본 연구는 서울지역에 위치한 영유아 복지시설 종사자 148명을 대상으로 직무스트레스, 교사효능감, 교사-영유아 상호작용을 분석하고, 직무스트레스와 교사효능감이 교사-영유아의 상호작용에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 분석 결과 연구대상자의 직무스트레스 중 업무 과부하가 가장 높은 수준을 보였으며, 교사효능감의 경우 일반적 교수 효능감이 개인적 교수 효능감보다 높게 나타났다. 교사-영유아 상호작용의 경우 적극적인 활동 참여가 가장 높았으며 기타 하위영역들 또한 비교적 높은 수준을 보였다. 직무스트레스와 교사효능감이 교사-영유아 상호작용에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 직무스트레스 중 원장 지도력 및 행정적 지원 부족 변인이 교사-영유아 상호작용에 가장 크게 부적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 교사효능감의 경우 교사-영유아 상호작용의 전 하위영역에 걸쳐 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 곧 교사효능감이 높을수록 교사-영유아 상호작용은 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 교사효능감이 교사-영유아 상호작용을 설명하는 수준 또한 매우 높게 나타나 강력한 영향 요인임을 알 수 있었다. 이를 토대로 종사자의 직무스트레스 중 원장지도력 및 행정적 지원의 수준을 높일 수 있는 방안 마련, 교사효능감의 수준을 높일 수 있는 제도 마련의 필요성을 제시하였다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to compare noise reduction quantities between before/after two-layer low noise pavement implementation using equivalent noise level analysis and to analyze the noise reduction effects of the two layer low noise pavement with a statistical method such as the Anderson-Darling Test.METHODS: In order to compare and to analyze noise reduction effects between before/after two-layer low noise pavement implementation, data acquisition as noise levels on a roadside and an apartment rooftop was conducted in the study area. The equivalent noise level was estimated in order to compare noise reduction quantities and the Anderson-Darling Test was carried out for estimating noise reduction effects of the two-layer low noise pavement.RESULTS: The equivalent noise levels of before/after two-layer low noise pavement implementation for the roadside during the daytime are 65.355 dB and 63.520 dB and during the nighttime are 62.463 dB and 59.088 dB. The equivalent noise levels for the apartment rooftop during daytime are 57.301 dB and 59.088 dB and during the nighttime are 54.616 dB and 52.464 dB. Also two-layer low noise pavement decreased the noise reduction effects estimated with the statistical method as the Anderson-Darling test for the roadside during the daytime by around 66.68% and decreased noise reduction effects on the roadside during the nighttime by 0.70%. Moreover it reduced noise reduction effects in the apartment rooftop during the daytime and nighttime by 0% and 96.32%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS : Based on the result of this study, two-layer low noise pavement can positively affect noise reduction during both the daytime and nighttime according to the results of estimating the equivalent noise levels and the Anderson-Darling test.

Effects of primary English education using children’s literature have been extensively examined by many researchers in Korea during the past about two decades. This study aims to delineate the research domain by employing a meta-analysis of 31 primary studies that have been published in Korean refereed journals by February 2017. From the primary studies, 41 effects sizes were calculated based on the contrast of the means of two groups and 152 pre-to-post effect sizes based on the contrast of pretest and posttest scores. The results indicate that primary English education using children’s literature had overall a medium-sized effect (g = .60), with its effect being greater in the affective domain (g = .93) than in the cognitive domain (g = .37). More specifically, it was found that introducing children’s literature in the elementary English classrooms would bring about positive learning effects in the areas of vocabulary and reading and would be effective to develop positive learner interest and attitudes toward English learning. The results and their implications are further discussed.

This study conducts a comparative analysis on the difference in profitability between organically cultivated ginseng and conventionally cultivated ginseng, based on their cultivation characteristics, in order to promote the production and consumption of organic ginseng. The production quantity of organically cultivated ginseng per 10 a was 40% less than that of conventionally cultivated ginseng for both four- and six-year-old roots. In the case of four-year-old roots, although the production cost of organically cultivated ginseng was 60% higher than that of conventionally cultivated ginseng, the net profit was higher by 70%, owing to its higher selling price. In the case of six-year-old roots, the production cost of organically cultivated ginseng was 10% higher than that of conventionally cultivated ginseng, but the net profit was lower by 10%, owing to a low selling price. The reduction in production costs must be supported by a reduction in land lease and labor costs by expanding the cultivation area, a reduction of pest control costs through the self-production of environmentally friendly materials, and an improvement in the certification of perennial crops that can reduce certification costs. A reduction in production costs can lead to a decrease in consumer prices, which, in turn, would promote an increase in consumption among general consumers. Moreover, as a measure to increase the production yield per unit area, the soil nutrient content must be increased by selecting high-quality planned sites and implementing planned site management in order to increase the proportion of organic fertilizers. Furthermore, these must be supported by improved cultivation methods, which suppress early defoliation, and enhanced cultivation technology. In addition to these methods, establishing producer cooperatives in order to expand production can stabilize supply, which can increase sales through export and processing companies. Moreover, uniformity in product quality through producer cooperatives can contribute to building consumer confidence.

PURPOSES : In this study, the effects of installation of diagonal crosswalks on traffic flow depending on the types of intersections are analyzed. METHODS : Scrambled crosswalks have advantages in the traffic safety. Therefore, a comparative analysis of the overall average delay before and after installation of the scrambled crosswalk was conducted using VISSIM. RESULTS: The overall average delay for the scrambled crosswalk decreased when the traffic volume ratio of the major to the minor street is 1: 6 in 2-by-1 and 3-by-1 types of intersections. The scrambled crosswalk improved efficiency of traffic operation in intersections: higher traffic volume for a major street, lower traffic volume for a minor street, and longer cross-distance for a major street. CONCLUSIONS: This study can be used to determine when a scrambled crosswalk should be installed to improve operational efficiency.

도시 확장에 따른 녹지 감소와 불투수포장면적의 증가, 과도한 에너지 소비 등으로 인해 발생한 도시열섬은 전지구적인 기후변화, 도시 생태계, 거주환경의 쾌적성 등 다양한 문제와 맞물려 해결되어야 할 과제로 인식되고 있다. 도시열섬에 대응하기 위해서는 도시온도저감 영향요인에 대한 파악이 중요한데, 이와 관련한 연구는 주로 인공위성영상을 활용하여 대규모 면적을 대상으로 한 연구가 수행되었다. 그러나 기존 인공위성영상은 촬영시기, 해상도, 자료취득 등의 한계로 인해 복잡한 도시구조에 의한 미기후적 특성을 반영하기 어려운 측면이 있다. 최근 무인항공기(UAV)의 기술발달로 다양한 센서의 활용이 가능해지면서 소규모 지역의 정밀한 공간정보 취득이 용이해졌다. 본 연구는 도시열섬 완화를 위한 도심녹지공간의 온도저감 효과 파악이 목적이며, 고해상도의 UAV 영상자료를 활용하여 도심녹지의 공간정보를 구축한 후, 녹지유형(토지피복, 식생, 수종)별 온도 차이 및 수종별 용적과 온도의 관계에 대한 통계분석을 실시하였다. 연구대상지는 전라북도 익산시에 위치한 소라산 자연마당이다. 대상지는 시가지에 둘러싸인 소규모 잔존산림에 위치하며 과거 경작지와 공업 및 주거지 등으로 이용되던 지역이었다. 2015년 자연마당으로 조성되면서 숲 복원을 위해 넓은 면적에 수목을 식재하였고, 기존 수계를 활용한 습지와 계류를 조성하였다. 자연마당 조성면적은 55,000㎡이다. UAV 영상은 토지피복 및 식생현황도 작성을 위한 컬러(RGB) 영상과 온도 분석을 위한 열적외선(TIR) 영상을 촬영하였다. 공간해상도(GSD)는 RGB 영상은 5㎝, 열적외선(TIR) 영상은 31.5㎝이었다. 영상촬영은 senseFly사의 eBee(고정익)를 사용하여 2016년 8월에 촬영하였다. 촬영된 영상의 접합, 섭씨온도 변환, DTM(Digital Terrain Model), DSM(Digital Surface Model) 제작은 Pix4Dmapper와 PhotoScan Professional 소프트웨어를 사용하였다. 토지피복 및 식생유형 분석은 UAV로 촬영된 RGB 영상과 1:5,000 수치지도를 중첩하여 종이지도로 출력 후 현장조사를 통해 유형을 구분하였다. 조사자료는 AutoCAD Map 3D를 이용해 디지타이징 한 후 ArcMap 10.3을 활용해 공간지도로 작성하였다. 토지피복 유형은 산림, 조경수식재지, 초지, 습지, 포장지의 5가지 유형으로 구분하였다. 식생유형은 산림과 조경수식재지 각 유형 내에서 침엽수와 활엽수로 세분하였고, 초지 유형은 수고 1m를 기준으로 장초지와 단초지로 구분하였다. 유형별 온도 차이는 토지피복 및 식생현황도와 열적외선 영상을 섭씨온도로 변환한 지표온도 지도를 중첩하여 각 유형을 구성하는 단위 cell(1m×1m)당 온도값을 추출하고 일원분산분석(One-Way ANOVA)을 실시하였다. 분석은 3단계로 진행하여 토지피복 유형별 온도차이, 식생유형별 온도차이, 산림 수종별 온도차이를 확인하였다. 산림 수종별 온도차이는 산림 중에서 분포면적이 넓고 조밀하게 수관을 형성한 영역 중에서 단일수종으로 구성된 소나무림과 아까시나무림, 그리고 산벚나무가 우점하며 상수리나무, 밤나무 등이 동반 출현하는 기타활엽수림의 3가지 유형을 선별하여 분석하였다. 녹지용적과 온도의 관계는 수종별 온도차이 분석에서 선별한 소나무림, 아까시나무림, 기타활엽수림의 3개 유형별로 단위 cell당 용적과 온도의 상관관계 및 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 녹지용적은 단위 cell당 DHM(Digital Height Model) 값으로 산출하였는데, DHM은 RGB 영상에서 생성한 DSM과 Ground Points 분류를 통해 생성한 DTM과의 차로 계산한 녹지의 높이 값이다. 이상의 공간자료 처리와 통계분석은 ArcMap 10.3, IBM SPSS 2.2를 사용하였다. 토지피복 및 식생유형 분석결과 토지피복 유형의 분포비율은 산림(35.1%), 조경수식재지(32.2%), 습지(10.5%), 초지(10.5%), 포장지(4.3%) 순이었고, 식생유형으로 세분한 결과 산림 침엽과 활엽이 각각 30.5%, 14.6% 비율로 분포하였다. 조경수식재지의 침엽과 활엽의 분포비율은 각각 17.4%, 14.8%, 초지를 세분한 장초지와 단초지는 각각 4.4%, 6.1%이었다. 산림 중에서 분포영역을 선별 추출한 수종별 유형인 소나무림, 아까시나무림, 기타활엽수림의 면적은 각각 2,608㎡, 493㎡, 691㎡이었다. 유형별 온도차이에 대한 분산분석 결과 토지피복 유형별 온도, 식생유형별 온도, 산림 수종별 온도 모두 F통계량에 대한 유의확률이 .000으로 통계적으로 유의한 유형별 온도차이가 있음이 확인되었다. 사후검정을 통한 유형간의 온도차이를 확인한 결과 토지피복 유형에서는 습지<산림<조경수식재지<초지<포장지 순으로 평균온도의 차이가 있었고, 식생유형에서는 산림활엽<산림침엽<장초지<조경수침엽<조경수활엽<단초지 순으로 온도 차이를 확인하였다. 수종별 온도차이에서는 아까시나무림<기타활엽수림<소나무림 순이었다. 이상의 분석결과 습지와 산림은 저온역이었고, 산림 중에서도 침엽수 보다는 활엽수의 온도가 더 낮았다. 고온역은 포장지의 온도가 월등히 높았고, 초지와 조경수식재지도 온도가 높았다. 조경수식재지가 온도가 낮은 것은 식재 초기로서 수관의 발달이 미약하였기 때문으로 판단되었다. 산림 수종별 녹지용적과 온도와 상관관계 분석결과 소나무림과 기타활엽수림은 0.01 유의수준에서 Pearson 상관계수가 각각 -.417, -.466인 음의상관관계이었고, 아까시나무림은 상관계수 +.181로 약한 양의상관관계가 확인되었다. 소나무림과 기타활엽수림에서는 녹지용적 증가시 온도가 감소하였지만, 아까시나무림은 온도가 증가하는 것으로 나타나 용적과 온도의 관계에 관한 추가 연구가 필요하였다. 소나무림과 기타활엽수림의 녹지용적에 따른 온도변화에 대한 선형회귀분석 결과 소나무림의 회귀식은 Y=39.932-0.125X, R²는 .174, 기타활엽 수림은 Y=39.121-0.154X, R²는 .217이었다. 본 회귀식에 따르면 단위 cell당 DHM 수치(녹지용적) 1증가시 온도는 0.125~0.154℃의 저감효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구는 도시열섬 완화를 위한 도심녹지의 온도저감 효과 파악을 위해 UAV를 활용한 고해상도 지표온도 영상을 취득하여 녹지유형별 온도 특성을 분석하였다. 연구결과 습지와 잔존산림의 온도저감 효과가 컸고, 산림에서 침엽수 보다 활엽수의 온도가 더 낮았다. 도심 온도저감을 위해서는 잔존산림의 보전과 침엽수보다는 활엽수 식재가 효과가 높을 것으로 판단되었다. 초지는 비교적 고온이어서 온도저감 측면에서는 효과가 낮았고, 포장지에서는 온도가 급증하여 포장면적의 최소화가 필요하였다. 잔존산림 내 수종별 녹지용적과 온도의 관계는 음의상관이 확인되어 용적의 증가시 온도저감 효과가 있는 것으로 판단되나 아까시나무림에서는 온도가 증가하는 수종 간 차이가 확인되어 추후 연구가 필요하였다.

목적 : 로봇을 이용한 과제 기반의 로봇 상지재활 치료가 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 운동기능과 일상생활수행 (Activities of Daily Living; ADL)능력에 어떤 효과가 있는지 체계적 고찰과 메타분석을 실시하여 검 증하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 1980년부터 2015년 12월까지 발표된 국외 무작위 대조군 실험(Randomized Controlled Trial; RCT)연 구들 중에서 과제와 함께 이루어지는 상지 로봇 재활치료를 대상으로 분석을 실시했다. EMBASE, Ovid-Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochran CENTRAL을 통해 문헌검색과 선별을 실시했고, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)으로 문헌의 질평가를 The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE)로 근거의 수준을 마련했다. Cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias로 편향을 측정하고 RevMan 5.3 소프트웨어로 메타분석을 실시했다. 개별 연구들의 대상자 수, 중재 전-후 평균값, 표준편차 등을 자료합성에 사용하였다. 결과 : 12편의 연구가 최종 선정되었고 실험군의 대상자수는 총 341명(남성 235명, 여성 106명), 연령은 60.50 ± 5.51세의 분포를 보였다. 대조군의 경우 대상자수가 모두 301명(남성 207명, 여성 94명)이었고 58.55 ± 17.1세의 연령대를 보였다. 운동기능 전체의 효과크기는 2.63, Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment (FMA)가 2.98, Box and Block Test가 2.25로 기능증진에 효과가 있었고, ADL 수행능력에서는 기능적 독립성 측정 (Functional Independence Measure; FIM)의 3.04을 제외하고 효과가 없었다. 결론 : 과제기반의 로봇상지재활치료는 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 운동기능과 ADL 수행능력에 전반적인 효과를 줄 수 있다. 장기적인 관점에서 로봇을 이용한 상지재활치료의 효과여부의 확인을 위해 임상 평가의 점 수나 등급으로 산출되는 결과변수에 대한 세밀한 추가 연구가 필요하다.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of acorn powder and starch on the blood parameters of mice fed a high-fat diet. The moisture, crude ash, crude protein, and crude fat contents of acorns were 37.99±0.37%, 1.61±0.06%, 4.36±0.18% and 3.22±0.15%, respectively. Acorn powder and starch contains antioxidant minerals such as selenium and zinc. The iron content was significantly higher in acorn powder than in acorn starch (p<0.05). The total cholesterol concentration was 148.50±29.72 mg/dL in the high-fat starch diet (HFS) group, while in the high-fat diet (HF) group it was 201.50±39.15 mg/dL (p<0.05). Serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in the HFS group (50.50±10.79 mg/dL) than in the HF group (62.00±20.85 mg/dL; p<0.05). The serum IL-1β levels in mice were not significantly different between the groups. IL-10 levels were higher in the HFP group than other groups. There is a need for strong recognition that acorns are good ingredients worldwide. It is required to develop various products using acorn powder and starch powder. There is also a need for a strategy to globalize food using acorns.

A fatigue analysis considering dynamic effects yields a more accurate fatigue life prediction than static fatigue analysis because it considers effects of inertia, flexibility and resonance that occur in the structure up to its natural frequency. However, the dynamic fatigue analysis of bogie frames of the rolling stock is not yet taken into account in the norm EN 13749. Therefore, in order to assure the safety of the rolling stocks, it is important to examine the fatigue analysis of that considering dynamic effects under applied load histories. Moreover, since the bogie frame consists of various welded joints, it is necessary to evaluate fatigue life of that considering welding properties as well as dynamic effects. In this study, under load histories converted from measured acceleration histories, static and dynamic fatigue analysis of the welded bogie frame are performed respectively.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of two different feeding systems on blood metabolites in Holstein heifers and analyze the economic impacts of the feeding systems. The following two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding system on blood metabolite changes in Holstein heifers and analyze the economic impacts of the two systems. In experiment 1, the effects of two different feeding systems on cortisol, progesterone, and estradiol in Holstein heifers were examined. In experiment 2, the effects of two different feeding systems on the body weights of Holstein heifers and profitability of the two feeding systems were studied. Results showed that the pasture-raised heifers showed significantly decrease in the levels of blood cortisol (p<0.05) and increases in the levels of progesterone and estradiol (p>0.05) when compared with heifers raised in indoor feeding system. The average daily gain was significantly higher (p<0.05) in indoor-raised heifers (0.73 kg/day) as compared to pasture-raised heifers (0.58 kg/day). Also, 25.2% more profits were obtained from the pasture feeding system as compared to the indoor feeding system. These results together would be useful in the investigation of feeding system and growth performance in dairy cattle.

The objective of this study is to examine the effects of consumer beliefs regarding three food certifications on their behavioral intention and the behavioral intention biases to purchase (purchasing intention biases) certified agricultural products as predicted by a subjective probability model. The food certifications used for this study are ‘Organic food’, ‘Traceability system of food products,’ and ‘Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)’. Tofu (bean curd) was selected as being representative of agricultural food products, for the purposes of this study. In 2016, we surveyed 243 consumers regarding the strength of their belief regarding their prior beliefs relative to each certification, as well as the strength of their intention to purchase certified tofu based on their belief strengths for this study. The study resulted in the following findings: Firstly, consumers hold more than two different prior beliefs for each of the three certifications included in this study. Consumers’ prior beliefs regarding these certifications have an impact on their consideration as to whether they plan to buy those certified agricultural products. Secondly, consumers try to persuade themselves to ensure that their particular belief about the product’s certification could lead to a purchasing decision regarding that agricultural product

The purpose of this study was to find efficient and customized tools for delivering the benefit of health functional foods (HFFs). Delivery tools which could influence the impact of advertising were images, explanations of ingredients, diagrams of health benefit, patents, and comments from authority. Six advertisements were developed using these tools: “A”: relevant image + explanation of ingredients + scientific diagram of efficacy; “B”: relevant image + explanation of ingredients; “C”: relevant image; “D”: irrelevant image; “E”: irrelevant image + explanation of ingredient + patent; “F”: irrelevant image + explanation of ingredient + comments from authority. To analyze the consumer perceptions on HFFs and advertisement effects, 300 respondents were requested to answer a questionnaire comprising of the following questions: 5 questions of attitudes (necessity of HFFs, trust in HFFs, gathering information, watching advertisements and trust in advertisement claims) and 6 questions on the 6 developed advertisements (attention, understanding, sufficiency of information, sympathy, trust, and purchase). Scoring was done as per the 5 Likert scale. There was a higher proportion of females and the elderly, as compared to males and youngsters. The overall consumer attitudes were positive. Explanation of ingredients, scientific diagram of health benefit, patents and expert comments were helpful factors in increasing the advertisement evaluation by consumer, but the images were not. Advertisement evaluation of consumer did not differ with gender and age. However, differences were observed between some of the consumer attitudes (necessity of HFFs, trust in HFFs, gathering information and trust in advertisements claim) and advertisement evaluations (attention, understanding, sympathy and purchase). Our results indicate that for consumers utilizing the HFFs, advertisements with concrete tools such as diagrams, patent, and expert comments are more helpful. However, for consumers who do not have interest in HFFs, the scientific information was irrelevant. We believe that to maximize the effect of health information in advertisements, consumers should be segmented, and customized tools for each segment needs to be developed.

To promote the efficiency of production process of small and medium sized company, government conducts production information business that collects and analyzes information of production field automatically and helps process' controlling and supervising by supporting costs of purchase, installment, etc. of hard-software and network related to middle and small sized company intending e-Manufacturing of production field with computer and information & communication network. As a result, the number of middle and small sized companies that introduce and manage production information system is increased. Therefore, the purposes of this research are to arrange contents of production information system introduced to solve current problems of middle and small sized companies and analyze effects of small and middle sized companies' introduction through example companies.

목적 : 지역사회 노인에게 운전중재 프로그램이 운전행동과 운전기술에 효과적인지 메타분석을 시행하여 효 과를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 국외 논문 데이터베이스에서 검색어를 사용하여 전자검색을 하고 검색논문의 참고문헌을 추가하여 이차검색을 실시하였다. 두 명의 연구자가 독립적으로 검색논문을 선정하고 Jadad 척도를 사용하여 질적 평 가를 수행하였다. 선정기준에 적합한 총 6편의 논문이 선정되어 Comprehensive Meta Analysis 2.0 프로 그램을 사용하여 메타분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : 선정된 연구의 참여자는 총 1,232명이었고 메타분석을 실시한 결과 효과크기는 운전행동 0.07로 ‘작은 효과크기’, 운전기술 0.42로 ‘보통 효과크기’를 보였다. 운전기술의 효과크기는 통계적으로 유의한 변화가 있었다(p<0.05). 통계적 이질성 검정에서 유의미한 이질성이 없었고 출판편의 역시 없어 신뢰할 만한 연구결과임을 알 수 있다. 결론 : 지역사회 노인 운전자를 대상으로 실시한 운전중재 프로그램은 운전기술 향상에 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 운전재활 분야에서 근무하는 작업치료사들의 중재에 대한 근거로 활용될 수 있 을 것이다.

본 연구에서는 외국 기업의 CSR이 개도국 소비자의 구매의도에 영향을 미치는지를 확인하고자 한다. 선행 연 구에서는 다국적기업의 개도국에서의 CSR이 글로벌 이해관계자에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 보고하고 있으나, 개 도국 소비자에 미치는 영향에 관하여서는 명확하지 않다. 구체적으로 본 연구에서는 베트남 소비자를 대상으로 자선적 CSR이 기업이미지와 구매의도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였고, 기업이미지에 따라 CSR 효과가 달라질 수 있는지를 검증하였다. 검증 결과, 기대와 달리 베트남 소비자에게는 자선적 CSR이 구매의도에 미치는 영향이 크지 않았다. 구체적으로, 베트남 소비자들의 CSR 인식은 구매의도에 직접적인 영향을 주지 않았다. 그러나 CSR은 기업이미지에 유 의한 영향을 미치고, 기업이미지를 통해 간접적으로 구매의도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 CSR 효 과는 호의적인 브랜드에서는 나타나지 않았다.

In the business market, prices are typically subject to negotiation between exchange partners and buyers’ perceptions of the relationships with suppliers have a central role for supplier success and for establishing profitable prices (Hinterhuber & Liozu, 2015). Suppliers that seek to achieve price levels above the average market prices of offerings need to convince buyers of a favorable price/quality ratio (Töytäri, Rajala, & Alejandro, 2015). To date, however, research on absolute prices paid by buyers to suppliers, relative prices paid as compared to the average price level in a product category, or exchange partners’ perceptions of prices charged in business relationships remains limited. Extant work on buyer-supplier relationships has most commonly focused on costs rather than prices as economic outcomes of interest (e.g., Cannon & Homburg, 2001; Kalwani & Narayandas, 1995). The purpose of this research is to deepen the understanding of buyers’ price assessments in business relationships. Specifically, this research seeks to further illuminate how relationship inputs provided by suppliers influence buyers’ assessments of the price level charged and their satisfaction with the price/quality ratio provided by the suppliers. The relationship inputs examined include buyers’ perceptions of supplier relationship-specific investments, long-term orientation, and relationship planning. In addition, this research considers two relationship parameters, that is, buyers’ commitment to the supplier and dependence from the supplier. Based on a sample of executives of different buyer firms, this research examines net effects and combinatory effects of the relationship factors on buyers’ evaluations of economic outlay. While the study of net effects offers insights into the effects of single antecedents on the outcomes across a sample of cases, the analysis of combinatory effects delineates (configurations of) antecedents sufficient for bringing about the outcomes of interest (e.g., Leischnig, Henneberg, & Thornton, 2016). Knowledge of these effects helps assess what relationship inputs and what combinations thereof may act as potential remedies for buyers’ price-related resentment in business The findings of this research show alternative configurations of relationship inputs and relationship characteristics sufficient for the two outcomes of interest. In addition, this research shows that individual relationship inputs and characteristics can have opposite effects on the outcomes, depending on how they combine with other antecedent conditions. Moreover, the results of this research reveal that specific antecedent factors differ in terms of causal coreness for the two outcomes of interest. In summary, these findings add to the net effect analysis and provide a more detailed and nuanced understanding of how relationship attributes impact buyers’ price assessments in business relationships.

본 연구는 조직사회화가 구성원들의 개인-조직 적합성과 지식공유에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 조직 사회화에 따라 구성원들은 조직 맥락을 다르게 인식하고 이는 구성원들의 태도와 행동의 차이를 유발할 것이다. 그리고 본 연구는 조직수준의 조직사회화와 개인수준의 지식공유 사이에서 개인수준의 개인-조 직 적합성의 매개효과를 분석하였다. 조직사회화는 주로 개인수준에서 연구가 진행되었고 조직수준에서 진행된 연구는 드문 편이다. 53개 조직에 속한 260명의 관리자로부터 자료를 얻어 조직사회화 변수를 측정하였다. 조직당 관리자의 수는 평균 4.9명이었다. 또한 53개 조직 404명의 직원으로부터는 개인-조직 적합성과 지식공유를 측정하 였다. HLM 7.01을 사용하여 분석한 결과 조직사회화는 개인-조직 적합성에 정의영향을 미쳤다. 그리고 개인-조직 적합성이 조직사회화와 지식공유 사이에서 완전 매개효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 조 직사회화와 개인-조직 적합성, 지식공유 사이의 교차수준 분석을 통해 이들 개념 사이의 관계에 대한 이 해를 높일 수 있었다.

Although recombinant human Bone Morphogenetic Proteins-2 (rhBMP-2) is clinically useful for bone regeneration, induction of new bone formation requires a large amount of rhBMP-2 in humans. Many investigators have been concentrated efforts on searching materials which enhance the effect of rhBMP-2, and then heparin was found as a potentiating material to rhBMP-2. The purpose of this study were histomorphometrically to analyze the enhancing effect of heparin to rhBMP-2 and to study the mode of actions of heparin to rhBMP-2. Stem cells obtained from rabbit adipose tissue were divided into 4 groups according to heparin concentrations(0, 0.25, 2.5, and 25 μg/ml) with a constant rhBMP-2 concentration(150 ng/ml) and cultured for 2, 4, and 8 days. Naphtol AS phosphate-fast blue BB staining for alkaline phosphatase content and Alizarin red staining for calcium content were performed as time schedules and the morphology and osteoblastic activity were observed closely. 5 μg/ml rhBMP-2 was mixed with the following doses of heparin: 0, 0.25, 2.5, and 25 μg/ml. Each mixture was blotted into 0.5 g of multiporous anorganic bovine bone and was inserted into the critical sized calvarial defects(diameter of 0.8-mm) of rabbits. After 1, 3, and 6 weeks, the harvested tissues were processed and stained using H&E and Masson’s trichrome methods. And the areas of newly formed bone in the grafted material were measured and statistically analyzed. During culture experiment of adipose stem cells with rhBMP-2 and heparin, the degree of osteoblastic differentiation was increased with increasing heparin concentration, but the cellular degeneration was accelerated at higher concentration of heparin as time passed. Consequently the osteoblastic differentiation of progenitor cells were accelerated as the concentration of heparin increased. In addition, the progenitor cells exhibited full differentiations early showing fast degeneration. The higher the concentration of heparin, larger newly formed bone in grafted materials was obtained in initial period. However, the increased amount of the newly formed bone in grafted materials was progressively decreased at the higher concentration of heparin as time passed. In conclusion, the heparin has influence on the osteoinductive effect of rhBMP-2 in the initial stage of bone formation. The use of heparin with rhBMP-2 could offer cheaper, safer, and improve clinical results in grafting procedures.

The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of outlook project for olive flounder, from the view point of price stabilization, market efficiency, and causality of the prices in different distribution channels. Analytical results show that the volatility of producer price of olive flounder has been significantly mitigated after the implementation of the outlook project. The market efficiency is estimated to be improved after implementing the outlook project although there is an inefficiency on price determination process in some producing regions. The causality test on the producer and wholesale price shows that producing stage leads the wholesale stage in forming the prices. It is found that Jeju leads the flounder price on the size of 500g and 2kg, while Wando leads the price of 1kg size. These estimation result as whole indicate that outlook project for olive flounder has accomplished the intended goals.