In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation (n = 40 pigs/treatment) with bamboo powder (0, 1, 2 and 3%) for 38 days. We evaluated growth performance, blood metabolites, and carcass characteristics of fattening pigs and gas emission and microbial populations in pig manure, to obtain data on pork producers for environmental management. We obtained the following results. First, supplementation with increasing amounts of bamboo powder had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on feed intake, feed efficiency, and glucose contents (except for initial and final body weight, weight gain, carcass characteristics, and blood urea nitrogen). In terms of blood metabolites, glucose and blood urea nitrogen tended to decrease with increasing amounts of bamboo powder. Second, the amounts of ammonia, methane, amine, hydrogen sulfide, and acetic acid were reduced by increasing amounts of bamboo powder when compared with the controls (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in pH, propionic acid, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, iso-valeric acid, and valeric acid among all treatments. The lowest gas emission was observed when 3% bamboo powder was used. Third, supplementation with increasing amounts of bamboo powder tended (P < 0.05) to increase the total number of bacteria, Lactobacillus spp., and yeast, but E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. were not detected in any treatment. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that supplementation with bamboo powder was effective in reducing gas emission and inhibiting pathogen populations in pig manure by lowering the pH of the manure.

The study was performed to evaluate the effects of soybean meal (T1) and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS, T2) hydrolyzed by microbial proteolytic enzyme of Protame® on milk production and protein contents in dairy cows. Total of nine Holstein cows (i.e., 1.67 ± 0.47 average parity and 23.7 ± 1.2 kg/d average milk yield) were randomly assigned to control, T1, and T2 (e.g., 3 animals per group) and treated for 4 weeks. Milk yield of 3 different groups was similar in the beginning of the study, however the milk yield of T1 and T2 treatment group had increased by 0.93 kg/d and 1.89 kg/d, respectively. Milk protein level of T2 treatment group was increased by 0.19% (e.g., 0.14 kg/d protein content), whereas there was no significant different in control and T1 group. In conclusion, blood metabolites were ranged in normal level, but BUN content was reduced from 19.03 mg/dl to 17.70 mg/dl in T2 treatment group. This result suggests that DDGS hydrolysate supplement efficiently increase milk yield and milk protein level as well as feed protein availability in dairy cattle.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of increasing the dietary levels of nattokinase (NK) addi-tives on milk production and composition, and blood metabolites in dairy cows. NK additives with high fibrinolytic activity were produced by the strain with similarity to the Bacillus amyloliquefacines. A total 20 mid-lactating Holstein cows (average body weight 652.00 ± 4.38 kg; average 2.25 ± 0.35 parity; average milk yield 24.4 ± 0.38 kg/d) were randomly assigned to three treatments (5 animals per treatment). Cows were fed TMR supplemented with DDGS 100 g for control, NK additives 100 g and 200 g for T1 and T2 treatment, respectively for 4 weeks. By the increases of NK additives, milk yield increased for T1 (1.35 kg/d) and T2 (0.98 kg/d) at the final period than at the initial period (p < 0.05). But milk protein content decreased for T1 (3.20%) and T2 (3.24%) than for control (3.56%) (p < 0.05). Blood triglyceride, T-CHO and BUN levels in T1 decreased compared with that in control and T2 (p < 0.05). This finding showed that 100g of NK additives could possibly have a positive effect in lactation performance of mid-lactation Holstein cows by increasing milk yield, improving protein metabolism and decreasing cholesterol in blood.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of nattokinase (NK) additives on milk production and composition, and blood metabolites in dairy cows. The two kinds of nattokinase with high fibrinolytic activity were produced by two strains of bacteria, Bacillus amyloliquefacines (NK1) and Bacillus subtilis (NK2). Total fifteen Holstein cows (average 1.83±0.37 parity; average milk yield 23.2±3.2 ㎏/d) were randomly assigned to three treatments (5 animals per treatment). Cows were fed TMR supplemented with 0g, 100g and 100g for control, NK1 and NK2 treatment, respectively for 4 weeks. Milk yield was significantly higher (p＜0.05) for NK1 (22.89 ㎏/d) than for control (21.07 ㎏/d) and NK2 (21.36 ㎏/d). Somatic cell counts in NK treatments were significantly lower than that in control group (58,000 vs. 21,000 and 35,000 cells/㎖, control vs. NK1 and NK2). Serum ALT levels in all treatment were similar to the range of 32.00~35.83 IU/L, but AST levels in NK1 (85.67 IU/L) was significantly decreased compared with those in control and NK2 (121.67 and 117.67 IU/L respectively). Serum T-CHO levels in NK1 (145.33 ㎎/㎗) was significantly decreased (p＜0.05) compared with that in control (179.00 ㎎/㎗) and NK2 (176.17 ㎎/㎗). This finding showed that NK1 additives could possibly have a positive effect in lactation performance of mid-lactation dairy cows by increasing milk yield, reducing somatic cell count, improving liver function and decreasing cholesterol in blood.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) on productivity, meat quality and blood composition of crossbred chicks (hanhyub 3 ho) for different growring periods. Experiments were factorially designed with ME 3,000, 3,100㎉/㎏ and CP 21, 22, 23% for starter (0-4wks); ME 3,100, 3,150, 3,200㎉/㎏ and CP 18, 19, 20% for grower (5-8wks); ME 3,100, 3,150, 3,200㎉/㎏ and CP 15, 16, 17% for finisher (9-10wks). The total number of chicks and replicate of each treatment for starter, grower, finisher were 720, 4; 702, 6; 468, 4, respectively. The diets was mixed with more 90% organic feed ingredients. The productivity were not influence by dietary ME for starting period. Weight gain and feed intake were significantly increased in CP 23% treatment than CP 21, 22% treatment (P＜0.05). FCR was improved as dietary CP increased (P＜0.05). Weight gain was tended to be increased by decreaing ME content and increasing CP contents for growing period. Feed intake showed no difference among the ME and CP treatment groups. FCR improved significantly in CP 19, 20% compared with CP 18% (P＜0.05). Weight gain was not significantly different between ME and CP treatments for finishing period. Feed intake was lower in ME 3,150, 3,200㎉/㎏ than the ME 3,100㎉/㎏ treatment (P＜0.05). FCR was higher in ME 3,100㎉/㎏ than ME 3,150, 3,200㎉/㎏ treatment (P＜0.05). Interaction on productivity was not exited between ME and CP treatment groups for different feeding periods. There was no difference in the total protein, albumin, glucose and triglyceride amount in blood depending on dietary ME and CP contents. Total cholesterol was greatly decreased in ME 3,100㎉/㎏ than the ME 3,200㎉/㎏ (P＜0.05), but not different between CP treatments. Cooking loss of breast meat was lower in ME 3,150㎉/㎏ than the ME 3,200㎉/㎏ (P＜0.05). Moisture, shear force and pH were not statistically different among treatments. Protein solubility was increased by increasing ME and CP in diets. The collagen was tended to increase as dietary ME increased. Redness was remarkably higher in ME 3,150㎉/㎏ than the ME 3,100㎉/㎏ (P＜0.05). Yellowness of meat fed ME 3,150㎉/㎏ showed significantly lower than other treatments (P＜0.05). Therefore, the optium ME and CP to improve the productivity for each period were 3,000㎉/㎏, 23%; 3,100㎉/㎏, 19%; 3,150㎉/㎏, CP 16%, repectively.

최근 강도다리의 우수한 삼투압조절 능력을 이용하여, 염분변화시 강도다리의 생리적 반응에 관한 연구(Kim et al., 2008)가 이루어지고 있으며, 지하해수를 이용한 양식이 시도되고 있다. 그러나 지하 해수 사용이 가능한 제주도를 제외한 동해안과 남해안 지역에서는 발전소 및 조선소 등의 온배수에 의해 급격한 수온상승이 일어나거나, 냉수대로 인해 수시로 수온 급강하 현상이 발생한다. 또한 담수역에 가까운 곳일 경우, 담수의 유입이나 장마철 폭우로 인해 염분변화가 일어날 수 있다. 이러한 급격한 수온변화와 염분변화는 사육중인 강도다리에 스트레스로 작용하여, 어체의 성장, 번식, 대사, 삼투압조절 등 어류의 생리적 변화를 유발시켜 양식 생산성에 영향을 끼칠 가능성이 높다. 그러므로 본 연구는 담수와 해수에서 적응시킨 강도다리를 사용하여 급격한 수온변화에 따른 생리적 반응에 관한 기초자료를 얻고자 실시되었다. 220ℓ의 지수식 원형 사육수조에서 해수(34 psu)로 사육 중인 강도다리 치어(평균체장: 15.4±1.2 ㎝, 체중: 76.9±18.2 g) 112마리 중 55마리는 담수순화시켜 담수에 수용하고 나머지 57마리는 해수에 두었다. 담수와 해수에서 사육한 강도다리를 자동수온조절시스템(JS-WBP-170RP, Johnsam Co., Korea)이 부착된 40ℓ사각수조에 각각 50마리씩 수용하였으며, 24시간 안정시켰다. 이후 수온을 1℃/day로 30℃까지 수온을 상승시키고, 10℃까지 수온을 하강시켰다. 실험어로부터 heparin sodium 처리 주사기(1 ㎖)를 사용하여 마취없이 미부혈관에서 30초 이내에 혈액을 채취하였다. 실험어로부터 혈액을 채취하기 이전에 공급한 먹이가 어체의 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 최소화하기 위하여 채혈 24시간전부터 절식시켰다. 혈액은 수온상승시 20, 25, 30℃에서, 수온하강시 20, 15, 10℃에서 각각 채취하였다. 원심분리(5,600×g, 5분)하여 얻은 혈장은 분석전까지 －72℃에 보관하였다. 혈장의 cortisol 농도는 Donaldson (1981)의 방사면역측정법(RIA)에 따라 cortisol RIA kit (DSL, USA)로 항원과 표지항원이 항체에 경쟁적으로 반응하도록 유도한 다음, Hewlett Packard Gamma Counter (Cobra Ⅱ 5010, Packard Co., USA)로 측정하였다. 혈장 글루코스, Na+, K+, Cl－ 농도분석을 위하여 생화학자동분석기 (Advid 1650, JEOL Co., Japan)를 사용하였다. 혈장 삼투질농도는 micro-osmometer (3MO plus, Advanced Instruments Inc., USA)를 사용하여 분석하였다. 실험기간중 담수와 해수에서 혈장 cortisol 농도는 실험개시시인 20℃에서 12.0±3.1 ㎍/㎖와 12.5±1.8 ㎍/㎖였다. 20℃에서 10℃까지는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았지만 30℃에서 담수와 해수강도다리 모두 93.6±4.4 ㎍/㎖와 87.0±2.8 ㎍/㎖로 급격히 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 해수에 비해 담수강도다리에서 유의하게 높은 값을 나타내었다. 혈장 글루코스 농도는 실험개시시 담수와 해수강도다리에서 각각 33.2±3.8 ㎎/㎗와 35.1±3.8 ㎎/㎗였다. 20℃에서 10℃의 경우, 담수에 비해 해수강도다리에서 유의하게 높았으나, 20℃에서 30℃까지는 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 담수강도다리의 글루코스 농도는 cortisol과 같이 30℃에서 급격히 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, 해수강도다리의 글루코스 농도는 20℃에서 10℃로 수온이 낮아 질수록 유의하게 증가하고 30℃로 증가할 때는 cortisol과 같이 급격히 증가하는 경향이 나타났다. 혈장 Na+ 농도는 실험개시시 담수강도다리 97.1±2.5 mEq/ℓ, 해수강도다리 122.6±10.3 mEq/ℓ로 실험기간 중 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 담수에 비해 해수강도다리에서 유의하게 높은 값을 보였다. 혈장 K+ 농도는 담수강도다리에서 3.0±0.1 mEq/ℓ, 해수강도다리에서 3.2±0.2 mEq/ℓ였으며, 실험기간 중 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 혈장 Cl－ 농도는 담수강도다리에서 99.9±4.7 mEq/ℓ, 해수강도다리에서 106.7±4.3 mEq/ℓ였으며 Na+와 K+의 결과와 동일하였다. 담수와 해수강도다리 삼투 질농도는 담수강도다리에서 280.8±8.3～286.2±11.2 mmol/㎏으로 337.3±6.3～350.4±5.2 mmol/㎏의 해수강도다리보다 낮게 나타났다. 그러나 수온별 삼투질농도는 모든 실험구에서 유의한 차이가 없었다.

이 연구는 양식산 넙치의 성장단계별 및 계절에 따른 생리학적 반응과 혈액학적 요소들을 파악하고자 하였으며, 분석된 항목으로는 hematocrit, red blood cell, hemoglobin, 글루코스, 콜레스테롤, 총단백질, AST, ALT, , osmolality, 코티졸 및 였다. 성장단계별 혈액학적 성상에 있어 는 어류의 크기가 클수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 반면, 콜레스테롤은 어체의 크기가 클수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 계절별 혈액학

이 실험은 안토시아닌이 함유된 유색보리를 이용하여 생산성과 체내 대사작용에 이로운 기능성 가축사료를 개발하기 위한 기초연구의 일환으로 수행되었다. 시험방법은 35주령 산란계에 보리가 혼합되지 않은 대조구 와 배합사료 대비 유색보리(보안찰보리) 및 청보리(영양보리)의 총체 분말을 각각 5, 10, 15% 비율로 첨가하여 급여시킨 처리구를 대상으로 생산능력, 계란품질, 혈액성상 등을 분석하였고, 유색보리 급여효과도 검토하였 다. 유색보리와 청보리의 총체 분말 첨가사료를 급여한 산란계의 생산성은 두 첨가구 모두에서 15%까지 혼합 비율을 증가시켜도 큰 영향을 미치지 않았고, 난각색, 난백고, 호유닛, 난황색, 난각강도 등 계란 품질에서도 모든 처리구에서 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 혈액성상에서는 유색보리 첨가구에서 혼합 비율을 증가시킬수록 콜레스테롤 함량이 저하하고 중성지방의 감소하는 효과를 보인 반면에 청보리 첨가구에서는 콜레스테롤이 증가하였고 중성지방은 감소하였으나 유색보리에 비해 그 폭이 크지 않았다. 난황 내 포화지방 산 대비 불포화지방산의 비율도 청보리 첨가구보다 유색보리 급여구에서 증가하였으며, 유색보리의 첨가비 율을 높일수록 유의하게 높아지는 경향이었다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 유색보리와 청보리를 총체분말 상태로 급여할 경우 산란계의 생산성이나 계란 품질에 영향을 주지 않기 때문에 사료원료로 15%까지 대체가 가능하 다고 판단되며, 이들 두 시험구 간에는 혈중 콜레스테롤과 HDL 등의 혈액 성상에서 그 경향이 다르게 나타나 안토시아닌이 함유된 유색보리의 생리활성 등에 대한 면밀한 검토를 할 계획이다.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of replacing antibiotics by organic acid mixture on growth performances and blood metabolites in growing pigs. Twenty-five crossbred pigs (Large White×Landrace) at the age of 79 days were fed five different diets by supplementing organic acid mixture and chlortetracycline. The experimental diets were consisted of diets without antibiotics supple¬mentation (control), diets added 100㎎/㎏ of chlortetracycline to control diet (T1), diets added 100㎎/㎏ of chlortetracycline and 0.1 % of Acidomix®(comprising formic acid 25%, sorbic acid 10%, fumaric acid 10%) to control diet (T2), diets added 0.1% of Acidomix® to control diet (T3), and diets added 0.3% of Acidomix® to control diet (T4). The changes in feed conversion ratio, average daily gain and blood metabolites were investigated. Twenty-five pigs were allotted to five treatments with five replications of each and the experiment was conducted on the basis of complete randomized design for 6 weeks. Average daily gain was significantly (p＜0.05) different between T4 and control diets. All treatments including diets added Acidomix® and chlortetracycline were slightly higher than control diets. The feed intakes did not show a significant difference between the control and other treatments, and did not give change in feed intake by the addition of Acidomix®. No differences on feed conversion ratio among treatments were observed but T4 and T3 treatments showed lower value than other treatments. The concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly (p＜0.05) different among treatments, but their values were within the normal range representing that effects on blood profile by organic acid or antibiotics supplementation were not found. The results from this study indicated that adding chlortetracycline or organic acid mixtures to diets showed tendency to improve average daily gain and feed conversion ratio in growing pigs. These results showed that antibiotics could be replaced by organic acid mixture in growing pig diets, leading to stimulated growth and improved feed conversion ratio.

This trial was carried out to determine effects of TMR(Total Mixed Ration) in comparison to conventional diet on feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention in Korean black goats. Twelve Korean black goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats and then they were housed in separate metabolism cages for 21 days. Treatments included conventional diet(A: rice straw and commercial concentrates) as a control group and three TMR groups(B: rice straw and commercial TMR; C: 30% organic whole barley silage and rice straw with organic grain; D: 60% organic whole barley silage with organic grain). The results obtained are summarized as follows. Dry matter intake, fecal excreta, digestible dry matter, metabolic intake and feed intake of BW were significantly higher(p＜0.05) compared with A, B, C treatments. The digestibility for most of nutrients except NFC was significantly higher(p＜0.05) for D treatment than the others. On the other hand, the digestibility of NFC was higher for B treatment than for the others, even if it was not significantly different across treatments. Nitrogen intake was lower for D treatment, but the significant differences were not found across treatments. N retention rate was higher for B treatment with significant difference. For the blood composition, HDL cholesterol and Immunoglobulin G were significantly higher (p＜0.05) for C, D treatment than the others. The results showed that, in comparison with A treatment(conventional diet) and B treatment(commercial TMR), dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and N retention rate were not lower in C treatment(30% organic whole barley silage) and HDL cholesterol was increased after experiment. Therefore, it could be concluded that TMR with organic whole barley silage might contribute to the production of a high quality and safer meat in goat production.

본 연구는 은어의 clone을 생산하여 생리적 형질에 대한 유전적 특성을 조사하고 또 clone의 유전율을 추정했다. 성숙한 완전 동형접합형 자성발생 2배체(난할형 2배체)에서 채란한 후 자성발생을 반복하여 4계통의 clone을 생산하였으며 부화 전부터 같은 수조에 혼합하여 사육하였다. 10개월간 사육한 후 사육수조의 수심을 낮추었을 때의 스트레스가 clone의 혈액성상과 유전율에 미치는 영향에 대해서 조사했다. 생산된 각 계통의 clone은 실험에 사