목 적 : 족관절 염좌 환자의 자기공명영상 검사 시 전하경비인대(AITFL)와 전거비인대(ATFL)를 관찰하기 위한 사방향 관상면(oblique coronal plane) 2D FSE 영상과 Isotropic 3D FSE Cube 영상의 비교를 통하여 그 유용성에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2013년 10월부터 2013년 12월까지 족관절 염좌를 주 호소로 본 기관을 내원한 환자 15명(남자: 6명, 여자: 9명)을 대상으로, 사방향 관상면 2D FSE 기법과 시상면 3D FSE Cube 영상기법을 이용하여 AITFL과 ATFL의 영상을 획득하였다. 획득한 영상에서 AITFL과 ATFL, 골조직, 배경신호의 SI 및 CNR을 측정하고, Mann-Whitney U-검정으로 두 기법간의 통계적 유의성을 검증하여 정량적 평가를 하였다. 또한 영상의학의 2명이 각각의 영상에서 보여지는 AITFL과 ATFL의 형태 및 연속성, 부분용적에 의한 인공음영, 병변의 묘사정도의 3가지 항목을 4점 척도(0: 진단불가-Non diagnostic, 1: 부족함-Poor, 2: 적합함-Adequate, 3: 좋음-Good)로 평가하고, 평가결과 간의 일치도 검증을 위하여 Kappa-value(SPSS 19) 검정을 통해 통계적 유의성( p<0.05)을 검증하여 정성적 평가를 하였다. 영상획득에 사용된 장비는 3.0T MR 장비와 Extremity RF Coil을 사용하였다. 결 과 : 정량적 평가에서 CNR의 평균값은 AITFL의 경우 사방향 관상면 2D FSE영상에서는 10.72±0.01, 3D FSE Cube 영상에서는 18.66±0.52이었다. ATFL의 경우에는 사방향 관상면 2D FSE 영상에서는 5.62±0.98, 3D FSE Cube 영상에서는 8.15±0.65이었다. AITFL과 ATFL 모두 3D FSE Cube 영상에서 CNR 값이 높았으며, 두 영상기법 간의 CNR 값의 비교는 통계적으로 유의하였다( p<0.05). 정성적 평가에서 관찰자 1에 의한 AITFL의 형태 및 연속성, 부분용적에 의한 인공음영, 병변의 묘사정도의 평가결과는 사방향 관상면 2D FSE 영상의 경우 2.4±0.5, 2.5±0.5, 2.6±0.5의 순으로 값을 나타냈고, 3D FSE Cube 영상에서는 2.8±0.3, 2.9±0.2, 2.9±0.2의 순으로 값을 나타냈다. ATFL의 경우는 사방향 관상면 2D FSE 영상에서 2.5±0.5, 2.3±0.4, 2.5±0.5의 순으로 값을 나타냈고, 3D FSE Cube 영상에서는 2.8±0.4, 2.9±0.2, 2.9±0.2의 값을 나타냈다. 관찰자 2에 의한 AITFL의 형태 및 연속성, 부분용적에 의한 인공음영, 병변의 묘사정도의 평가결과는 사방향 관상면 2D FSE 영상의 경우 2.4±0.5, 2.3±0.8, 2.6±0.4의 순으로 값을 나타냈고, 3D FSE Cube 영상에서는 2.8±0.3, 2.8±0.3, 2.8±0.3의 값을 나타냈다. ATFL의 경우는 사방향 관상면 2D FSE 영상에서 2.8±0.4, 2.4±0.5, 2.8±0.5의 순으로 값을 나타냈고, 3D FSE Cube 영상에서는 2.9±0.2, 2.9±0.2, 2.9±0.2의 순으로 값을 나타냈다. AITFL과 ATFL 모두 3D FSE Cube 영상에서 평가 결과가 높게 나타났으며, 두 관찰자 간 평가결과의 일치도 검정은 통계적으로 유의하였다( p<0.05). 결 론 : 족관절 염좌 환자에서 3D FSE Cube 영상이 사방향 관상면 2D FSE 영상에 비해 AITFL과 ATFL의 손상 감별 및 기타 인대손상의 평가에 매우 유용하다는 것을 알 수 있었다

Despite having many attractive properties, ZrO2 ceramic has a low fracture toughness which limits its wide application. One of the most obvious tactics to improve its mechanical properties has been to add a reinforcing agent to formulate a nanostructured composite material. Nanopowders of ZrO2 and Cr were synthesized from CrO3 and Zr powder by high energy ball milling for 10 h. Dense nanocrystalline 2/3Cr-ZrO2 composite was consolidated by a high-frequency induction heated sintering method within 5 min at 600˚C from mechanically synthesized powder. The method was found to enable not only rapid densification but also the inhibition of grain growth, preserving the nano-scale microstructure. Highly dense 2/3Cr-ZrO2 composite with relative density of up to 99.5% was produced under simultaneous application of a 1 GPa pressure and the induced current. The hardness and fracture toughness of the composite were 534 kg/mm2 and 7MPa·m1/2, respectively. The composite was determined to have good biocompatibility.

This study investigates area and size of stress part appeared when the continuous loads are applied at artificial joint. Upper and lower parts composed with polyethylene shock absorber and titanium alloy are applied with the loads. The configurations of stress distribution near the hole of support to fix the frame are investigated and secured as through this study. As the result of this study, the stress is concentrated from the edge end of upper artificial joint. The crack is initiated at this point. This analysis result is similar with the instance of tissue corruption due to the damage of artificial joint.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hip joint mobilization (HJM) on walking ability, balance ability, and the joint range of motion in stroke patients to minimize the problems of the musculoskeletal system in patients with central nervous system diseases. All volunteers were randomly assigned to the HJM group (n1=14) and the general neurodevelopment therapy (NDT) group (n2=16). The HJM procedure involved applying Maitland mobilization techniques (distraction, lateral gliding, inferior gliding, and anterior gliding) by grade 3 to both hip joint. The mobilization process included mobilization and NDT for 15 min/day, 3 days a week for 4 weeks. The outcome measures were evaluated, including the hip joint passive range of motion (ROM) test and femur head anterior glide test (FHAG) using prone figure four test, dynamic and static balance abilities [timed up and go (TUG) test and center of pressure (COP) analysis], and walking ability [10-meter walking test (10MWT) and 6-min walking test (6MWT)]. Both the groups showed significant post-training differences in the hip joint ROM (FHAG and degree of hip extension) and 10MWT. The post-training improvements in the TUG test were significantly greater in patients of the HJM group than in the NDT group; however, there were no post-training improvements in COP in both groups. Patients in the HJM group showed post-training improvement in the 6MWT; however, statistically significant differences were not observed. Patients in the NDT group showed post-training improvements in the 6MWT. These results suggest that HJM improves hip joint ROM, dynamic balance ability, and walking speed in stroke patients. However, further studies are required to evaluate the long-term therapeutic efficacy of HJM in stroke patients.

In this paper, a commercial multibody dynamics program ADAMS was utilized to investigate the model for the multi-joint boom conflicts. In this process, CATIA, ANSYS and ADAMS were used to develop the simulation. The addition of ADAMS made the system more accurate and improved precision of the system. In brief, the 3D CAD model of the structure was initially developed via CATIA. After this, the CATIA models were exported to ANSYS for creating flexible-body modeling by using formatted file. Subsequently, with ADAMS, the flexible body model was directly imported from ANSYS which performed the analyses of the dynamic collision of the nozzle boom conflicts. This contained the information regarding geometry and model shapes of the flexible body. Using ADAMS/Durability, it was possible to determine the strain energy for the nozzle configuration by crashing the contact structure that was created. Via this procedure, the acquired simulation analysis of nozzle showed interestingly good results with respect to the objectives of the study

The purpose of this study were to determine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of shoulder passive range of motion measurement using the “Clinometer + bubble level”, a smartphone application and to compare with the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of measurement using a goniometer. Twenty six patients with stroke were recruited for this study. Two raters measured the passive range of motion of four types of shoulder movements (forward flexion; FF, abduction; ABD, external rotation at 90° abduction; ER90 and internal rotation at 90° abduction; IR90) using a goniometer and a smartphone to determine within-day inter-rater reliability. A retest session was performed thirty minutes later to determine within-day intra-rater reliability. The reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the standard error of measurement (SEM). The ICC (2,1) for the inter-rater reliabilities of the goniometer and smartphone were good in FF and ABD [ICC (2,1)=.75∼.87] and excellent in ER90 [ICC (2,1)=.90∼.95]. The intra-rater reliabilities for the goniometer and smartphone were good or more than good, with an ICC (3,1) value >.75, the exception was IR90 measured by rater 2 on the smartphone. These results suggest that smartphone could be used as an alternative method tool for measurement of passive shoulder range of motion in patients with stroke.

Recent experimental researches supports the hypothesis that mechanical stimuli play a role in regulating specialized molecules expression in articular cartilage in vitro and in vivo. Therefore we are studying bioreactor to provide a stimulus of mimicked real knee environment. Our bioreactor system consists of a joint motion stimulation device and culture chamber. We fabricated a stimulation system similar to movement of the CPM(Continuous Passive Motion) device for human joint motion. This system is composed of a linear stage, ball spline and links. Also we fabricated a culture system for media and circulation and mimicked knee environment. However, Previous culture system has some problems that media leakage and interference of joint model. In this study, we improved a new-chamber system for non-interference of joint model and medium sealing. Then, this system could be used to investigate the effect of dynamic culture.

본 연구에서는 텅스텐합금강의 상부구조와 폴리에틸렌소재로 구성된 하부구조의 인공관절이 하중을 받았을때의 인공관절의 하중분포와 인공관절의 설치를 위한 지지구멍에 가해지는 응력분포에 대하여 유한요소해석을 통하여 결과값을 도출하였으며, 실물을 이용한 다음 실험을 위한 기초자료를 얻을 수 있었다. 이를 통하여 나온 해석결과의 하중분포는 텅스텐합금의 상부구조가 모서리 끝부분부터 하중이 집중되어 크랙이 발생하며 이는 의학계에 보고된 인공관절파손에 의한 조직괴사사례와 그 거동이 일치 하였다.

This study aims to comparatively analyze lower extremity joint moment during the take-off phase in high jump and thus to provide the basic data for enhancement of highschool students' high jump skills. 2 highschool students - one males and one females - were chosen for the experiment in which the 3D image analyzer and ground reaction force measuring unit were adopted. The results are as follows: Similar to the changing patterns from lower extremity joint moment but, moment values it turned out that male were better than female. The flexion and extension moment of lower extremity were most significant, abduction and adduction, medial rotation and lateral rotation were relatively small. The moment value in sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane were appeared larger in the order of hip joint-knee joint-ankle joint. The muscle activity of knee joint and hip joint were acts in conjunction with sequential knee joint-hip joint.

류마티스 관절염은 염증성 자가 면역 질환으로써 질병이 진행됨에 따라 염증세 포가 증가되며 인접한 연골 및 뼈의 파괴를 일으킨다. 또한 염증성 사이토카인의 분 비가 증가됨에 따라 연골 및 뼈의 세포 외 기질 분해를 촉진시킨다. 세포 외 기질 단 백질은 류마티스 관절에 증식되어있는 활막세포, 염증세포 등의 이주와 분화를 조 절함으로써 염증반응의 발생에 밀접한 관계가 있다. 또한 최근 골 대사에 있어서 중 요한 조절 기전의 하나로 Wnt 경로가 밝혀지면서 이에 대한 연구가 활발하게 진행 되고 있다. Wnt의 억제제인 DKK-1은 뼈 형성과, 뼈와 관련된 질병, 암과 다발성 골수종 환 자에게서 높게 발견된다. 본 연구에서는 멜리틴을 이용하여 Wnt의 억제제인 Dkk1 를 차단시킴으로써 Wnt 경로를 활성화시켜 류마티스 관절염의 염증성 사이토카 인과 섬유모세포 유사 활막세포의 이동 조절을 관찰하고 그 기전을 조사하였다. 그 결과 류마티스 관절염 활막세포에서의 염증반응과 이주 조절기전을 확인하고 봉 독의 주요성분인 멜리틴을 이용하여 DKK-1 억제에 의한 Wnt 신호 활성화 기전을 규명하였다.

This study was conducted in order to examine whether abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) with isometric shoulder flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction selectively contracted deep abdominal muscles. This study's subjects were 13 males 17 females. In order to evaluate the comparison of effects of ADIM and ADIM with isometric shoulder flexion, extension, adduction and abduction, measurements were made on transverse abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) using a real-time ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system. Each position was repetitively measured three times with a real-time ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system and their mean values were used for analysis. The ADIM with isometric shoulder flexion, extension, adduction and abduction significantly increased the thickness of TrA relative to the ADIM only (p<.05). The ADIM with isometric shoulder abduction significantly increased the thickness of IO compared to the ADIM only (p<.05). The ADIM with isometric shoulder extension and abduction significantly decreased the thickness of EO compared to the ADIM only and the ADIM with isometric shoulder extension significantly decreased the thickness of EO relative to the ADIM with isometric shoulder adduction (p<.05). ADIM with isometric shoulder abduction is an effective method to selectively strengthen deep abdominal muscles and therefore may be employed as an intervention for trunk stabilization.

The purpose of this study was to compare the slouched and upright sitting positions on lumbar joint reposition error (LJRE). Twenty subjects without low back pain were recruited for this study and, using a random number table, were randomly assigned to two groups; the upright sitting position group (UP group) and the slouched sitting position group (SP group). UP group was first asked to sit in an upright position and the SP group to sit in a slouched position as an intervention, and then the LJRE of both groups was measured at the neutral sitting position (lumbar flexion ). The measurement of the LJRE was repeated after one day. The sitting positions were performed for five minutes each and the LJRE was measured using an electronic goniometer. An independent t-test was used to compare the LJRE of both groups after each sitting position and after one day. The results of this study showed that the LJRE after an intervention in the UP group was lower than in the SP group (p<.05) and the LJRE after one day in the UP group was lower than in the SP group (p<.05). The findings of this study indicate that the upright sitting position can be applied to decrease LJRE, compared with the slouched sitting position. These findings also support that the upright sitting position reduces the potential for proprioceptive loss.

In this paper, our aim is to develop a simulation model for Multi-joint demolition water vehicle. 3D model of vehicle is developed with CATIA. The rigid simulation model is built in ADAMS and the flexible simulation models are developed using ADAMS and ANSYS. The combination of the both ADAMS and ANSYS can improve the precision of system simulation. The rigid model with rigid multi-slide booms and rigid refracting booms, the hybrid model with flexible multi-slide booms and rigid refracting booms, and a flexible model with flexible multi-slide booms and flexible refracting booms are considered. The simulation analysis shows a good performance, and valuable results we are interested in are obtained.

The purpose of this study was to analyze of the upper extremities joint momet during handspring. The conclusion of this study were as follows First, Handspring touched on the hand when operating the landing, when the body becomes rigid, while the isometri

The synovial tissues are a valuable MSCs source for cartilage tissue engineering because these cells are easily obtainable by the intra-articular biopsy during diagnosis. In this study, we isolated and characterized the canine MSCs derived from synovial fluid of female and male donors. Synovial fluid was flushed with saline solution from pre and post-puberty male (cM1-sMSC and cM2-sMSC) and female (cF1-sMSC and cF2-sMSC) dogs, and cells were isolated and cultured in advanced-DMEM (A-DMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS in a humidified 5% atmosphere at . The cells were evaluated for the expression of the early transcriptional factors, such as Oct3/4, Nanog and Sox2 by RT-PCR. The cells were induced under conditions conductive for adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages, then evaluated by specific staining (Oil red O, von Kossa, and Alcian Blue staining, respectively) and analyzed for lineage specific markers by RT-PCR. All cell types were positive for alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and early transcriptional factors (Oct3/4 and Sox2) were also positively detected. However, Nanog were not positively detected in all cells. Further, these MSCs were observed to differentiate into mesenchymal lineages, such as adipocytes (Oil red O staining), osteocytes (von Kossa staining), and chondrocytes (Alcian Blue staining) by cell specific staining. Lineage-specific genes (osteocyte; osteonectin and Runx2, adipocytes; PRAR-, FABP and LEP, and chondrocytes; collagen type-2 and Sox9) were also detected in all cells. In this study, we successfully established synovial fluid derived mesenchymal stem cells from female and male dogs, and determined their basic biological properties and differentiation ability. These results suggested that synovial fluid is a valuable stem cell source for cartilage regeneration therapy, and it is easily accessible from osteoarthritic knee.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ankle joint mobilization with movement (MWM) on the range of motion (ROM) in the ankle, on the muscle strength of lower extremities, and on spatiotemporal gait parameters in chronic hemiplegic patients. Fifteen subjects with chronic stroke were divided into two groups: an experimental group (8 subjects) and a control group (7 subjects). Both groups attended two or three sessions of physical therapy each week. The experimental group also attended additional MWM training sessions three times a week for five weeks. For both groups, the ROM of the ankle, the muscle strength of the lower extremities, and the spatiotemporal gait parameters in paretic limbs were evaluated before and after the training period. The results showed that the experimental group experienced more significant increases than did the control group in terms of passive (6.10%) and active (21.96%) ROM of the ankle, gait velocity (12.96%), and peak torque, of the knee flexor (81.39%), the knee extensor (24.88%), and the ankle plantar flexor (41.75%)(p<.05). These results suggest that MWM training in patients with chronic stroke may be beneficial in increasing ROM in the ankle, muscle strength in the lower extremities, and gait speed.

원자력시설 유지보수 및 해체시 다관절 매니퓰레이터 이상동작에 대한 작업자의 반응특성과 안전속도 수준을 다루고 있다. 매니퓰레이터 팔의 속도, 오류 가능성, 오류 형태와 같은 여러 가지 작업 조건에 따 라 작업자의 반응시간, 고장 경보(false alarm), 실패(miss) 횟수 등에 대한 작업자의 반응 특성을 분석하 였다. 매니퓰레이터 팔의 속도와 이상동작 형태는 반응시간에 영향을 주지만, 이상동작 가능성에 영향을 미치지 않았고, 두 요인 이상의 교호작용은 대체로 영향이 없었다. 매니퓰레이터 팔의 속도변화에 따른 반응시간 특성은 이상동작 형태에 따라 다르지만 대체로 약간 증가하는 추세를 보였다.

The pelvic compression belt (PCB) contributes to improving sacroiliac joint stability, and it has been used as an additional therapeutic option for patients with sacroiliac joint pain (SIJP). This study aimed to investigate whether the muscle activation patterns of the supporting leg was different between asymptomatic subjects and subjects with SIJP during one-leg standing, and how it changes with the PCB. 15 subjects with SIJP and 10 asymptomatic subjects volunteered to participate in this study. Surface electromyography (EMG) data (reaction time [RT] and muscle activation) were collected from the internal oblique, lumbar multifidius, gluteus maximus and biceps femoris muscles during one-leg standing with and without the PCB. Without the PCB condition, in the SIJP group, the biceps femoris muscle showed the fastest RT among all muscles (p<.05), whereas in the asymptomatic group, the RT of the internal oblique muscle was the most rapid (p<.05). In condition without the PCB, the biceps femoris EMG amplitudes in the SIJP group were significantly greater than that in the asymptomatic group (p<.05). After the application of the PCB, the RT of the biceps femoris muscle was significantly increased only in the SIJP group (p<.05). Moreover, the biceps femoris EMG amplitudes significantly decreased and the gluteus maximus EMG amplitudes significant increased only in the SIJP group by applying the PCB (p<.05). However, this had no such effect on the gluteus maximus and biceps femoris EMG patterns in the asymptomatic group (p>.05). Thus, this study supports the applying the PCB to patients with SIJP can be used as a helpful option to modify the activation patterns of the gluteus maximus and biceps femoris muscle.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of two types of stretching extensor carpi radialis on the visual analog scale (VAS), pressure-pain thresholds (PPTs), grip strength (GS), and strength of wrist extensor (SWE) in patients with lateral epicondylalgia. Sixteen patients with lateral epicondylalgia were recruited for this study and randomly assigned to two groups; the conventional stretching group (CS) and the stretching of proximal functional massage group (PFM); the VAS, PPTs, GS, and SWE were measured before and after the intervention. Over a period of stretching exercises were performed for five minutes per day, five days per week. The paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to determine the statistical differences in the VAS, PPTs, GS, and SWE (pre- and post-test). The Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the effects of stretching exercises between the CS and PFM groups. The results of this study demonstrated that in the PFM group, the PPTs, GS, and SWE significantly increased, and the VAS decreased (p<.05). In the CS group, the VAS and GS increased significantly after the three-week intervention (p<.05). Pain was decreased and strength (GS and SWE) was increased in the PFM group, compared to the CS group (p<.05). The findings of this study indicate that PFM technique can be applied for decreasing pain and increasing the GS and SWE in patients with lateral epicondylalgia.