This paper examines the situational, individual and social network determinants of negative online word-of-mouth on social network sites. The findings of the empirical study indicate that feeling of injustice, firm attribution, perceived service image, face concern, emotion regulation, SNS use intensity and tie strength significantly affects negative word-of-mouth.

The importance of frontline employees (FLEs) for the success of organizations is recognized by researches and practitioners alike. However, their importance for the innovativeness of companies resulting from their boundary spanning role is often underestimated and has received little attention in prior research. The present paper identifies individual and firm-level factors that explain variations in idea collecting behaviors of FLEs. To test the hypotheses, data was collected from 31 different managers from the automotive, construction, IT, machinery, and chemicals sectors. In addition, a total of corresponding 237 FLEs were surveyed and matched to the firm-level data. Results of our study show that FLEs’ idea gathering is positively influenced by job satisfaction, desire for upward mobility, and lack of resources. Role ambiguity between FLEs and the employer decreases FLEs intention to gather ideas. Dissemination behavior is enforced by inter-sender role conflicts and reduced by role conflicts resulting from a lack of resources. Both dimensions of idea generation depend on the presence of a strong internal network. On a firm-level, learning orientation and providing feedback to FLEs are found to strengthen the interrelationship between idea gathering and dissemination. Based on these findings, implications for management and research are derived.

This study empirically investigates how four individual-level characteristics impact the effect of the four self-congruity types on brand attitude. A widely used practice among marketers focuses on communicating that using their brands will bring consumers closer to how they would like to see themselves, their ideal self-concept (e.g. being a slim person like the models in the ads), instead of how they actually see themselves, their actual self-concept. However, recent research shows that there is no “universality” of a superior self-congruity effect. Specifically, individual-level characteristics (e.g. self-esteem levels, product involvement levels) determine if actual or ideal self-congruity impact brand perceptions more strongly (Malär, Krohmer, Hoyer & Nyffenegger, 2011). This study extends that research by (a) considering all four self-congruity types (actual, ideal, social, and ideal social) and (b) four additional individual-level characteristics, which are valuable for segmenting consumer markets within and across countries. The four individual-level characteristics are a dominant independent self-construal, interdependent self-construal, cosmopolitan orientation and local orientation. Considering these individual-level characteristics offers marketers insights on which of the four self-concept types they should try to match with their brand communications when targeting these specific consumer groups. Survey data from a non-student sample was collected in the US. After performing data cleaning procedures, 800+ usable responses were analysed with the use of PLS-SEM (Lohmöller, 1989). The measurement models demonstrate satisfactory reliability, convergent and discriminant validity. Furthermore, the results suggest that the data is not compromised by non-response bias and common method variance. The structural models display satisfactory predictive capabilities of the four self-congruity types on brand attitude. The findings show that as expected an individual’s dominant independent self-construal, interdependent self-construal, cosmopolitan and local orientation impact which of the four self-congruity types has the strongest effect on brand attitude. For individuals with a dominant local orientation or interdependent self-construal, actual self-congruity has the strongest effect on brand attitude. For individuals with a dominant cosmopolitan orientation or independent self-construal, ideal self-congruity has the strongest effect on brand attitude. The findings of this study extend self-congruity theory by considering the effect of these four individual-level characteristics. Managerial implications are also presented.

본 연구의 목적은 염소의 개체식별에 있어서 효율적인 microsatellite (MS) marker set를 확립하는데 있다. 염소 10집단 455두를 대상으로 국제식량농업기구(FAO) 권고 및 미국 국립생물정보센터(NCBI)에서 수집한 30개 MS 마커에 대한 유전정보량을 확인한 후 대립유전자형 크기, 형광표지 종류, PCR 조건 등 을 고려하여 7개의 MS 마커(SRCRSP1, SRCRSP8, OarFCB048, OarFCB193, BOBT24, INRA063, DRBP1)를 선정하였다. 또한 분석 효율성을 극대화하기 위해 7개 마커에 대해서 multiplex PCR 기법을 적용하였다. 분석된 7개 MS 좌위에서 총 80개의 대립유전자형이 관찰되었고, 기대이형접합도(HExp) 및 다형정보지수(PIC)의 평균치는 0.710 및 0.674로 산출되었다. 7개 좌위의 다형성을 기반으로 무작위 교배집단, 반형매 교배집단 그리고 전형매 교배집단으로 가정하였을 때의 동일개체 출현확률은 각각 2.42×10-11, 1.70×10-8 및 2.22×10-4으로 산출되었다. 이상의 결과는 국내에서 사육되고 있는 염소의 개체수를 고려할 경우 동일개체 출현 가능성이 없는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구에 의해서 구축된 염소 개체식별 마커 세트 및 분석방법은 우리나라 염소의 개량 및 안전유통에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Oxygen consumption is a useful parameter for evaluating mammalian embryo quality, since individual bovine embryos was noninvasively quantified by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Recently, several approaches have been used to measure the oxygen consumption rates of individual embryos, but relationship between oxygen consumption and pregnancy rates of Hanwoo following embryo transfer has not yet been reported. In this study, we measured to investigate the correlation between oxygen consumption rate and pregnancy rates of Hanwoo embryo using a SECM. In addition to, the expression of pluripotent gene and anti-oxidant enzyme was determined using real-time PCR by extracting RNA according to the oxygen consumption of in vivo embryo. First, we found that the oxygen consumption significantly increased in blastocyst-stage embryos (blastocyst) compared to early blastocyst stage embryos, indicating that oxygen consumption reflects the embryo quality (Grade I). Oxygen consumption of blastocyst was measured using a SECM and total cell number of in vitro blastocyst was enumerated by counting cells stained by propidium iodide. The oxygen consumption or GI blastocysts were significantly higher than those of GII blastocysts (10.2 × 1015/mols—1 versus 6.4 × 1015/mols—1, p<0.05). Total cell numbers of in vitro blastocysts were 74.8, 90.7 and 110.2 in the oxygen consumption of below 10.0, 10.0∼12.0 and over 12.0∼1015/mols—1, respectively. Pregnant rate in recipient cow was 0, 60 and 80% in the transplantation of embryo with the oxygen consumption of below 10.0, 10.0∼12.0 and over 12.0 × 1015/mols—1, respectively. GPX1 and SOD1 were significantly increased in over —10.0 group than below 10.0 groups but in catalase gene, there was no significant difference. On the other hand, In OCT-4 and Sox2, pluripotent gene, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the below-10.0 (0.98 ± 0.1) and over 10.0 (1.79 ± 0.2). In conclusion, these results suggest that measurement of oxygen consumption maybe help increase the pregnant rate of Hanwoo embryos.

The swine is one of the most widespread mammalian throughout the whole world. Presently, many studies concer-ning microsatellites in swine, especially domestic pigs, have been carried out in order to investigate general diversity patterns among either populations or breeds. Until now, a lot of time and effort spend into a single PCR method. But simple and more rapid multiplex PCR methods have been developed. The purpose of this study is to develop a robust set of microsatellites markers (MS marker) for traceability and individual identification. Using multiplex-PCR method with 23 MS marker divided 2 set, various alleles occurring to 5 swine breed (Berkshire, Landrace, Yorkshire, Duroc and Korea native pig) used markers to determine allele frequency and heterozygosity. MS marker found 4 alle-les at SW403, S0227, SWR414, SW1041 and SW1377. The most were found 10 alleles at SW1920. Heterozygosity represented the lowest value of 0.102 at SWR414 and highest value of 0.861 at SW1920. So, it was recognized appro-priate allele frequency for individual identification in swine. Using multiplex-PCR method, MS markers used to determine individual identification biomarker and breed-specific marker for faster, more accurate and lower analysis cost. Based on this result, a scientific basis was established to the existing pedigree data by applying genetics additio-nally. Swine traceability is expected to be very useful system and be conducted nationwide in future.

이 연구는 성인 남녀 462명을 대상으로 사전 설문검사를 통해 성별, 손잡이, 혈액형, 연령 등의 개인별 특성 집단과 다중지능 유형별 점수를 분류하였다. 그런 다음 뇌파측정시스템을 이용하여 전전두엽 부위인 Fp1 과 Fp2 부위에 측정 전극을 부착하고 무자극 상태와 순수한 Pink noise 청각자극 상태에서의 집중력의 변화와 다중지능과의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 공분산분석 결과, 무자극에 비해 Pink noise 자극시 대상자 전체의 평균 집중력이 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 개인별 특성에서는 남녀 성별을 제외한 왼손잡이, A형, 30대 집단에서 집중력이 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 그리고 무자극에 비해 Pink noise 상태의 집중력은 공간적 지능과의 관계가 더욱 강화되었고, 음악적 지능과는 음적 상관관계를 형성하였다. 이러한 결과는 집중력 향상을 위한 Pink noise 활용 시 개인별 특성을 반영해야할 필요성이 있음을 시사하였다.

대학 및 출연연구기관과 같은 공공연구기관들의 기술사업화에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 기존 연구들은 기술이전 조직이나 기관 및 제도적 특성이 기술이전 성과에 미치는 영향에 대해 다양한 연구결과들을 제시하고 있다. 그러나 기술이전이 연구자 개인의 사업화에 대한 태도, 사회적 네트워크나 사업화를 위한 노력정도에 따라 실질적인 기술이전이 이루어지고 있음에도 불구하고 연구자 개인특성에 따른 기술사업화 성과에 대한 연구는 미흡하였다. 본 연구에서는 국내 대표적인 출연연구기관인 K연구원 소속 연구자들을 대상으로 과거 기술이전 경험과 수행과제 건수가 해당 연구자의 기술사업화 성과에 미친 영향을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 분석결과, 과거 기술이전 경험이 있는 연구자일수록 추가적인 기술사업화 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 수행과제 건수와 기술사업화 성과는 역U자형 영향관계가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 국내 공공연구기관에서의 기술사업화 성과향상을 위한 시사점과 향후 연구과제를 제시하였다.

본 연구는 조직 내 팀 리더 및 팀원의 코칭 훈련의 효과성을 검증하는 탐색적 연구로 시도되었다. 서울시에 위치한 S 종합병원 팀 리더와 팀원들을 대상으로, 팀 리더들은 외부 전문 코치들로부터 코칭 워크숍 2시간씩 6회, 면대면 및 전화코칭 1.5시간씩 6회 실시하였으며, 팀원들은 훈련받은 팀 리더들이 그룹코칭 월 1 회씩 6개월간 실시하였다. 본 연구의 자료 수집을 위해 사전, 사후 검사를 실시하였으며, 자료분석과 연구 문제의 검증은 빈도분석, 신뢰도 검증,반복측정 변량분석을 실시하였다.본 연구를 통해 첫째, 코칭 훈련이 개인역량 및 조직성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 둘째, 팀원들의 그룹코칭 효과성 검증결과 팀 리더의 효과성 검증결과와는 상반되게 변화가 거의 없거나 오히려 하락하는 결과를 보였다. 이는 팀 리더들이 전문 코치로부터 12회의 코칭훈련을 받은 반면, 팀원들은 코칭 훈련을 받은 팀 리더들로부터 월 1회 코칭 훈련을 받은 결과로 보여진다. 코칭 훈련의 효과성을 높이기 위해서는 일선에서 코칭 훈련에 관심을 가져야 하고, 특히 팀 리더는 전문 코치로부터 충분한 코칭 훈련을 통해 팀원에게 주기적으로 목표관리 및 확인절차를 통하여 팀원에게 도움을 주어야 한다.본 연구가 가지는 의의와 시사점은 첫째, 조직에서 팀 리더의 코칭 훈련이 개인 및 조직성과에 영향을 줄 수 있는가에 대한 물음에 긍정적인 해답을 제시하였다. 둘째, 실험집단 팀 리더와 실험집단 팀원의 개인 및 조직성과 변화에 대한 차이를 보여줌으로써 코칭 훈련 프로그램 운영의 방법과 기간에 대한 기준을 제시하였다. 셋째, 실험집단 팀 리더와 실험집단 팀원의 개인 및 조직성과 변화에 대한 인식차이를 보여줌으로써 코칭훈련의 효과성 검증을 위한 조사대상의 범위 및 효과성 해석 기준을 제공하였다.

We newly sequenced mitochondrial genomes of Spodoptera litura and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera) to obtain further insight into mitochondrial genome evolution and investigated the influence of optimal strategies on phylogenetic reconstruction of Lepidoptera. Estimation of p-distances of each mitochondrial gene for available taxonomic levels has shown the highest value in ND6, whereas the lowest values in COI and COII at the nucleotide level, suggesting different utility of each gene for different hierarchical group when individual genes are utilized for phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analyses mainly yielded the relationships (((((Bombycoidea + Geometroidea) + Noctuoidea) + Pyraloidea) + Papilionoidea) + Tortricoidea), evidencing the polyphyly of Macrolepidoptera. The tests of optimality strategies, such as exclusion of third codon positions, inclusion of rRNA and tRNA genes, data partitioning, RY recoding approach, and recoding nucleotides into amino acids suggested that the majority of the strategies did not substantially alter phylogenetic topologies or nodal supports, except for some familial relationship only in the amino acid dataset.

지금까지 조직행동 연구를 살펴보면, 조직 구성원들이 가진 부정적 행동 또는 문제의 개선에 대해서는 상당한 연구가 축적되어 온 반면, 조직 구성원의 강점을 개발하고 관리하는 긍정적인 측면에서의 연구는 상대적으로 미흡하였다. 이러한 상황에서 긍정심리학은 조직구성원들의 긍정적 측면의 조명을 통해 태도와 행동에 대한 보다 포괄적인 이해를 도모하는데 이론적으로 또는 실무적으로 기여할 하나의 방안으로 대두되고 있다. 이러한 긍정심리학에 바탕을 둔 것이 긍정조직행동

본 연구는 개인-조직간 가치부합이 조직구성원의 직무만족에 미치는 영향을 규명하고 두 변인간의 관계를 조절하는 변인들의 효과를 검증하는데 그 목적이 있다. 개인-조직간 가치부합과 직무만족간의 관계를 조절하는 변인들은, 다양한 가치를 추구하는 기업에서 조직의 가치와 다른 가치를 지닌 구성원을 유지하면서 낮은 수준의 가치부합이 직무만족에 미치는 부정적인 영향을 완충하는데 활용할 수 있다는 점에서, 실증적인 연구와 검증이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 낙관성, 주도

Escape pattern of the ambrosia beetle Platypus koryoensis (Murayama) based on individual gallery was investigated. The survey was conducted in four oak forests located in Chuncheon, Hanam, Paju and Seongnam, and escape patterns from individual gallery were surveyed using emergence trap attached at the entrances of galleries formed in 2010. The number of adults caught in each trap was periodically counted from May 2011 to September 2012. The adults ambrosia beetle was caught over two years after infestation. The escape patterns in the first and second year after infestation showed different types; in the first year, escape of adults from gallery was observed one or two times whereas escape from gallery was observed two times in the second year with variation in aspect of escape density and timing. Moreover, variations in escape pattern between trees or between galleries in the same tree was observed. Colonization success rate in living tree was higher than that of dead tree, but the number of progeny per gallery in living tree was lower than that of dead tree. Colonization success rate in the galleries of second year was lower than that of first year, but the number of progeny per gallery of second year was higher than that of first year.

본 연구는 귀인이론을 기반으로 사람들이 개인의 경제적 성공과 관련하여 어떠한 귀인양식을 보이는지 고찰하는 실증연구이다. 먼저 귀인이론의 이론적 고찰 및 귀인양식 관련 선행연구 분석에 의한 논거를 토대로 '개인의 경제적 성공 관련 귀인양식 고찰'이라는 연구논제를 정립하였다. 이러한 연구논제를 실증적 방법으로 고찰하기 위해 수도권 지역에 거주하는 성인 238명(연령대/성별 할당표본추출)을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 조사결과 개인의 경제적 성공 관련 귀인요인에 대해, 보유자산 10억원 미만 사람들은 태생적 환경조건 72.1%, 노력 18.0%로 나타나고, 보유자산 30억원 이상 사람들은 태생적 환경조건 12.0%, 노력 48.0%로 나타났다. 이러한 귀인양식을 Weiner(1979)가 주장한 귀인이론의 원인지각 측면에서 해석해 보면, 개인의 경제적 성공을 성취하는 원인에 대해 보유자산이 적은 사람은 태생적 환경조건 탓으로 돌리고, 보유자산이 많은 사람은 노력 덕분이라고 믿는 경향을 보인다는 것이다.

An Individual-Based Model (IBM) was developed by employing natural and toxic survival rates of individuals to elucidate the community responses of benthic macroinvertebrates to anthropogenic disturbance in the streams. Experimental models (doseresponse and relative sensitivity) and mathematical models (power law and negative exponential distribution) were applied to determinate the individual survival rates due to acute toxicity in stressful conditions. A power law was additionally used to present the natural survival rate. Life events, covering movement, exposure to contaminants, death and reproduction, were simulated in the IBM at the individual level in small (1 m) and short (1 week) scales to produce species abundance distributions (SADs) at the community level in large (5 km) and long (1~2 years) scales. Consequently, the SADs, such as geometric series, log-series, and log-normal distribution, were accordingly observed at severely (Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP⁄10), intermediately (BMWP⁄40) and weakly (BMWP›50) polluted sites. The results from a power law and negative exponential distribution were suitably fitted to the field data across the different levels of pollution, according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The IBMs incorporating natural and toxic survival rates in individuals were useful for presenting community responses to disturbances and could be utilized as an integrative tool to elucidate community establishment processes in benthic macroinvertebrates in the streams.

Virtual project organization may be recognized as one of the promising business models in which many knowledge sources externalize through cross boundaries of knowledge-based organizations. This paper proposes a knowledge competence evaluation of virtual project organization based on the following perspectives: 1) Individual knowledge perspective, 2) Activity-oriented knowledge perspective, and 3) Knowledge-driven social network perspective. In the framework, individual knowledge competence having experienced or learned from knowledge-based activities and virtual networks in the project, should be evaluated according to the assumption that knowledge and collaboration competence depends on the activities and networks acquired proportionally by the past participation to projects. An illustrative SI example is given in order to validate the proposed evaluation and computing procedure.

This study was carried out to investigate the performance of individual sewage treatment facilities with MBR(membrane bioreactor). After ratio of influent distribution of aerobic reactor to anoxic reactor from 4 : 6 to 7 : 3, the effluent quality is improved 5.3 mg/L as BOD, 3.8 mg/L as SS, 5.6 mg/L as T-N, and 1.6 mg/L as T-P, respectively. The removal efficiency rate of effluent increased upto 98% as BOD, 99% as SS 94%, as T-N as 93% and T-P, respectively. To maintain SS concentration of the effluent less than 1 mg/L, the washing and differential pressure of membrane management were required, the wasted activated sludge periodically discard to the sludge storage tank in order to meet standard criteria. The capacity of this individual facilities was overestimated, when low loading occur, an alternative is considered