배과실(果實)의 PPO를 분리(分離) 정제(精製)한 후(後) 그 특성(特性)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 조효소액(粗酵素液)을 전기영동한 결과 2개의 활성분리대(活性分離帶)가 관찰(觀察)되었으며, 이 조효소액(粗酵素液)을 acetone 심몰(沈沒)과 DEAE-cellulose chromatography로 부분정제(部分精製)한 결과 PPO A 분획(分劃)과 PPO B 분획(分劃)을 얻었다. 각 구분을 전기영동(電氣泳動)한 결과 PPO A, B 각각 Rm치가 0.58, 0.68인 단일 활성분리대(活性分離帶)가 관찰(觀察)되었다. PPO A와 PPO B의 최종 정제도(精製度)는 각각 7.8와 8.7배(倍)였다. PPO A의 최적(最適) pH와 온도(溫度)는 pH 7, 인 반면 PPO B의 최적(最適) pH와 온도(溫度)는 pH 4.2, 로 나타났다. PPO A, B의 열(熱) 안정성(安定性)은 이상(以上)의 온도(溫度)에서는 급격히 활성(活性)이 감소했으며 PPO B보다 PPO A가 더 안전(安定)하였다. 배의 두 PPO는 o-diphenol에 강한 활성을 나타냈으며 특히 PPO A는 catechol에 PPO B는 chlorogenic acid에 활성이 강했다. 또한 PPO A는 pyrogallol에도 활성을 나타냈다. 그러나 두 PPO는 m-diphenol, p-diphenol과 monophenol에는 활성(活性)을 나타내지 않았다. 무기염(無機鹽)의 영향(影響)을 본 결과(結果)는 10mM농도(濃度)에서 은 PPO A의 활성(活性)을 증가(增加)시켰으나 는 저해(沮害)했고 반면 , 는 PPO B는 활성(活性)을 증가(增加)시켰으나 , , , 는 저해(沮害)했다. 는 저농도(低濃度)에서는 효소(酵素)를 활성화(活性化)시켰으나 10mM의 고농도(高濃度)에서는 저해작용(沮害作用)을 했다. 저해제(沮害劑)의 작용(作用)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果), L-ascorbic acid, L-cysteine, thiourea 등이 저해작용(沮害作用)이 강했다. PPO A와 PPO B의 catechol에 대한 Km치는 각각 20mM과 14.3mM이었다.

사과 Fuji와 국광을 저온(低溫) 상태하(狀態下)에서 저장방법(貯藏方法)을 달리하였을 때, 내부갈변(內部褐變) 및 PPO.의 변화(變化)에 대하여 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. P.E film저장(貯藏)에 있어서 내부갈변(內部褐變) 정도(程度)는 11월(月)에 수확(收穫)한 Fuji가 10월(月)에 수확(收穫)한 Fuji보다 많았고, 0.09mm 2%구(區)에서 가장 많이 나타났고 0.06mm 2%구(區), 0.06mm 2%구(區)의 순(順)이었으며 를 완전히 제거(除去)한 감압저장(減壓貯藏)에서는 내부갈변(內部褐變)을 볼 수 없었다. 2. P.E film저장중(貯藏中) Fuji의 PPO. activity 및 PPO. specific activity는 11월(月) 수확(收穫)이 10월(月) 수확(收穫)에 비해 높았으며, 0.09mm의 2%구(區)가 0.06mm구(區)보다 높았고, 저장중(貯藏中) 증가(增加)하는 경향이었고, 를 완전히 제거(除去)한 감압저장(減壓貯藏) 동안 Fuji의 PPO. activity는 변화(變化)가 거의 없었으나 PPO. specific activity는 계속 감소(減少)하였다. 3. 국광의 PPO. activity는 Fuji에 비해 상당히 높았고 저장중(貯藏中) PPO. activity 및 specific activity는 저장(貯藏) 초기(初期)와 거의 차이(差異)가 없었다. 4. 이상(以上)으로 미루어 Fuji의 내부갈변(內附褐變)은 저온장해(低溫障害)보다는 장해(障害)로 보이며 품종간(品種間)의 PPO. activity의 정도(程度)와 내부갈변(內附褐變)의 관련(關聯)은 찾을 수 없는 것 같다. 그러나 Fuji의 경우 PPO. activity증대(增大)는 의 영향(影響)을 받은 것으로 보이며 내부갈변(內部褐變)과 어느정도 관련(關聯)이 있는 것 같다.

국내에서 유망 소과류 및 베리류로 농가에 보급되고 있는 과종 및 품종들을 대상으로 각 과실들 간의 안토시아닌, 폴리페놀 함량, 각 구성성분 및 항산화활성을 분석하였다. 총 안토시아닌 및 폴리페놀 함량을 분석한 결과, 같은 과종에서도 품종에 따라 안토시아닌과 폴리페놀 함량의 차이가 나타났으며, 총 안토시 아닌은 블랙 쵸크베리가 가장 많았으며(927.9~1,149.1 ㎎･100 g-1, F.W.), 총 폴리페놀 함량도 블랙 쵸크베리(502.2~530.5 ㎎･100 g-1, F.W.)에서 가장 많았다. DPPH 항산화활성에서도 블랙 쵸크베리가 가장 높은 것으로 나타나 안토시아닌, 페놀 함 량과 항산화활성과 고도의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 주요 폴리페놀 구성 성분을 조사한 결과 모든 과종에서 quercetin, catechin, epicatechin 함량이 높게 나타났다. 블루베리와 블랙 커런트의 주요 안토시아닌은 delphinidin-3-glucoside로 사스카툰 베리와 블랙 쵸크베리의 주요 안토시아닌은 cyanidin-3- galactoside였다.

This study was executed to evaluate the phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging rate, and the cytotoxic effect in human cancer cell, 3T3-L1 cell from C. lanceolata extracts at various ethanol concentration. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content of the C. lanceolata at various ethanol concentration showed the high amount in 70%, 100% ethanol extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activity progressively increased in a dose-dependent manner, and showed the highest in 100% ethanol extract. The cytotoxic effect against human cancer cell of the C. lanceolata was higher in 50% and 70% ethanol extracts. In particular, the cytotoxic effect in MCF-7 cell was relatively higher than in other cells. The IC50 (concentration causing 50% cell death) value showed the highest on MCF-7 cell (538.39 ㎍/㎖) in 70% ethanol extract, and exhibited significant activity against Hela cell (637.87 ㎍/㎖), Calu-6 cell (728.64 ㎍/㎖). The extract of 70% ethanol at 1,000 ㎍/㎖ exhibited a pronounced cytotoxic effect on 3T3-L1 cell comparable to that of the other extracts, and reduced in a concentration-dependent manner.

For high-quality colored rice production, the cultivation environment is a critical factor. The major environmental factor is temperature, which includes the accumulated and average temperature during vegetative and reproductive stages. Generally, during the cultivation period, the temperature can be controlled by shifting the transplanting date. This study was carried out to determine the optimum transplanting date for high-quality red-colored rice production. Four red-colored rice varieties (Jeokjinju, Jeokjinjuchal, Hongjinju, and Gunganghongmi) were used as test materials. The transplanting dates were May 20 and June 5, 20, and 30 in 2015~2016. The most variable factor controlled by the transplanting date was the grain filling rate. The varieties transplanted on June 30 showed low yields owing to the decrease in the grain filling rate. In contrast, the polyphenol content increased with increasing delay in the transplanting date. Collectively, these two results indicate that the optimum transplanting date was June 20. The average temperature for 30 days after the heading date (30DAH) highly affected the polyphenol content. A lower temperature during the 30DAH induced higher polyphenol contents but also caused low yield. The optimum 30DAH temperature for obtaining a higher yield and polyphenol content was 22~23°C. Using the average 30DAH and accumulated temperatures, the optimum transplanting date was calculated as June 18 to 24 in Miryang region. The optimum transplanting date of Kyeungsangnamdo region was approximately mid-June to early July, and that of Kyeungsangbukdo region was approximately early to mid-June.

Background : Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) is an annual crop belonging to the polygonaceae family and cultivated in most of Asian and European countries. Nowadays, many people take interest in the utilization of buckwheat seed because of its high nutritional and pharmaceutical values. Especially, tartary buckwheat is drawing attention for its high rutin content, which is beneficial to health. Methods and Results :　Tartary buckwheat sprout (TBS) was powdered and two grams of powder was mixed with 4 ㎖ H2O in a glass petri disc (100 x 20 ㎜) and exposed to far infrared irradiation (FIR) at different temperature (80, 100, 120, 140, 160℃) for an hour each. Further, the FIR treated powdered sprout samples were suspended in 200 ㎖ of 80% ethanol (v/v) and kept overnight in a shaker at room temperature. The extracts were filtered through Advantec 5B Tokyo Roshi Kaisha Ltd., Japan and dried using a vacuum rotatory evaporator (EYLA N-1000, Tokyo, Japan) in a 40℃ water bath. Dried samples were weighed and kept at 4℃ for further analysis. Conclusion : Total polyphenol was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteau assay and total flavonoid by aluminum nitrate colorimetric assay, while antioxidant properties were evaluated based on DPPH free radical scavenging activity, metal chelating property and total antioxidant capacity. This study showed that FIR treatment to TBS caused a decrease in total antioxidant capacity and metal chelation property. However, there was a slight increase in total polyphenol and total flavonoid content from 80 to 120℃. Similarly, DPPH free radical scavenging activity also increased in the same way as TP and TF in TBS. The HPLC result revealed that quercetin production was directly proportional to temperature, and the production (average 14.87 ㎎/g dw) of quercetin was highest at 120℃ (an hour’s treatment), which was 13.54 times higher than the control in TBS.

Background : We have previously reported that Oligonol, a low-molecular polyphenol derived from lychee fruit, has protective effect on the liver and kidney of diabetic animal model. In this study, we examined whether Oligonol has any beneficial effects on pancreas of diabetic rats. Methods and Results : Oligonol was orally administered at a dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight for 10 days to STZ-induced diabetic rats, and the effects were compared with those of vehicle-treated diabetic control and non-diabetic control rats. The administration of Oligonol reduced hyperglycemia in diabetic rats through an improvement of serum and pancreatic insulin levels. The increased reactive oxygen species levels in pancreas of diabetic control rats was attenuated by the Oligonol administration through inhibiting the expression of NADPH oxidase-related proteins. The enhanced expression of pro-apoptotic proteins in pancreas of diabetic control rats was significantly reduced by Oligonol administration through down-regulation of phosphor-c-Jun N-terminal kinases protein in pancreas. Furthermore, the expressions of cell proliferation-related protein were also augmented in Oligonol treated-diabetic rats. However, Oligonol treatment led to improved histological changes in the pancreas. Conclusion : These pancreatoprotective effects of Oligonol were achieved through attenuation of oxidative stress and its sensitive protein expression associated with apoptosis and cell proliferation in diabetic rats.

Background : Corrosion is one of the most devastating problems faced by most industries. Mild steel has played a vital role in various fields due to the excellent mechanical properties of mild steel such as low density, high strength-to-weight ratios, good environmental stability, high thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. Methods and Results : The total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of the methanolic extract of C. grandiflora and R. verniciflua leaf have been examined, and its corrosion inhibition performance was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization measurements. The surface morphology of mild steel was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The percentage composition of polyphenolic compounds was found to be higher in C. grandiflora and R. verniciflua plant extracts, and it was proved to be a superior, eco-friendly, and anti-corrosive inhibitor for mild steel in 1M of H2SO4. The Tafel polarization studies indicate that the plant extract is a mixed-type inhibitor. Scanning electron microscopy/energy -dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies confirmed the formation of a protective film on the metal surface. The corrosion inhibition of the C. grandiflora and R. verniciflua plant extracts was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV-visible spectra, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies; these show the strong interaction between the metal surface and the inhibitor. Conclusion : The methanolic extract was prepared the two different plants like C. grandiflora, and R. verniciflua was studied the corrosion inhibition on the mild steel specimen in acidic medium through various methods involving weight loss measurements, EIS, and potentiodynamic polarization. The results shows that the C. grandiflora, and R. verniciflua plant extracts illustrate an effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel with good anticorrosion properties in acidic environmen

Background : Invitro antioxidant activity, polyphenol and flavonoid aglycone contents in black and green tea products of balloon flower leaves were investigated to provide valuable information for the further development and utilization of resources of Platycodon grandiflorum. Methods and Results : Flavonoid aglycone contents were investigated using HPLC (SHIMADZU, Japan) with a hypersil ODS column (125 mm × 4 mm, 5-μm particle, HP). DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were measured by method of Lee & Lee (2004) with slight modification. Antioxidant activity, polyphenol and flavonoid contents in green tea were significantly higher than these in black tea. PC analysis indicated that first principal components explained 79.9% of the total variability for five traits investigated. PC2 explained 19.7% of the variation. Conclusion : It can be concluded from these results that these characteristics can reveal the active compound variation of black and green tea products of balloon flower leaves. These results provide scientific evidence for the utilization of balloon flower leaves.

The purpose of this study was to determine the content of phenolics and various anthocyanin compounds, and antioxidant and anticancer activities of the extracts from pomergranates, which were produced in two different regions including Goheung, Korea and California, USA. These pomergrantes were divided into juice, pericarp, and seed parts and each part was extracted with 95% methanol. Content of total phenolics [mg chlorogenic acid equivalents/kg DW] was highest in pericarp, followed by juice and seeds from pomergrantes in both regions. The anthocyanins identified in pomegranate fruit were cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside chloride (Cy3,5G), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (Cy3G), delphini din-3,5-di-O-glucoside chloride (Dp3,5G), delphinidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (Dp3G), pelargonidin- 3,5-di-glucoside chloride (Pg3,5G), and pelargonidin-3-glucoside chloride (Pg3G). Among these, cyanidin-3, 5-diglucoside chloride (Cy3,5G) was the major anthocyanin in California pomegranate fruit juice and Goheung pomegranate fruit pericarp. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical) free radical scavenging activity was dose-dependently increased, and was higher in pericarp part than juice or seed parts from pomergrantes in both regions. By MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, pericarp extracts from pomergrantes in both regions showed the highest anticancer activity, which was higher on Calu-6 for human pulmonary carcinoma than SNU-601 for human gastric carcinoma. Correlation between polyphenols and anticancer activity on Calu-6 was determined to be in the range of r2=0.8904 to 0.9706.

This study is focused on the evaluation of growth parameters, total polyphenol content (TPC), chlorophyll content as well as the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity of young barley seedling (YBS) affected by elicitation. Salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MJ), amino acid liquid fertilizer (ALF) and microbial metabolism activator (MMA) were used. Elicitation was conducted for two times and various concentrations were used in this study. The result revealed that, MJ 1 ml/L treated-YBS gave the longest seedling length of 1.33 cm, followed by the ones treated with SA 1.38 mg/L and ALF 2 ml/L, respectively. ALF 3 ml/L treatment gave the highest fresh weight of 10 seedlings, followed by MJ 5 ml/L and SA 13.8 mg/L treatment with 1.56 g, 1.55 g and 1.53 g respectively. SA 138.12 mg/L elicitor treated-YBS gave the highest Chl a, Chl b content of 8.57 μg/mg and 3.83 μg/mg, respectively while the highest carotenoid content was found in MJ ml/L treatment with 1.62 μg/mg. Among elicitor treated-YBS, SA showed better TPC. The highest TPC was found in SA 1.38 mg/L treatment with 18.82 mg/g TAE. Likewise, SA 1.38 mg/L showed the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity among all the treatments. However, the lowest TPC was found in ALF 1ml/L treated-YBS with 9.46 mg/g TAE, which was even lower than the control (14.31 mg/g TAE).

The purpose of this study was to improve the functionality of a healthy drink with examining the possibility of manufacturing different enzymes (alpha-, beta-, glucose-amylase) in barley malts (BM) produced in various malting periods. The study showed that enzyme treatment increased significantly total polyphenol content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity and hydroxly radical scavenging activity in malted liquid samples (MLS) which obtained from various malting periods. The highest of TPC were found in Gluco-24M with 1.981 ㎎TAE/㎖, followed by Beta-24M and Alpha-72M with 1.878 ㎎TAE/㎖ and 1.845 ㎎TAE/㎖, respectively. The DPPH result revealed that percent of inhibition increased by 71-75% compared to the control. No statistical difference was found between MLS obtained by 24 hr of malting (24 M) and 72 hr of malting (72 M) after enzyme treatment. In addition, an increasing of hydroxyl radical was in the same trend to the TPC and DPPH. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of enzyme treated samples was 1,5 times higher than the control. These results suggest the possibility of enzyme application to barley malts obtained in various germination periods for improving quality and functionality of barley malts.

본 연구에서는 감태 효소 추출물과 그것의 폴리페놀 추출물의 화장품 원료로서의 효능을 알아보기 위하여 항산화, 항당화, 미백, 항염 효과와 관련된 실험을 실시하였다. 감태 효소 추출물과 폴리페놀 추출물은 강력한 라디컬 소거능을 가지고 있으며 BSA/Glucose 시스템에서 최종당화생성물의 형성을 저해하는 항당화 활성과 타이로시네이즈 저해를 통한 우수한 미백력을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 두 추출물 모두 세포 내에서 PGE2와 NO 생성 저해를 통한 항염 효과를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 감태 효소 추출물과 그 폴리페놀추출물은 화장품 원료로서의 응용 가능성이 있을 것으로 사료된다.

동부 종자를 7일 동안 재배하여 각 발아 일수별 새싹나물의 생육, 폴리페놀 함량, 플라보노이드 함량, 항산화성 및 항산화효소 활성 차이를 검토하였다. 발아 일수별 동부의 신장과 생체중은 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. Folin-Denis방법에 따른 총 페놀 함량은 건종자(DS), 침종종자(IS), 발아 후 1일묘(1DOS), 3일묘(3DOS), 5일묘(5DOS), 7일묘(7DOS)에서 각각 63.9, 56.8, 46.4, 36.0, 29.9, 32.2mg kg-1로 나타나 건종자에서 가장 높았고, 발아일수가 길수록 낮아지는 경향이 뚜렷하였다(p 〈 0.05). DPPH 라디컬 소거능은 추출물 농도가 증가할수록 높은 활성을 보였으며 건종자, 침종종자, 발아 후 1일묘, 3일묘, 5일묘, 7일묘 순으로 각각 87.3, 41.2, 30.4, 27.4, 28.1, 17.1%로 건종자에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 발아일수가 길수록 낮아지는 경향이 뚜렷하였으며 발아 후 7일묘에서 가장 낮은 활성을 보였다. 항산화효소 활성은 APX와 CAT 활성은 건종자, 침종종자, 발아 후 1일묘, 3일묘, 5일묘, 7일묘 순으로 유의적으로 높게 나타났고 POX 활성은 발아 후 3일묘부터 급격히 증가하다 7일묘에서 가장 높은 활성을 보였다. SOD 활성은 건종자에서 가장 낮게 나타났고, 발아 후 1일묘에서 가장 높았으나 유의적인 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 생리활성물질과 그 활성간의 상관관계는 APX와 CAT 활성(r2= 0.9574)간 가장 높게 나타났고, 그 다음이 CAT와 POX 활성간, POX와 DPPH 활성간, APX와 POX 활성간 순으로 각각 0.9427, 0.8509, 0.8471로 높게 나타났다. 또한, 생리활성물질 중 총 페놀은 총 플라보노이드에 비해 높은 함량을 보였고 이는 항산화성과 항산화효소 활성에 더 높은 관련성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

This study was conducted to investigate the extraction characteristics including total polyphenol compound content (TPC) and the antioxidative effect of Rumex crispus root extract on commercial corn oil. Extraction yield was increased with extraction temperature but decreased with extraction ratio. No significant differences in aromatics content were found among the extracts prepared with various extraction conditions; extraction ratio, extraction temperature, extraction pH and composition of extractant. Total flavonoid content of the extract was increased with extraction temperature and extraction pH, and highest value of it was found when extractant composition of ethanol in water was 75%. Total polyphenol compound content (TPC) of the extract with 10 fold extraction ratio showed the highest value, but no significant difference in TPC was found with extraction temperature. Reducing power and DPPH (α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging ability (RSA) of the extract in spectrophotometric absorbance were decreased with extraction ratio but increased with extraction temperature and showed 63.1%~98.4% and 67.6%~86.7% of those of ascorbic acid in reducing power and DPPH RSA, respectively. The antioxidative effects of the extract on corn oil were 84.8~93.0% of that of commercial butylated hydroxytoluene, the antioxidant index value was highest when the ethanol composition to water in extractant was equal ratio.

효모를 이용한 발효천마와 비발효천마의 폴리페놀 함량과과 지표성분인 p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol(HBA) 함량 변화 및 항산화활성을 비교 분석하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 발효 전과 발효 후의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 각각 108.65, 389.99 mg/mL으로 나타내었으며, 지표성분인 HBA 함량은 발효 전 2.46 mg/g에서 발효 후 7.94 mg/g로 증가되었다. 비발효천마추출물과 발효천마추출물의 DPPH, ABTS, superoxide 라디칼 소거능을 비교한 결과 추출물의 농도가 증가할수록 비발효천마추출물보다 발효천마추출물의 활성능이 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히, superoxide 라디칼 소거능을 비교한 결과 발효천마추출물에서 20배 이상의 활성능이 증가되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 건천마를 발효할 경우 전자공여능 및 라디칼 소거능이 증가됨을 확인하였으며 향후 항산화소재로서의 이용가능성을 확인하였다.