This study was conducted to establish the extraction conditions for the optimization of the biological activities of black garlic using the response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction conditions were based on the central composite design, with 15 kinds of variations in the extraction temperature (50-90℃), extraction time (3-15 hrs), and ethanol concentration (0-100%). The total phenol, flavonoids, thiosulfinate contents, and anti-oxidant activity of black garlic extract were significantly higher at the J condition (90℃ for 9 hrs with a 50% ethanol concentration). In this condition, the biological activities such as DPPH radical scavenging (66.10%), ABTS radical scavenging activity (75.02%), and reducing power by of FRAP (375.4 μM/mL) were excellent. Overall, the extraction conditions for the optimized biological activities of black garlic via RSM were expected to be at 89.68℃ for 9.79 hrs with a 55.72% ethanol concentration. The actual values were 96.4-114.8% of the predicted values.

본 연구는 한국에서 재배되고 있는 한국 배 5 품종의 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노이드, 항산화 활성을 비교하기 위하여 수행하였다. 원황, 선황, 황금배, 추황, 신고 등 5 품종 배의 페놀성 물질을 분석한 결과, 총 폴리페놀 함량은 신고와 추황에서 가장 많았으며, 총 폴라보노이드 함량은 원황, 선황에서 높았다. DPPH radical 소거능은 신고에서 가장 높았으며 과육보다는 과피 부분에서 더 양호한 반응을 보였고, 에탄올 용매 추출보다 메탄올 용매 추출시 더욱 좋은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 아질산염 소거능은 원황과 추황에서 가장 좋은 반응을 보였으며, DPPH radical 소거능에서와 같이 메탄올 용매 추출이 에탄올 용매 추출보다 더 좋은 반응을 보였다. 또한 과육 보다는 과피에서 더 좋은 반응을 나타냈으며, pH의 범위가 높을수록 항산화 활성은 낮아졌다. 이러한 결과들로 미루어 볼 때, 생리활성이 높은 일부 한국 배 품종은 향후 천연기능성 식품과 미용소재로 개발할 가치가 충분히 있다고 판단된다.

This study was carried out to determine the contents of antioxidant activity of colored rice lines which derived from a mutant of MGI079 induced by MGI079 tissue culture in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The antioxidant activities were evaluated by assaying polyphenol, flavonoid, DPPH free radical and color values of colored rice lines, respectively. Among 8 lines including Heugnam of colored rice, the 70% ethanol extracts decreased in the order of MGI079-2-1>MGI079-2-6>MGI079-2-R,Heugnam>MGI079-1-R>MGI079-2-1>MGI079, MGI079-1-1, MGI079-1-6. The rice lines of highest polyphenolic compound was MGI079-2-6 and the next were Heugnam, MGI079-2-R, MGI079-2-1, MGI079-1-R, MGI079-1-6, MGI079-1-1, MGI079, MGI079-OP-R with the order of higher content. The flavonoid was higher in order of MGI079-2-1, MGI079-2-6, Heugnam, MGI079-2-R, MGI079-1-R, MGI079-1-6, MGI079-OP-R, MGI079, MGI079-1-1. The DPPH free radical was higher in order of MGI079-2-1, MGI079-2-6, Heugnam, MGI079-1-6, MGI079-1-1, MGI079-2-R, MGI079-1-R, MGI079-OP-R, MGI079. For chromaticity, a negative correlation was exhibited between the color value and the 70% ethanol extracts, polyphenolic compound, flavonoid, DPPH free radical. The grain characters in brown rice of a mutant of MGI079 showed similar to that of a donor plant, MGI079. Whereas, chemical characteristics of brown rice in two colored rice lines(MGI079-2-1, MGI079-2-6) were lower in amylose and lipid contents and were higher four times in zinc that of a donor plant, MGI079. Two colored rice lines(MGI079-2-1, MGI079-2-6) showed relatively high antioxidative activity in every results of antioxidant activity tests.

The antioxidant potential and enzyme activities in Salicornia herbacea, Corylopsis coreana, Erythronium japonicum, Phragmites communis, Momordica Charantia, Nelumbo nucifera, Salvia plebeia, Portulaca oleracea, Ficus carica, Citrus junos and Cornus officinalis were determined. Their antioxidant activities were measured using DPPH radical scavenging and nitrite scavenging activity. Enzyme activities in investigated plants were evaluated as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The DPPH scavenging rate from 100 to 2500 mgL-1 was the highest in the flower of Corylopsis coreana. However, it was not detected in most of the samples at concentration below 100 mgL-1. The nitrite scavenging activity according to each kind of resource plants was significantly higher in the stem of Corylopsis coreana and leaf of Nelumbo nucifera. The root extract of Erythronium japonicum had the highest SOD enzyme activity of 94.0% while leaf of Salvia plebeia showed the lowest SOD enzyme activity of 30.4%. The activity of CAT and APX showed higher values in the stem of Corylopsis coreana, root of Erythronium japonicum and root of Phragmites communis in comparison with other plants. The activity of POD showed significantly high values in stem of Corylopsis coreana, Momordica Charantia and pericarp of Citrus junos extracts. The antioxidant enzyme activities differ significantly in different plants. In conclusion, we showed that Corylopsis coreana, Erythronium japonicum Cornus officinalis, and Momordica Charantia had the potent biological activities. Therefore, these plant resources showing antioxidant activity could be good materials for development of source of functional healthy food.

The anti-oxidant properties of Lactuca indica were determined using in-vitro assay systems. The vitamin C contents of the leaf and root extracts were 24.14 and 0.38 mg/100 g, respectively. The total polyphenol contents of the leaf and root extracts were 42.8 and 7.66 mg/g, and their flavonoid contents were 23.09 and 0.77 mg/g. The leaf extract showed higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability than the root extract at all the extract concentrations. Especially, the ABTS radical scavenging ability of the leaf extract was 92.3% at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. The reducing power was increased with the increase in the concentration of extracts, and the leaf extract had a higher reducing power than the root. The Fe2+-chelating ability of the leaf and root were 97.2% and 34.3% at 14 mg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values of the leaf for DPPH, its ABTS radical scavenging ability, and its Fe2+-chelating ability were 0.19, 2.7, and 6.27 mg/mL, respectively, and the leaf extract showed lower IC50 values than root extract. These results show that the L. indica leaf extract contained high amounts of anti-oxidative compounds and had higher anti-oxidant activity levels than the root extract. It is suggested that Lactuca indica is very high in availability as a functional food and in its materials.

본 연구는 국내에서 상용 중인 과일 및 채소로부터 췌장베타세포 보호활성을 가지는 추출물의 식물 자원을 탐색해보고자 수행되었다. Alloxan에 대한 총 13종의 과일･채소 추출물에 대한 효과를 햄스터췌장베타세포주(HIT-T15)를 배양한 후 세포생존율, LDH 방출량, NAD+/NADH ratio, 인슐린 분비량 및 4종의 항산화효소활성을 측정하였다. 총 13종의 과일･채소 추출물은 alloxan에 의해 감소된 세포생존율을 유의하게 증가시켰다. 마늘종(Allium sativum) 등의 11종의 시료는 alloxan에 의해 증가된 LDH 방출량을 유의적으로 감소시켰으며, 산수유(Cornus officinalis) 등의 9종의 시료는 alloxan에 의해 감소된 NAD+/NADH ratio를 유의적으로 상승시킴으로써 세포생존율을 증가시켰다. 또한 3종의 추출물인 마늘종(Allium sativum), 산수유(Cornus officinalis)와 고들빼기(Yongjia sonchifolia) 추출물은 인슐린 분비능을 보호하였고 깻잎 등 5종의 시료는 SOD, GST, GR 및 GPx와 같은 항산화효소 활성을 유의적으로 증가시켰다. 과일･채소 추출물은 세포괴사 및 DNA fragmentation을 억제하고 세포 내 항산화효소 활성을 증가시킴으로써 alloxan에 의해 유발된 산화스트레스로부터 췌장베타세포를 보호하는 것으로 생각된다. 이상의 연구결과로부터 마늘종(Allium sativum), 산수유(Cornus officinalis), 자두(Prunus salicina), 오미자(Schisandra chinensis) 및 고들빼기(Yongjia sonchifolia)와 같은 5종의 추출물이 alloxan에 의한 산화스트레스로부터 췌장베타세포를 보호하는 효과가 우수한 것으로 판단되며 향후 췌장베타세포의 손상을 억제하는 기능성 식품 등의 개발에 기초 연구자료로 활용될 것으로 생각된다.

단마와 장마 영여자에 대한 항산화 및 항돌연변이원성을 비교 평가하였다. 단마와 장마 영여자 80% 메탄올의 폴리페놀함량은 2.2 와 3.9 mg/g로 장마에서 높았다. 또한 분획물에 있어서는 장마 영여자 에틸아세테이트 분획물에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 그리고 DPPH과 ABTS 라디칼소거능 및 지질과산화 억제효과에 있어서는 총폴리페놀이 높은 장마와 에틸아세테이트 분획물에서 가장 높은 활성을 나타냈다. 한편 단마와 장마 영여자 80%메탄올 추출물 1mg/plate의 1-NP, AFB1, Trp-P-1에 대한 항돌연변이원성은 S. typhimurium TA98(hisD3052)에서 37.5, 24.5, 37.9% 돌연변이 억제효과를 나타내었으며, 장마 영여자는 31.7, 53.9, 56.85%의 돌연변이 억제효과를 나타냈다. 또한 분획물 중에는 단마와 장마 영여자 클로로포름과 에틸아세테이트 분획물에서만 돌연변이 억제효과를 나타내었으며, 농도 의존적으로 증가하였다.

민들레의 종류별 성분 및 생리활성 차이를 검토하고자 폴리페놀 함량, 플라보노이드 함량, 항산화성 및 항암성을 분석하였다. 민들레 종류별 1000mgkg1의 메탄올 추출물의 총 페놀 함량은 지상부 추출물이 50.2~76.8mgkg1범위로 지하부 추출물 24.9~40.0mgkg1범위보다 높게 나타났으며, 종별로는 민들레가 가장 높았고, 그 다음으로 흰민들레와 서양민들레 순으로 나타났다. 민들레의 지상부 및 지하부 추출물에서 각각 76.8과 40.0mgkg1를 보여 유의적으로 가장 높은 함량을 보였다(p < 0.05). 한편, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 총 페놀 함량과 유사한 경향을 보였으나 총 페놀 함량보다 낮은 함량 범위(6.5~36.4mgkg1)를 보였다. DPPH 라디컬 소거능은 추출물 농도가 증가할수록 높은 활성을 보였으며 민들레의 지상부와 뿌리 추출물 1,000mgkg1에서 DPPH 라디컬 소거능은 각각 89.6와 83.4%의 소거능을 보여 다른 두 종보다 높은 활성을 보였다. MTT법에 의한 세포독성 시험에서 민들레 종류별 지상부와 지하부 추출물의 폐암세포주(Calu-6)에 대한 세포 생존율은 민들레 추출물에서 가장 낮았고(IC50값 = 83.4과 66.4mgkg1), 그 다음으로 흰민들레와 서양민들레 순으로 높은 생존율을 보여 민들레가 다른 두 종에 비해 높은 세포독성이 있음을 보여 주었다. 한편, 위암세포주(SNU-601)에 대한 세포 생존율은 폐암세포주에 비해 상대적으로 높은 경향으로 이는 추출물이 더 낮은 항암활성을 갖고 있음을 나타냈다. 각 성분과 생리활성 항목간의 상관관계에 있어서 총 페놀 함량과 항산화 활성 또는 세포독성 항목간의 상관관계(r2 =0.0097~0.6213)는 총 플라보노이드 함량과 항산화 활성 또는 세포독성 항목간 상관관계(r2 =0.0027~0.4627) 보다 높게 나타났다. 결과적으로 총 페놀 함량과 총 플라보노이드 함량이 항산화성 및 세포독성 과 높은 연관성을 보이며, 그 함량과 활성은 민들레 종류에 따라 다르게 나타났다.

본 연구에서는 옥수수수염을 일반분쇄기와 저온초미분쇄기를 이용하여 얻은 5단계의 다른 입자 크기의 옥수수수염 분말을 각각의 입자 크기별 이화학적 특성을 검토하고 항산화활성을 평가하여 최적의 입자크기를 찾고 우수한 가공법을 확립하고자 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 건조된 옥수수수염을 일반적 분쇄 방법과 저온초미분쇄기를 이용하여 분쇄한 5단계의 입자크기는 각각 199.17um , 178.27um , 85.48um , 27.04um 및 20.97um 로 가장 큰 입자 크기와 가장 작은 입자 크기와는 약 10배 가량 입자크기의 차이가 있었다. 2. 입자크기별 옥수수수염 분말의 색차는 입자의 크기가 작아질수록 명도와 황색도의 수치가 커졌다. 3. 또한 입자크기별 옥수수 수염 분말을 주사전자현미경(SEM)을 이용하여 300배 확대하여 관찰한 결과 입자의 크기가 작아질수록 확대한 입자의 크기가 작은 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 입자의 모양은 다각형의 모양을 보였다. 4. 입자크기별 옥수수수염 분말의 조지방, 조섬유, 조회분, 조단백질 함량과 유리당 함량을 분석한 결과 조섬유 함량과 조단백질 함량은 입자크기가 작아질수록 그 수치가 줄어들었고, 조지방 함량과 조단백질 함량, 유리당 함량은 입자크기 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 5. 입자크기별 옥수수수염 분말의 총 페놀 함량과 DPPH 라디컬 소거능 모두 입자크기가 작아질수록 그 수치가 증가하였고 통계적으로도 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 6. 옥수수수염 분말의 입자크기에 따른 ascorbic acid equivalents는 입자크기간의 수치적으로는 차이가 있는 것으로 보였으나 통계적으로는 서로간의 유의적 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났으나 TEAC 실험과 FRAP 실험에서는 입자크기가 작아질수록 그 수치가 증가하였고 통계적으로도 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 7. 옥수수수염 분말의 입자크기, 색도, 이화학적 특성 및 항산화 활성간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 서로 유의적 관계를 보였으며 특히 입자크기가 작아질수록 명도, 적색도, 황색도, 총 페놀 함량, ascorbic acid equivalents, TEAC에서 고도로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다.

본 연구는 우리나라에서 보존하고 있는 구기자Lycium chinesis Miller) 유전자원 131점의 잎과 줄기의 에탄올 추출물을 제조한 후 이 추출물들을 이용하여 항산화 활성 및 관련 요소들을 바탕으로 계통 간 비교를 실시하였다. 전자공여능의 경우 잎 추출물에서 각각 농도별로 높은 활성을 보인 것은 "중국수집1" 계통으로 50, 100, 250 ppm 농도에서 32%, 65%, 92% 의 전자공여능을 보여 모든 농도에서 가장 높은 활성을 보였으며 농도 의존적인 경향을 보였다. 줄기 추출물의 경우 50 ppm의 농도에서 가장 높은 38%의 활성을 보인 "C0148-94" 계통, 100 ppm의 농도에서 가장 높은 70%의 활성을 보인 "D0148-72" 계통, 250 ppm의 농도에서 가장 높은 93%의 활성을 보인 "CB01208-120" 계통으로 이 전자공여능 값을 IC50값으로 나타내면 고농도에서 가장 높은 활성을 보인 것 보단 저농도에서 부터 순차적으로 높은 활성을 보인 계통이 IC50값이 더 낮아 DPPH radical 소거능이 높았다. IC50값은 잎 추출물에서 "중국수집1" 계통이 85.61ug/m이었고, 줄기 추출물에서는 "C0148-94" 계통이 52.63ug/m으로 각각 가장 낮았으며, IC50값을 이용하여 구기자 잎과 줄기의 항산화활성은 IC50값이 낮은 자원의 분포가 많은 줄기 추출물이 잎 추출물보단 항산화 활성이 높은 것으로 평가된다. 자원상태별로는 대체적으로 육성종의 DPPH radical 소거능이 재래종이나 도입종에 비하여 높았다. 페놀 화합물을 정량 분석한 결과로 잎에서 항산화활성이 가장 높았던(IC50이 가장 낮은) "중국수집1" 계통은 페놀화합물 총량이 가장 높은 650.91ug/g 함량을 보였다. 줄기는 "C0148-94" 계통이 페놀화합물 총량이 170.50ug/g 으로 낮았으나 두 요인간의 상관계수(미제시)가 낮은 것이 구기자 잎의 항산화활성에는 페놀화합물 이외의 다른 성분들도 관여 할 것으로 판단되었으며, 구기자 잎과 줄기의 총 페놀함량과 IC50값의 상관관계가 잎 추출물에서 r=-0.5288, 줄기 추출물에서 r=-0.4749로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 따라서 항산화 활성이 높게 평가된 자원들이 유전적 배경을 공유하는 것으로 미루어 줄기의 항산화 활성이 높은 품종과의 교잡에 의해 항산화활성이 높은 품종의 육성이 가능할 것으로 판단되며, 아직까지 항산화 소재로 사용되지 않던 구기자 잎과 줄기가 목단, 황금, 산수유 등의 약용작물보다 항산화 활성이 높으므로 기능성 제품생산으로 유용하게 활용 될 것으로 생각된다.

Angelicae gigas Nakai has been used as a traditional medicine as well as an edible vegetable in South Korea. In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidants of A. gigas Nakai leaves were examined in vitro via hydroxyl-radical-scavenging activity, reducing power activity, metal chelating assay, and DPPH-free -radical-scavenging assay. Among all the extracts from A. gigas Nakai leaves, the ethanol extract showed the strongest effects in all of the assays. The values for the DPPH-radical-scavenging activities of ethanol, methanol, and water extracts were 31.47, 42.14, and , respectively. Among the extracts from A. gigas Kakai leaves, the ethanol extract had the highest levels of total phenolics ( mg TAN/g) and total flavonoids ( mg QE/g), which correlated strongly with the individual phenolic-compound (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillin, and trans-ferulic acid) contents. The ethanol extract also showed stronger antioxidant activity than tocopherol in hydroxyl- radical-scavenging activity assay. These results indicate that the ethanol extract of A. gigas Kakai leaves possesses significant antioxidant properties, which suggests its great potential as a functional-food ingredient in the food industry.

The potential antioxidant activities of different fractions from Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina were assayed in vitro. Among several fractions, n-BuOH fraction showed the highest 1,1-di[henyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging (IC50=0.50μg/mL). The results of 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay showed the concentration dependency and n-BuOH fraction appeared a better result than the other fractions at the same concentrati on in this study. Moreover the total phenol and flavonoid contents of n-BuOH fraction contained the highest level. Additionally, correlation analysis indicated a high correlation between the antiradical activity and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents (p 〈 0.001). It suggests that n-BuOH fraction obtained from the 70% EtOH crude extract of Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina has wide potential for use as a source of antioxidant material.

The Forsythiae Fructus is an oriental medicine containing various lignans. In this study, the Forsythiae Fructus were extracted by hot water (Sample 1), hot water after bio-conversion using Lactobacillus strain (Sample 2-LP2, 2-LA, 2-LC, 2-LL, 2-BL and 2-LM) and 70% ethanol (Sample 3). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were improved by bio-conversion process using Lactobacillus strain, compared to water extract. Especially, sample 2-LL and 2-LA which had shown the high total polyphenol and flavonoid content in antioxidant activity. Also, sample 2-LL and 2-LA showed higher melanin generation inhibitory activity as of 55%, 53% in maximum extract concentration of 100μg/ml. In the anti-inflammation test of the Forsythiae Fructus extracts, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was inhibited. Specially, both 70% Forsythiae Fructus ethanol extract and sample 2-BL which have shown the relatively higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase (SOD) like activities. In conclusion, the Forsythiae Fructus extracts with bio-conversion process has effect of skin whitening and anti-inflammation activity than other extracts. It could be used as a valuable materials for functional cosmetics.

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality variation of Lithospermum radix on the pigment contents and antioxidant activities according to different growth stages and areas of cultivation. Acetylshikonin contents showed the tendency to decrease gradually from the middle of July (0.28%) to the end of August (0.05%) and then the content was increased again to the end of October (0.25%). Shikonin content was detected as small amount of about 0.009% during the period. The weight of plants was increased from the end of September to the end of October and showed the highest value as 19.8 g on October 25. ROS scavenging activity was the highest in the early of October as IC50 value of 0.11 μg/mL. Lithospermum radix of September showed lower ROS scavenging activities than those of other growth stages as IC50 value of 1.02 and 0.49 μg/mL on September 9 and September 27, respectively. Among 17 areas cultivated Lithospermum radix, 10 areas (59%) showed 0.05-0.10% of acetylshikonin contents and 3 areas (18%) were measured to contain 0.16-0.26% of acetylshikonin.

We investigated antioxidant activity and lignan contents by harvesting times to expand use of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baillon. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of seed was higher than those of flesh but there is not much difference in harvesting times. As RC50 value, that was, the concentration of sample required for 50% reduction of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, was 13.7~24.2 μg/ml in seed thus it showed a high antioxidant activity. Among lignan components, schizandrin content was the highest and followed by gomisin N and gomisin A in all of flesh and seed. Also these components in seed were 4~9 times more contained than those of flesh. All of them were decreased by harvesting times in flesh. But the contents of schizandrin and gomisin N were high in August 3rd and September 15th in seed, respectively. As the results, the seed of S. chinensis had high antioxidant activity and lignan contents so it could be potentially developed as a resource.

본 연구에서는 마카 열수 추출액을 다양한 수준(0%, 8%, 16%, 24% 및 32%)으로 첨가하여 음료를 제조한 후 품질 특성을 살펴보고 및 에서 4주간 저장하면서 항산화능의 변화를 분석하였다. 마카 음료의 pH는 마카 추출액 첨가군이 대조군보다 낮게 나타났고 는 높게 나타났다. 색도측정 결과 마카 추출액 첨가량이 증가할수록 명도는 감소하였고 적색도는 증가하였다. 소비자 기호도 검사결과 대조군과 비교하여 24% 첨가군까지 전반적인 바람직성에

Mume fructus is the roasted fruits of Prunus mume and has been used as traditional chinese medicine. In this study, mume fructus extracts were prepared by three different methods including hot water extract (sample1), fermentation extract using Lactobacillus (Sample2-LP and sample-LA) and ethanol extract (sample3). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were improved by fermentation process, compared to water extract. Sample 3 showed the highest activity in DPPH radical scavenging. The cytotoxicity of the sample 2-LP was in the range of 83.3% cell viability at 300μg/ml concentration. Mume fructus extracts in a concentration-dependent manner inhibited melanogenesis and NO synthesis was inhibited. Specifically, the extracts fermented by L. plantarum (sample2-LP) showed higher anti-oxidant activity, anti-inflammatory and skin whitening activity than other extracts. It suggests that sample 2-LP could be potentially used as a resource of materials for functional cosmetics.

This study investigated the changes of antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) 100% methanol extracts by various heat treatment. The contents of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds in methanol extract tended to increased gradually with the rise of temperature to 180℃. The maximum yield of gallic acid (51.52 ± 2.17mg/g extract weight) and quercetin (13.39 ± 0.03mg/g extract weight) were obtained with extraction temperature of 180℃ for 120min. In addition, the improving extraction efficiency resulted in the increased biological activities, such as electronic donation ability (EDA, 90.36± 0.57%), reducing power (Abs 1.14) and α-glucosidase inhibitory effect (92.14 ± 1.14%). Overall, the results of this study indicate that the optimum conditions for the extraction process were an extraction temperature at 180℃ for 120 min, and will provide the basis for future research on the improving extraction yield of phenolic and flavonoid compounds.

The leaves of Hippophae rhamnoides were extracted with methanol and then further fractioned with hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water in order to investigate biological activity. Two flavonol glycosides were isolated and identified from ethyl acetate soluble fraction, which showed the strongest antioxidant activity (RC50 = 4.33 μg/ml). Isolated two compounds have shown strong free radical scavenging activity. Especially, quercetin 3-O-glucoside (RC50 = 2.60 μg/ml) was more active than α-tocopherol (RC50 = 4.67 μg/ml). Total phenol and flavonoid contents were the highest to 4.17 and 1.14 mg/ml in the ethyl acetate soluble fraction. In addition, ethyl acetate soluble fraction was shown to the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 137.88 μg/ml) among the fractions. The results suggest that leaves of H. rhamnoides could be a potential source of natural antioxidant.

Saururus chinensis is used as a raw material of an anti-rheumatic, poultice, sedative and stomachic. The tea of dried Saururus chinensis leaves has a function of relaxing pains in back and breast and of treating stomach ailments. The plant has the functions of anti-inflammatory, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and refrigerant. The extraction of functional material is carried out by methanol and ethanol solvents. Mechanochemical grinding is applied as a pretreatment process before extraction to enhance the extraction efficiency by increasing the surface area of the materials while changing the chemical properties of the materials. Extraction of functional materials from the Saururus chinensis after grinding as a pretreatment using the mechanochemical technology was accomplished in this study to investigate the effect of grinding on the antioxidant activities of the extract. Saururus chinensis was ground by the planetary ball mill and the morphology was analyzed by SEM. Mechanochemical pretreatment increased the yields of functional materials from 5.9 g to 6.4, 7.0, and 8.1 g after grinding of 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours, respectively. Nitrite scavenging ability increased from 53.0-71.0% to 61.0-79.0% for the methanol extraction in the solution of pH 1.2. Also, Electron donating abilities were increased from 7.90-33.51% to 11.97-38.51% for the methanol extraction. The extract concentration for the half inhibition of DPPH radicals was reduced from 278μg/mL in the original sample to 263μg/mL in the sample after grinding for the methanol extraction.