목 적 : 본 연구에서는 피로와 스트레스가 안구건조에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 만 19세 이상 성인 365명을 대상으로 설문 자료를 이용하여 대상자의 인구사회학적 변인, 피로심 각도 척도, 스트레스 척도, 안구건조 척도를 자기 기입식으로 하였으며, 단면연구를 시행하였다. 결 과 : 안구건조가 여성에서 유의한 차이로 높게 나타났으며, 음주를 많이 할수록, 만성 질환이 있는 사 람에게서 안구건조가 높게 나타났다. 40세 이상, 흡연자, 수술한 눈에서 안구건조가 조금 높게 나타났으나 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 반면에, 렌즈 착용한 그룹에서 안구건조가 유의한 차이로 높게 나타났다. 고 피로 그룹일수록 안구건조정도가 높았으며, 스트레스 지수가 증가할수록 안구건조도 증가하는 것으로 나타 났다. 피로가 높은 군에서 안구건조 위험도가 1.53배 높았으며, 콘택트렌즈 착용하는 군에서는 안구건조 위 험도가 3.87배 높게 나타났다. 결 론 : 피로와 스트레스가 높을수록 안구건조를 많이 느끼는 것을 확인하였다.

Stress and fatigue are general physical aspects of our daily lives. It has been shown that physical therapists have different levels of job stress and fatigue according to the type A/B behavior patterns. This study collected data from 212 physical therapists between October 28 and November 23, 2016 using an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. The study results showed the proportion of physical therapists with the Type A behavior patterns(TABP) was 18% greater than that of physical therapists with the Type B behavior patterns(TBBP). In this study, physical therapists with TABP were compared with physical therapists with TBBP. The results indicated that physical therapists with TABP were more inclined to experience higher levels of overall job stress and fatigue from the following stress factors: physical environment, job requirement, and job autonomy. Therefore, the stronger the tendency toward TABP, the stronger the feeling of job stress and fatigue from physical environment, job requirement, and job autonomy. Those with a tendency toward TBBP showed positive correlations between job requirement and the total job stress score; thus, the stronger the tendency toward TBBP, the stronger the feeling of overall job stress and fatigue from job requirement. This study suggests that it is necessary to manage the job stress and fatigue of physical therapists with both TABP and TBBP and to manage the job stress and fatigue of physical therapists with the type A behavioral pattern.

Purpose: The study was to investigate the effect of fatigue severity on dry eye syndrome in adults. Methods: Structured questionnaires were used for 365 adults (97 males, 268 females), participants of sex, age, ocular history including basic population, sociological variables and with the investigation of lifestyles, including, were to write to self-evaluate FSS (Fatigue Severity Scale), OSDI (Ocular Surface Disease Index). Results: The mean fatigue severity of 365 subjects was examined as 4.52 ± 1.37. When divided by 3.22 into the low fatigue group and the high fatigue group as node, the low fatigue group was 19.5% (71 people) and the high fatigue group was 80.5% (294 people). The prevalence of dry eye syndrome was 88.8% (324 people), mild 21.6% (79 people), moderate 15.9% (58 people) and severe 51.3% (18 people). Dry eye syndrome was on the severity of the low fatigue group in severe 29.6% (21 people), moderate 21.1% (15 people), mild 32.4% (23 people), normal 16.9% (12 people), in the high fatigue group severe 56.5% (166 people), moderate 32.5% (23 people), mild 19.1% (56 people), normal 9.9% (29 people). Dry eye syndrome was significantly different according to fatigue severity (F = 70.851, P = 0.000). Conclusions: The results of the analysis of the effect of dry eye syndrome according to fatigue severity showed that the higher the fatigue, the more eye fatigue is considered to be dry.

The fracture of mechanical structure is caused by internal cracks in the material. Particularly, the fracture can also be seen to happen under the stress that is lower than yield strength in case of high strength steel because of the crack happening from the defect inside the material. In this study, high strength steel with four holes near the center crack were designed by angle and fatigue experiments, and the simulation analyses to verify the experimental results were carried out. As the results of this study, the crack growth rates are shown to be 0.000485, 0.000434 and 0.000422 respectively at the inclined angles of center crack as 22.5°, 45° and 67.5°. The maximum deformation energies become 0.0848mJ, 0.0603mJ and 0.0582mJ respectively at the inclined angles of center crack as 22.5°, 45° and 67.5°. It is thought that this study result can be utilized as the basic data at the study on the material existing with the defects of crack and hole.

Rolling contact fatigue(RCF) is a major cause of failure that appears in components of rolling contacts. In the recent years, the fatigue propagation and failure have been an important issue in respect of the safe operation and to reduce the noise and vibration of the rolling contact components. The water-contaminated lubrication is known to be one of the significant factors that reduces the lifetime of the rolling contact components. Thus, in this study, the effect of water-contaminated lubrication environment on the rolling contact fatigue was investigated. Bearing life testing was performed in two different lubrication conditions (i.e. normal lubrication environment and water-contaminated lubrication environment). The effect of the debirs on the rolling contact fatigue could be eliminated by establishing the debris filter system. Microscopic features of the rolling contact surfaces were examined using energy dispersive spectrometry and non-contact 3D measurement system. In the case of the water-contaminated lubrication, the increase of surface roughness values up to 17.6% was observed. The oxidation state and pattern of the rolling contact surfaces were very different depending on the lubrication environment. It was also found that the bearing rating life,   , was decreased significantly in the watercontaminated lubrication condition. The amount of reduction was about 49.7%.

In the present study, the structural and fatigue analysis on the shape change of an automatic press are investigated for prediction of operation safety and reliability of the automatic press along the thickness(t) and length(L) of head, and corner shapes(case 1, 2, 3). The equivalent stress and deformation characteristics of the automatic press were studied by computerized analysis method for the bushing production of the seat frame. An external stress of 14.0 MPa was applied to predict the operation stability and the fatigue limit of the structure. As the thickness of the header increased and the length of the header decreased, the load stability applied by the piston improved and the maximum stress and deformation were reduced. In addition, due to the change in shape of the corners, the load applied at the cross-sectional area of the corners decreases, and then the maximum stress and deformation appearing in the header are reduced. That is, the change of corner shapes affects the equivalent stress and deformation. That is the change of corner shapes affects the equivalent stress and deformation. From the fatigue and vibration analysis, fatigue failure does not occur even when the number of alternating operation of the automatic press increases, and the natural frequency is predicted for dynamic characteristics.

During a construction of a road, a temporary bridge is often connected to a existing bridge. In this case, a fatigue stability problem, which is not considered in the design of the bridge, can be occurred in the main girder of the existing bridge due to the vehicle load direction change. In this study, the fatigue stability of the main girder and cantilever slab of the bridge was tested with the allowable fatigue stress of the design specifications of the road bridge. The big stress change was occurred at 55m away from the support, and the middle point of the span. Furthermore, the excess of the allowable fatigue stress of the design specifications of the road bridge was confirmed at the cross section. Hence, it was concluded that the reinforcements for the cantilever slab and main girder of the bridge are required. The bridge after the reinforcement was tested for the fatigue stability, and it was confirmed that the bridge is safe.

A fatigue analysis considering dynamic effects yields a more accurate fatigue life prediction than static fatigue analysis because it considers effects of inertia, flexibility and resonance that occur in the structure up to its natural frequency. However, the dynamic fatigue analysis of bogie frames of the rolling stock is not yet taken into account in the norm EN 13749. Therefore, in order to assure the safety of the rolling stocks, it is important to examine the fatigue analysis of that considering dynamic effects under applied load histories. Moreover, since the bogie frame consists of various welded joints, it is necessary to evaluate fatigue life of that considering welding properties as well as dynamic effects. In this study, under load histories converted from measured acceleration histories, static and dynamic fatigue analysis of the welded bogie frame are performed respectively.

This study carried out and analyzed survey data on captains and mates of Korean coastal large trawlers in order to examine factors affecting body abnormalities and fatigue on bridge teams from work and environment at bridges of trawlers. The summarized result may be summed up as follows: multiple regression analysis with body pain and fatigue as dependent variables yields t-values of –2.559 (p<0.05) and –3.928 (p<0.05) respectively. From the result, environment at bridges (views, spaces and exhaust) were negative factors in affecting bridge workers’ pain and fatigue. Thus, it is determined to secure available spaces to improve the workers’ views through windows in front of, besides and rear bridge and create more pleasant atmospheric environment at bridge.

In order to investigate the low-cycle fatigue behavior of Inconel 718 alloy used for pressure vessels, the strain-controlled fatigue test was performed in the room and high temperatures of 550°C. High temperature test was done using an electric furnace attached on the hydraulic fatigue test system. Tensile strength and elastic modulus of the Inconel 718 alloy at the temperature of 550°C decreased by 8% and 10%, respectively, compared to those at the room temperature. Subjected to the repeated cyclic loading under the strain-control, the material exhibited cyclic softening behavior with decreasing yield strength at both room and high temperatures. The low-cycle fatigue properties determined in this research could be effectively used for the fatigue life estimation of high temperature components made of Inconel 718 alloy.

This paper studies the effect of a playtykurtic excitation signal on fatigue life. In general, a vibration test uses an excitation signal having a normal distribution of kurtosis 3. However, a vibration signal generated in a product’s operation environment has usually a non-normal distribution. This paper uses ZMNL method to generate a playtykurtic excitation signal having the equivalent power spectrum density with a reference vibration profile. This paper proposes a method which uses a fatigue damage spectrum ratio for studying the effect of a playtykurtic excitation signal on fatigue life. The fatigue spectrum damage ratio is obtained by dividing a fatigue damage spectrum acquired using the acceleration profile in which all conditions are the same except for the kurtosis by a fatigue damage spectrum acquired theoretically. This paper shows that the signal of kurtosis less than 3 can increase the fatigue damage spectrum by more than 2 to 4 times compared to the signal of kurtosis 3 using the fatigue damage spectrum ratio.

In this study, we studied the damage area detection of the composite tension specimens under fatigue loading by using image processing techniques. The aim of this study is to detect the area of the damage region on the basis of original image. Basically we have used Matlab program. This study analyzed a total of six specimens under cyclic loading and the results using a user algorithm and analysis procedures of step 7. The damaged area was well detected except 3,000 cyclic loading. Accuracy of damage area detection is determined to be excellent by 83.3%(5/6). In general, however, in order to automatically detect the damaged area must develop an algorithm for setting the number of multi-threshold automatically. This is to perform the studies in the future.

The vehicle weight and alternative light materials development like aluminum alloys are hot issues around the world. In order to obtain the goal of the weight reduction of automobiles, the researches about lighter and stronger suspension links have been studies without sacrificing the safety of automotive components. Therefore, in present study, the structure analysis of the torque strut links made by aluminum alloys (A356) was performed by using CAE (computer aided engineering) to investigate the light weight design process from the reference of the rear suspension torque strut link which was made by STKM11A steel and was already proven in the commercial market. Especially, the simulated maximum von Mises stresses after strength analysis were normalized as fatigue limit and these were converted to the WF (weight factor) of the same type as the fatigue safety factor suggested and named like that in present study. From these, it was suggested that the fatigue properties of the torque strut could be simply predicted only from this static CAE simulation.

Mechanical fatigue tests which consist of an alternate load and compression cycle show that droppers for 400km/h operation have cyclic mechanical strength of 300N with compression amplitude 0.05m. Numerical simulations for forces on the dropper during the passage of a train tell that dynamic forces can be varied up to 15% due to installation tolerance. Taking into account of the 15% variation, we end up with the maximum allowable peak load of 260N for the dropper. Peak value of measured forces on the dropper at the speed of 400km/h is 152N, which is less than the maximum allowable peak load of 260N. Conclusively, the possibility of fatigue fracture for the dropper is quite low.

This study investigates the safety and life during the fatigue load by the configuration of seat frame. On back frame at seat frame, the life and damage are analyzed. The deformation and equivalent stress are compared with each other through the vibration analysis, The result of this study through the analysis can be applied to develop the automotive seat frame with durabilty and safety.

목 적: 개인맞춤형 LED 조명이 눈 피로 감소에 미치는 영향을 ERP 분석을 통해 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 안질환이 없는 성인 남녀 23명을 대상으로 눈이 가장 편하다고 느끼는 LED학습조명의 색채를 자 각적으로 선택하게 하여 개인이 선택한 색채조명에서 2시간 동안 독서 후 EEG를 측정하였다. 개인맞춤형 LED 조명과 동일한 조도의 백색 LED 광원을 대조군 조명으로 선택하였다. 결 과: 개인맞춤형 LED 조명에서 Cz영역의 P3 성분의 정점 높이가 비교 조명에 비해 증가하는 경향을 보였지만 유의성은 없었다. 그러나 Pz영역에서 P3성분의 더 빠른 지연시간과 더 큰 정점 높이를 나타내어 눈 피로의 감소효과를 확인할 수 있었다(p<0.05). 결 론: 개인맞춤형 LED 조명이 눈 피로를 감소시키는데 도움이 되는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 유익한 학습 환경을 제공하는데 도움이 되는 기초자료로 활용될 수 있으리라 생각된다.

Loss of postural stability can possibly lead to slip and fall accidents in the number of workplaces and everyday life. This study was aimed to examine the effects of whole body fatigue and partially limited visual field on the ability of maintaining postural balance during quiet standing. A group of twelve healthy male subjects participated in the experiment. Before and after experiencing the whole body fatigue induced by bicycling exercises, the position coordinates of subject’s center of pressure (COP) were obtained under the two levels of visual field condition (i.e., open visual field and limited visual field). Four levels of the whole body fatigue examined were rest, 300watt, 600watt, and 900watt. Position coordinates of COPs measured on a force plate were then converted into the total length of postural sway path in both the medio-lateral (ML) direction and the anterior-posterior (AP) direction. Two-way ANOVA result showed that the length of sway path in the AP direction became significantly larger as the whole body fatigue accumulated. Post-hoc test revealed statistically significant differences between rest and 900watt and between 300watt and 900watt. The significant increase of the sway length was also found when the visual field was partially obstructed by the boxes. In the ML direction, however, there was no statistically significant difference of the postural sway in both the AP and ML directions. The results imply that the ability of maintaining postural stability can be reduced significantly due to such tasks along with whole body fatigue. The postural balance can also be impaired by the limited visual field.

The characteristics of stress distribution and fatigue life have been investigated in the road mower head system using FEM(Finite Element Method). There is high stress distribution around the coupling part with non-uniform load from the irregular road surface. Maximum equivalent stress especially occurs in the fixed plate and the pillar of the head device with maximum deformation at the rotation axis frame of the mower system. Fatigue life tests were also performed with SAE bracket history, SAE transmission, and sample history conditions. SAE bracket history and SAE transmission predicted the possibility of high damage while Sample history showed a stable trend. These results will be applicable in optimal design for various systems equipped with mower head system.

CFRP hardened by carbon fiber and resin has the property of high strength and low weight. Specifically, the strong feature against the external vibration environment is shown as CFRP is designed with the structure of multi-axes. So, CFRP in place of metal has been used at the various fields. CFRP specimens for mode Ⅱ are applied with the repetitive fatigue load in this study. These specimens have the fiber layer angles of 30°, 45° and 60°. The material properties of specimens are investigated with the result of fatigue fracture due to this load. As the study result, the smallest and largest reaction forces of 500 N and 540 N are shown at the layer angle of 30° and 60° respectively among these specimens. The separation of adhesive interface at 4000 fatigue cycles is happened earliest in case of the layer angle of 60°. But the separation of adhesive interface at 11000 fatigue cycles is happened latest in case of the layer angle of 45°. Through the result of fatigue property, it is thought that the basis data can be applied to evaluate the safety at CFRP structure applied with fatigue.

In this study, we numerically analyze fatigue cracks of curved pipes under cyclic loadings. Numerical models of the curved pipes are developed. The models are verified with the experimental results in terms of fatigue lives and development process of the fatigue cracks. Erosion technique is applied to the solid elements in order to describe shapes of the fatigue cracks and estimate the fatigue lives. Also, development of the fatigue cracks is described by allocating sufficient number of solid elements in the radial direction. Fatigue lives and shapes of the crack resulting from numerical analyses show good agreement with those of the experiment considering ±100mm displacement. In addition, estimation of the fatigue life caused by displacement with different magnitude is conducted. We expect that the model can be applied to understand the relation between fatigue lives and characteristics of pipes or loadings.