) commonly used in the insurance industry.

The Korean peninsula has known as a minor-to-moderate seismic region. However, some recent studies had shown that the maximum possible earthquake magnitude in the region is approximately 6.3-6.5. Therefore, a seismic vulnerability assessment of the existing infrastructures considering ground motions in Korea is necessary. In this study, we developed seismic fragility curves for a continuous steel box girder bridge and two typical transmission towers, in which a set of seven artificial and natural ground motions recorded in South Korea is used. A finite element simulation framework, OpenSees, is utilized to perform nonlinear time history analyses of the bridge and a commercial software, SAP2000, is used to perform time history analyses of the transmission towers. The fragility curves based on Korean ground motions were then compared with the fragility curves generated using worldwide ground motions to evaluate the effect of the two ground motion groups on the seismic fragility curves of the structures. The results show that both non-isolated and base-isolated bridges are less vulnerable to the Korean ground motions than to worldwide earthquakes. Similarly to the bridge case, the transmission towers are safer during Korean motions than that under worldwide earthquakes in terms of fragility functions.

본 연구에서는 철근콘크리트 건물에 대한 유전자 알고리즘 기반의 최적구조설계기법을 제시하고자 한다. 목적함수는 구조 물의 비용과 이산화탄소 배출량을 동시에 각각 최소화하는 것이다. 비용 및 인산화탄소 배출량은 구조설계안에서 얻을 수 있는 단면치수, 부재길이, 재료강도, 철근량 등과 같은 설계정보를 통해 계산한다. 즉, 구조물의 물량을 기초로 하여 비용과 이산화탄소 배출량을 평가한다. 재료의 운반, 시공 및 건물 운영 단계에서 발생하는 비용 및 이산화탄소 배출량은 본 연구에 서 제외한다. 제약조건은 철근콘크리트 건물을 구성하는 기둥과 보 부재의 강도조건과 층간변위조건이 고려된다. 제약조건 을 평가하기 위해 OpenSees를 활용한 선형정적해석이 수행된다. 제약조건을 만족시키면서 목적함수에 대해 최소의 값을 제 시하는 설계안을 찾기 위해 유전자 알고리즘이 사용된다. 제시한 알고리즘의 적용성을 검증하기 위해 4층 철근콘크리트 모 멘트 골조 예제에 제시하는 기법을 적용하여 검증한다.