Seasonal occurrence and suitable time of control of Tetranychus kanzawai along with the control efficacy of the alternative use of natural predator and miticide was investigated in Rubus coreanus (Miquel). T. kanzawai appeared in late May with its peak between June and July, and decreased after August in R. coreanus. In Iksan, T. kanzawai estimates show peaks 2~4 times per year during the investigation periods from 2006 to 2008 in R. coreanus fields. Suitable time of control of T. kanzawai was in early to mid May. And control effects of T. kanzawai was improved with an alternated control plot, treating miticides in early-occurrence of T. kanzawai and then releasing the natural predator (Phytoseiulus persimilis Anthias-Henriot). Also, the yields of R. coreanus was highest in the alternated control plot of 638㎏/10a compared to non-treatment of 559㎏/10a.

본 연구는 온라인 게임의 성장과 더불어 주목받고 있는 개념인 게임몰입에 대해, 개인 수준의 자기효능감이 미치는 영향과 자기통제능력의 조절효과를 실증분석 통해 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 주요 온라인 게임을 이용하는 연령층을 반영하고, 기존 온라인 게임 몰입에 영향을 미치는 영향요인을 최대 한 통제하기 위해 표본을 설계하고 실증분석을 수행하였다. 본 연구 성과는 다음과 같다. 자기조절효능감, 과제난 이도 선호, 자신감은 게임몰입에 유의한 영향력이 있는 것으로 분석되었으며, 자기통제능력의 조절효과를 검증하기 위하여 상호작용항을 투입한 결과, 게임몰입에 미치는 영향에 대한 자기효능감의 영향력은 자기통제능력에 의 해 조절되는 것으로 도출되었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 개인이 어떠한 심리적 요인에 의하여 게임몰입에 도달하는 지를 보여주고, 이를 토대로 게임중독의 이전단계인 몰입단계에서 어떤 예방이 필요한지를 시사하고 있다. 또한 개인 수준에서 스스로가 중요하게 생각하고 있는 요소의 영향력이 온라인 게임을 접하는 단계에서 중독으로 이어지는 것을 예방할 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.

목적 : 본 연구는 단축형 코너스 평가척도를 통해 일반아동에서 ADHD 성향을 나타내는 아동의 분포를 파악하고, ADHD 성향을 나타내는 아동의 자기효능감과 자기통제력을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 방법 : 본 연구는 유치원과 학교를 다니고 있는 7-13세 일반 아동과 부모 420명을 대상으로 2007년 12월부터 2008년 5월까지 단축형 코너스 평가 척도와 자기효능감, 자기통제력 설문을 실시하였다. 대상자 모두에게 설문의 취지를 설명하였고, 부모가 연구 참여에 동의한 아동에 대하여 조사를 실시하였다. 설문지는 모두 420부를 배부하여 그 중 229부가 회수되었다(54.5%의 회수율). 일반아동에서 ADHD 성향을 나타낸 아동의 분포비율은 빈도분석을 사용하였고, 일반아동과 ADHD 성향 아동의 자기통제력과 자기효능감의 점수는 독립표본 t-검정을 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 일반아동에게 단축형 코너스 평가 척도를 실시한 결과 210명 중 33명(15.7%)이 ADHD 성향을 나타냈다. 또한 ADHD 성향을 나타낸 아동이 일반아동에 비해 자기효능감과 자기통제력 점수가 낮게 나타났다(p<.05). 결론 : 본 연구를 통하여 ADHD 성향을 나타내는 아동의 수가 상당수를 차지하고 있으며, ADHD 아동의 자기효능감과 자기통제력이 일반아동에 비해 낮음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이에 따른 체계적인 치료 방법이 모색되어야 할 것이며 이를 위해서는 학교에 ADHD 아동의 문제점을 빠르게 파악하고 치료할 수 있는 전문가(작업치료사)의 개입이 필요하며, 이러한 문제점 해결을 위하여 학교작업치료 분야를 활성화하는 밑거름이 되었으면 한다.

Methyl bromide (MeBr) which is widely used in most of the countries for quarantine purpose, has been designated and under control as ozone depleting substance. This study is on the toxicity of ethanedinitrile as a MeBr alternative to control several wood-related insect pests. LC50 value of Ethanedinitrile(EDN) for Reticulitemes speratus, Tomicus piniperda adults at 21℃ was 0.26, 4.83 mg/L respectively. LC99 value of EDN for R. speratus at open status and closed wooden cubes was 0.65, 0.62 mg/L respectively, whereas MB was 13.96, 31.10 mg/L, which means that the toxicity of EDN for R. spratus is greater and EDN penetrates better into wood as compared with MB. The morality of EDN 20.3 mg/L(6hr) at 25℃ for Crytogenius lutats in wood was 90.3% in larvae, 58.6% in pupae and 89.5% in adults, which means that pupae were more resistant than larvae and adult. All stages of C. lutats were disinfected with EDN at or more than 29.9.mg/L, 6hr(CT product 89 mg hr/L) at 25℃. In sorption and application test, CT product of EDN 50 g/㎥(6hr) was 157 g hr/㎥ in the conditions of 21% wood moisture content with 25% loading, 171 g hr/㎥ in 54% wood moisture content with 25% loading and 158 g hr/㎥ in 54% wood moisture content with 50% loading, respectively. In all treatments, adults of Cryphalus fulvus and R. speratus were completely killed. The minimal CT product (158 g hr/m3) of 6hrs treatment was higher than CT product to disinfect C. lutats (89 mg hr/L). It is expected that it can be used as alternative fumigant of MeBr for woods.

Sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a serious pest of various economically important crops. For the control of B. tabaci in an environment-friendly way, we demonstrated the effect of azadirachtin, which is an active conpound of neem oil as an botanical insecticide, on the development of B. tabaci by using an assay of single tomato leaf. Egg hatch rates were 53.6, 50.3% at 5 and 10 ppm, respectively. Adult eclosion rates were 30.0, 22.9% at these doses. We determined the whitefly control efficacies of two application methods of neem-based products by comparing between a direct spray of liquid-type into leaves and a soil treatment of pellet-type. Soil treatment of neem was greatly inhibited adult colonization by 75%. Those plants also inhibited the rates of oviposition and larval development. However, single treatment of foliar spray of neem (5-10 ppm) did not significantly inhibit the initial colonization of adult whiteflies. Furthermore, adult colonization was gradually increased regardless of neem spray.

Due to internal feeding behavior, the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée), infesting hot pepper has been regarded to be effectively controlled by targeting egg and neonate larval stages just before entering the fruits. This study aimed to develop an efficient biological control method focusing on these susceptible stages of H. assulta. An egg parasitoid wasp, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood, was confirmed to parasitize the eggs of H. assulta. A mixture of Gram-positive soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, and Gram-negative entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila ANU101, could effectively kill neonate larvae of H. assulta. A sex pheromone trap monitored the occurrence of field H. assulta adults. The microbial insecticide mixture was proved to give no detrimental effects on immature development and adult survival of the wasp by both feeding and contact toxicity tests. A combined treatment of egg parasitoid and microbial pesticide was applied to hot pepper fields infested by H. assulta. The mixture treatment of both biological control agents significantly decreased the fruit damage, which was comparable to the chemical insecticide treatment, though either single biological control agent did not show any significant control efficacy. This study also provides morphological and genetic characters of T. evanescens.

Pea weevil was easily observed in the flower and pod of garden pea, but not observed in soybean at various locations in Yeongnam district through 2001 to 2003. Number of pea weevil observed in pea flower was the highest at Milyang (20), followed by Yangsan (15), Sacheon (14) and Changnyong (13), and was the lowest at Pohang (3). On the other hand, number of pea weevil observed in pea pod was the highest at Tongyeong (192), followed by Changnyong (171), Sacheon (157) and Changwon (138), and was the lowest at Pohang (12) which showed similar tendency with the result of pea flower. Number of pea weevil occurrence observed in pea pod after one and two times applications of insecticides in pea field were different at harvest day of 30th May while were not significantly different at harvest day of 5th June. Likewise, number of pea pod damage after one and two times applications of insecticides were different at harvest day of 30th May while was not different at harvest day of 5th June. Thus, control efficacies of insecticides according to application times against pea weevil showed very high with above 95% at harvest day of 6th June while showed variable control efficacies at harvest of 30th May.

호남지역 콩 포장에서 톱다리개미허리노린재의 발생소장, 콩 피해 및 약제방제 효과를 검토하였다. 톱다리개미허리노린재의 발생은 콩 파종시기 및 연차간에 차이가 있었다. 톱다리개미허리노린재의 발생최성기는 5월 하순경 파종은 8월 하순에, 6월 중순경 파종은 9월 중순 이었고, 파종기가 동일하더라도 연차간 기상조건에 따른 중 생육상의 차이로 톱다리개미허리노린재의 발생최성기 차이가 있었다. 톱다리개미허리노린재에 의한 콩 흡즙 피해 면적을이 증가하면 발아율이 현저하게 낮아졌으며, 특히, 콩 피해면적율이 이상 되면 발아율이 로 매우 낮았다. 톱다리개미허리노린재에 대한 약제방제효과는 콩 생육단계중 (착협성기)+ (립비대기)+ (립비대성기)에 3회 처리시 의 방제효과로 가장 높았다.

곤충병원선충(Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser)의 지상부 해충에 대한 야외 방제 효과검증을 위해 화학 방제가 곤란한 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua(Hubner))을 대상으로 엽면 살포시 시험을 실시하였다. 지상부 살포시 건조에 따른 선충의 생존력 감소를 막기 위해 바람직한 내건제들이(Alkyl glucoside, CMC, glycerol, Keltrol-F, Kunipia-G 및 Laponite LXG) 우선 비교 분석되었다. 이들 내건제 가운데 Keltrol-F(0.1%)가 선발되었다. 이 농도의 내건제가 포함된 선충을 밀도별로 파밤나방이 서식하는 포크에 엽면 살포 처리하여 1 ml당 5,000마리의 감염태 선충의 유효 방제 밀도를 결정하였다. 이 선충 밀도로 포장에 적용하였을 때 87.8%dml 파밤나방 방제 효과를 보였다.

담배포장에서 담배나방의 발생은 조식 및 만식 재배구 모두에서 2 또는 3개의 뚜렷한 최성기를 보였다. 반면에 Campoleitis chlorideae는 담배 조식구에서는 담배나방의 두번째 최성기 직후 짧은 기간동안 발생하였으며 만식구에서는 담배나방 유웅이 존재하는 한 발생하였다. 만식구에서의 담배나방 발생은 조식구에서보다 많았다. 4가지 담배 품종중 NC-744에서 담배나방 유충의 발생이 비교적 컸다. 그러나, 기생벌의 발생은 Burley-21과 NC-82에서 많았다. 담배나방 유충의 포장에서의 인위적인 방사 및 재포획법에 의한 결과는 C. chlorideae의 활동은 6월말부터 9월초까지 보였으며 7월초 부터 8월말까지는 비교적 높은 밀도로 발생하였다. C. chlorideae의 담배나방에 대한 생물적방제 수단으로서의 가치평가를 위한 포장내 소규모 케이지 실험결과 방사밀도가 높을수록(암컷 4마리/2 ) 유충기생률이 높고(86.1%) 담배잎의 피해는 감소함을 보였다.(8.7%) 무처리구에서의 담배잎의 피해는 상당히 높았으며(23.2%) 살충제처리구에서 피해가 가장 낮았다.(1.6%)

To control the pepper anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, antifungal bacterium strains which was selected among bacterium from natural soil, was tested the antimicrobial activity against various pathogens and its control efficacy on anthracnose disease in the fields. We confirmed that antagonistic activity of CAB13001 strain to pathogens such as Sclerotinia cepivorum, Sclerotinia sclerotium and Botrytis cinerea including Colletotrichum acutatum was remarkable superior with the dual culture method in the artificial medium. In vitro bioassay using the green pepper fruit, CAB13001 strain suppressed the lesion development of Anthracnose disease, and its control value compared to the untreated one was 82.4% on pepper fruit in field test. These results suggested that CAB13001 strain could be a very useful biological control agents to anthracnose disease caused by air born plant pathogens of pepper. By the way, analysis of nucleotide sequence of the gene 16S rDNA, antagonistic bacterium CAB13001 strain used in this study was identified as Burkholderia lata.

For effective control of insect pest which can outbreak in a field during crop cultivation, various control agents such as eco-friendly agricultural materials (EFAM) including microbial control agents and chemical pesticides have been applied at fields and these control agents may be treated simultaneous or sequential in the same field to suppress diverse pests and diseases. The agents may influence each other and control efficacy may also differ from interactions. Therefore we need to test compatibility of microbial control agents with other agricultural agents. In this study, we investigated influence of pre-treated EFAMs, which are registered for whitefly control in greenhouse, on germination, mycelial growth and control efficacy of Isaria javanica isolate against sweet potato whitefly. The results showed that a mixture of paraffin oil+cinnamon oil among 4 EFAMs highly reduced germination (8.9±1.3%~24.5±0.9%) and mycelial growth (0.81±0.01cm~0cm) of I. javanica. To investigate the effects of the treatment interval between EFAMs and I. javanica on sweet potato whitefly control, four different EFAMs were pre-treated 0, 1, 4, and 7 days before applying I. javanica. Pre-treatment of four EFAMs inhibited insecticidal activity of I. javanica against sweet potato whitefly. Therefore when EFAMs and a mycopesticide using I. javanica spray simultaneous or sequential, application of EFAMs need more than 7 days interval after treatment of mycopesticide at field.

The experiment of grape leafroller (Herpetogramma luctuosalis) was carried out at Okcheon area from 2007 to 2009 and 2015. The grape leafroller had been occurred at a campbell early’ organic vineyard in Okcheon. It’s larva was rolling the leaf of grape and ate the leaf. So the leaf of grape decreased. In organic vineyards, adult grape leafroller’ generation rate per year showed the first peak in mid-June, the second peak in early –August and the third in mid-September. The larva showed the first peak in early July and the second peak in late August-early September. The grape leaf roller had three generations per year. And it took 60.9±1.09 days from egg to adult in growth chamber (VS-91G09M-1300) which the relative humidity conditions was 60±10%, temperature 25±2℃ and photoperiod 16L:8D (The egg : 12±0 days, larvae : 22.2±0.22 days, pupa : 10.6±0.75 days and adult : 16.1±0.45 days). It was conducted to find out the effect of microbial pesticide treatments to control H. luctuosalis. The 4 microbial pesticides (Bacillus thurigiensis) were treated twice on the grape leaves in June 11 and 21 at an organic vineyard in Okcheon. On 10 days after last treatment, the control value of all microbial pesticides were more than 95%. When the dates of spraying to the grape leaves were on May 22, June 12 and July 2 each, the effects of microbial pesticide were 73.9%, 93.5% and 43.6% respectively. As a result, it was effective that Bt was sprayed to grape leaves on mid and late June for controling the H. luctuosalis in organic vineyard. And microbial pesticide Bt was thought to be useful to control the grape leafroller in organic vineyard.

This study was carried out to identify the control effect of entomopathogenic microagent against Spodoptera exigua on organic chinese cabbage. In laboratory condition, insecticidal activity of 4 commercial BT pesticides against S. exigua were lower than 10% against second instar S. exigua. The insecticidal activity of entomopathogenic nematode were 33.3%, 83.3% and 100% at the concentration of 1×102, 3×102, 1×103 nematodes/ml, respectively. Mixture of BT and nematode showed growth inhibition against S. exigua larvae. S. exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeNPV) of 105 PIBs/ml showed more than 70% insecticial activity. The yield of SeNPV was increased as in higher initial inoculation concentration of NPV, food supply, and growth temperature increased. In greenhouse experiment, the control value of BT and nematode mixture treatment was higher than BT and nematode treatment alone against S. exigua. In treatment of 107 PIBs/ml of SeNPV, S. exigua was controlled completely. In farm condition, mixture of microbial agent and organic agricultural material showed higher control value against lepidopteran pest including S. exigua than BT single treatment.