This paper is on developing the waveform analysis method in driving control of solenoid injector of CRDI diesel engine. The experimental methods using Pico oscilloscope and scan tool is employed to measure current and voltage waveform of solenoid injector. The solenoid injector are used 1 normal and 2 abnormal injectors. The experiment is carried out during no-load condition. The magnitude of pressure drop is largest main duration, pre and pilot duration in the order named in case of normal injector, whereas was largest pilot duration, pre and main duration in the order named in case of abnormal injectors.

We have studied the efficient operation of the radar and the appropriateness of the installation location, when constructing the VTS system. As the Civil-Military Complex Harbour (Kangjeong Port) is completed in 2016, we set the control area within 10 nautical miles centering on Kangjeong Port, and found out and removed the operational radar blind area of VTS system to provide safe navigation information for vessels that navigating this area. Assuming that two international cruise ships entering at the same time, we performed the radar simulation and compared the images by considering the three sites of Kangjeong Port, Miaksan and Seoguipo Port. Simulation results for a single radar installed at Kangjung Port indicate that the blind area was largely affected by two large cruise ships and the surrounding islands. The blind area due to Kogunsan was considerably large when installed in Miaksan, but the blind area due to the influences of Beomseom, Moonseom and Seopseom was negligibly large. It seems that additional radar installation is necessary as a complementary solution to solve this blind area. When two radars were installed at Miaksan and Kangjeong Port, the residual blind area due to the Seopseom was 0.25 km2 at 0.1~0.33 nautical miles in the southeast direction from Seopseom. In addition, the remaining blind area with two cruise ships mutually influenced was 0.18 km2, which did not occur with a single cruise ship.

The Youngsan River estuary was physically changed by the construction of a sea embankment at near the mouth of estuary. Weirs were also constructed recently in the freshwater zone and it was reported that algal blooms occur more frequently. The freshwater introduced into saltwater zone from sluice gates of the embankment affects water quality but it has not been addressed that how the freshwater inputs influence the health of marine ecosystem. In this study, we used the data of water properties and phytoplankton communities collected at three stations for 4 days including before the freshwater discharge, during the discharge and after 1 and 2 days of discharge events. WQI (water quality index), TRIX (trophic status index) and P-IBI (phytoplankton index of biotic integrity) were used to evaluate the ecosystem health and long-term data were also utilized to determine the criteria for P-IBI. The results showed that grades of the ecosystem health assessed by the indices were low at the station near the gates and increased as downstream. However, the temporal pattern of grades was different depending on methods. Grades of WQI and TRIX decreased during the discharge and restored after the discharge whereas the grades of P-IBI decreased slightly even after the discharge. This suggests that P-IBI is more applicable to estuarine systems where experience extreme change of water properties than WQI and TRIX since P-IBI includes phytoplankton that can respond quickly to the change.

卜辭에서 冓는 ①만나다[遇], ②祭名, ③人名, ④方國의 이름 등의 뜻으로 사용되었고, 再는 아직까지 명확하게 무슨 뜻으로 썼는지 판명되지 않았으며, 爯은 ①祭名으로 祭物을 단에 올 라 헌상하는 뜻, ②爯冊(칭책, 왕명을 받아 그 영을 전달하는 것), 제사를 지냄에 있어 천거하 여 령을 전하는 의식, ③인명으로 사용되었다. 이런 갑골문 문장을 보면, 제사나 사람, 사람이 사는 곳과 밀접한 관련을 갖고 있다. 冓의 자형이 화톳불 형식으로 제사에 사용되었기 때문에 제사 뜻을 갖는다. 再는 冓의 아랫부분과 상하에 횡으로 그은 한 획[一]을 더하 여 만들어진 글자다. 爯 행위를 하면서 사람이 다소곳이 앉아 봉례 하는 모양이 偁으 로 서로 통하기 때문에 제사를 봉행하는 행위를 나타낸다고 풀이된다. 冓와 爯, 再은 연관성을 가지고 있다. 모두 제사와 떼려야 뗄 수 없는 밀접한 관련을 맺고 있다고 하 겠다.

Deutzia paniculata is an endemic species to the Korean Peninsula. Despite of importance for conservation, the population structure and habitat characteristics of D. paniculata have not been determined yet. We analyzed the ecological characteristics of the species based on the literature review and field survey. Field survey was conducted on May to October 2014 during which 11 quadrats of size 15×15 m were studied in six regions. Each of the quadrats were further divided into 5×5 m small quadrats and population characteristics were recorded. The population and habitat characteristics were analyzed, including species abundance (density and coverage), demographic attributes (flowering rates and fruiting plants), vegetation (structure, species composition), light availability (transmitted light and canopy openness) and soil characteristics (temperature and humidity). We found that D. paniculata mainly distributed in Gyeongsangdo (including Taebaek in Gangwondo) along a broad elevational range of 290~959 m (mean: 493 m) above sea level. In preferred habitat the species grows within the slope range of 7° and 35° with the average of 16°. D. paniculata was generally distributed on talus deposits and low adjacent slopes. The average number of individual plants per small quadrat was 12.5 with the mean density 0.5 stems m-2. The vegetative reproduction was frequent in D. paniculata and mean flowering rate was as low as 15%. Altogether 138 taxa were found in whole observation area with the dominant tree species mainly spring ephemerals, such as Cornus controversa (importance value: 25.5%) and Fraxinus rhynchophylla (importance value: 15.8%). Although, C. controversa usually grows on steep slopes and F. rhynchophylla mostly distributed at high-altitudes, however, both species distributed in disturbed environments and among talus deposits. Thus based on our results, we concluded that D. paniculata is a disturbance-prone species, primarily existing in habitats subjected to natural disturbances, such as floods. The species occurs less at anthropogenically disturbed sites, thus there is no apparent threat to the populations and habitat of D. paniculata.

국내 육성 분화용 아시아틱나리 일대 잡종 ‘Deep Red Liasong’의 효율적인 자구형성을 위하여 구의 부위와 인 편삽 조건을 조사하였다. 구의 부위에 따른 자구 발생률 은 중인편은 87.6%, 내인편은 83.0%로 외인편의 40.3% 보다 양호하였으나 자구형성 개수는 외인편이 많았다. 인 편의 식재 깊이에 따른 인편당 자구의 수는 2.6개에서 2.8개로 차이가 없었으나, 3cm 깊이에서 잎의 발생이 없 었다. 인편의 배양온도는 항온 23oC와 변온인 주간 23oC /야간 13oC에서 인편당 자구의 수가 2.4 ~ 2.6개로 다른 온도처리보다 많았고, 자구 및 뿌리의 생장도 양호하였 다. 관수 주기를 2일에서 6일까지 달리하였을 경우 인편 당 자구의 수가 2.6~2.8개로 차이가 없었으나 8일은 2.2 개로 다소 낮았다. GA3, NAA 및 IBA를 50mg • L−1에서 200mg • L−1 처리 했을 때 농도가 높아질수록 자구의 형 성이 감소하였으나 뿌리의 개수와 길이는 증가하였다. 자 구의 식재 방향에 따른 인편당 자구의 수는 1.8개에서 2.0개로 차이를 보이지 않았으나 등을 위로(upper to back) 향하게 식재 했을 때 잎이 발생하지 않았다. 인편을 상하 1/2과 1/3로 절단하였을 때 인편의 기부에서는 자 구형성이 2.3 ~ 2.4개로 대조구의 2.5개와 같은 수준이었으 나 자구의 크기 및 생장은 대조구보다 작게 나타났다. 상 단에서는 전혀 자구가 형성되지 않았다. 한편, 인편을 좌 우 2등분과 3등분을 하였을 때 인편 내에서 자구의 수 는 차이가 없었으나, 3등분보다 2등분이 자구의 수 및 생 장이 양호하였다. 분화용 아시아틱나리의 효율적인 자구 생산을 위해서는 구근에서 중인편을 3cm의 깊이로 등을 위로 향하게 식재한 후 배양 온도는 항온 23oC나 주간 23oC/야간 13oC에서 건조하지 않도록 유지해야 한다.

The present study addresses the tea utensils and tea drinking methods seen in tomb mural paintings of Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan, which were Koryo’s foreign exchange countries. The paintings illustrate the pointing tea method, which was popular during dynasty times. Tea utensils observed in the paintings include a tea mill, mill stone, and tea pestle necessary for making cake tea into powder. The tea stove and boiling bottle are depicted as being required to boil water. Some mural works vividly depict how a tea drinker pours hot water from a boiling bottle into a cup with a stand, mixes it with a tea spoon, and whisks tea powder for foaming with a tea whisk. The tea drinking method of the Southern race Han is also similarly described in the tomb mural paintings of Liao, Jin, and Yuan from Northern nomads. The distribution of tea culture had an enormous influence on the development of tea utensil manufacturing methods. The significance of this study is that these findings can be used as basic data to provide food culture insights into Koryo celadon tea utensils.

프리스트레스 콘크리트 정착부의 설계를 위해 AASHTO 및 PTI에서 관련 설계식을 제안하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 설계식은 구조물의 긴장력이 단순 지압판을 통해 구조 전반으로 전달된다는 가정으로 유도된 것으로 실제 구조물에 적용되는 상용 정착구의 형태와는 차이가 있다. 이 논문에서는 하중전달 시험에 의한 실험적 방법과 3차원 고체요소를 사용한 비선형 유한요소해석 프로그램을 이용한 해석적 방법을 통해 정착구의 형상 변수에 따른 정착부의 거동특성 변화에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 하중전달시험 결과에서 얻어진 하중변위 곡선 및 극한하중 값을 해석을 통해 얻은 결과와 비교하여 유한요소모델의 적합성을 확인하였다. 또한 정착구의 리브의 설치위치, 리브의 개수, 리브의 설치길이를 주요 변수로 설정하여 형상변수에 따른 매개변수 연구를 수행하였다.

중국과 일본은 지리적인 위치로 인하여 예로부터 문화의 교 류가 빈번하였다. 그 중 옻칠예술은 현재 전해지는 역사자료를 통하여 일본이 중국의 영향을 지속적이고 광범위하게 받았음을 알 수 있다. 특히 양국은 당대부터 본격적인 교류를 하였으며, 미술품의 종류와 재료의 쓰임면에서 양국은 밀접한 관계가 있 음을 알 수 있다. 그리고 그 영향은 일본 옻칠예술의 발전을 가져오게 되었다. 대표적으로 일본 옻칠예술의 고유 양식인 ‘시 회’는 중국 한대이후 발달된 금을 이용한 기법을 토대로 발달 된 일본의 대표적인 장르인데 일본 무로마찌시대 이후, 그 정 교함이 최고조에 달할 때 중국의 옻칠장인들은 일본에 건너가 이를 학습하였고, 본국으로 돌아와 명청시대 발달된 금을 이용 한 많은 칠기들에 응용 하였다. 이는 중ㆍ일 양국간의 상호 영 향으로 옻칠예술의 발달관계를 알 수 있는 좋은 예이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 발달관계를 문헌과 유물을 통하여 밝 히었다.

In this study, a scaled model chamber was built to investigate ventilation characteristics of the pump room in tanker and to look into stationary areas of flow field. Experimental study was performed for three kinds of Reynolds number based on the inward velocity and height of inlet port in model by visualization equipment with laser apparatus. The flow pattern reveals the large scale counterclockwise forced-vortex rotation from upside louver to lower scupper toward diagonal corner and also found small eddies at bottom layer.

ADCPs have been widely used to estimate the dynamic characteristics and biomass of sound scattering layers (SSLs), and swimming speed of fish schools for analyzing SSLs spatial distribution and/or various behavior patterns. This result showed that the verification of the mean volume backscattering strength (MVBS or averaged SV, dB) acquired by the ADCP would be necessary for a quantitative analysis on the spatial distribution and the biomass estimation of the SSLs or fish school when ADCP is used for estimating their biomass. In addition, the calibrated sphere method was used to verify values of each MVBS obtained from 4 beams of ADCP (153.6 kHz) on the base of 3 frequencies (38, 120, 200 kHz) of Scientific echo sounder's split beam system. Then, the measured SV values were compared and analyzed in its Target Strength (TS, dB) values estimated by a theoretical acoustic scattering model.

For the last decade many bridges and buildings have experienced flexural strengthening with the fiber reinforced polymer(FRP) bonding system, demands for increasing heavy traffic loads and the changing of the code application. Of the many strengthening systems, NSM(near surface mounted) system with FRP has become attractive and popular way of strengthening for the existed RC structures and many studies and applications of this technique have significantly increased all over the world. Meanwhile, polymer mortar that contains much of the same ingredients as cement but includes the addition of certain polymer resins for enhancing desired physical properties, has been used as an alternative adhesive. This paper focuses on flexural behaviour of CFRP-bar NSM system with variables such as kinds of adhesive, anchorage, sectional aspect ratio. Based on the test results and test-to -predicted ratio, this paper provides researchers and practical engineers a fundamental knowledge and intuition.