This study was conducted to optimize the conditions of a sweet rice paste as a replacement of red bean paste recipe using the central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM). Ten experimental recipes with two reference points (rice flour and sugar), were selected, and the physical and sensory characteristics of a sweet rice paste were measured. In the Rapid Visco Analyzer test, breakdown value was the highest in rice flour (105.73 RVU). Sweetness significantly increased with addition of sugar contents (p<0.0002) and viscosity increased with addition of rice flour contents (p<0.0185). Moisture contents decreased with increasing contents of rice flour and sugar, whereas yellowness and redness tend to increase. In the sensory evaluation test, quadratic models for color (p<0.01865), sweetness (p<0.0399), thickness (p<0.0073), and overall acceptability (p<0.0249) were approved as independent for the rice flour and sugar contents. In conclusion, the optimal mixing ratio of sweet rice paste was determined to be 45.38 g of rice flour and 77.95 g of sugar.

본 연구는 국내 실정에 맞는 적정 TDN/CP 비율을 결정하기 위하여 4.6:1(T1)과 4.3:1(T2)의 비율로 생후 13개월령 육성우에게 급여하여 영양소 섭취량, 소화율, 반추 위액 특성 및 혈액조성에 대하여 조 사하였다. 건물 섭취량은 9.0kg/day로 동일하였으며, 조단백질 섭취량은 T1이 1.34kg/day, T2가 1.45kg/day로 T2가 조금 높았으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 섬유소 섭취량과 소화율은 T1이 조금 높은 경향을 보였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 사료 섭취 후 4시간째 위액의 pH, ammonia-N, VFA 농도 를 비교한 결과 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 전반적인 VFA 수치는 TDN/CP 비율에 따 라 큰 영향이 없었으나 T1 처리구에서 iso-butyrate, iso-valerate 및 A/P ratio가 유의적으로 높은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 혈액 특성에는 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. TDN/CP 비율이 4.3:1과 4.6:1 수준은 반추위 특성에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 소화율과 비교하였을 때 생후 13개월 령 육성우 시기에는 섬유소 섭취량과 소화율이 증가되는 4.6:1 수준이 보다 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the purchasing behavior and selection attributes for Home Meal Replacement (HMR) and to identify the selection attributes affecting purchasing frequency and purchasing costs of married women living in a city. Among 837 questionnaires distributed to HMR married women consumers, 752 complete questionnaires (89.8%) were analyzed. The younger married women group showed higher frequency of purchasing HMR than the older age group. The 20s and 30s age groups showed higher purchasing costs for HMR than the 40s and older age groups. A higher proportion of employed married women purchased HMR three or more times per week and spent an average of more than 20,000 won per purchase in comparison with unemployed married women. HMR selection attributes were classified into five factors: ‘taste and sanitation’, ‘economic efficiency’, ‘health and nutrition’, ‘convenience’, and ‘reliability and awareness’; mean scores of these factors’ importance levels were 4.28, 3.93, 3.59, 3.54, and 3.50 out of 5 points, respectively. The importance level of ‘taste and sanitation’ factor was significantly greater as married women’s age decreased. However, the importance level of ‘health and nutrition’ factor was significantly greater as married women’s age increased. The results of the logistic regression analyses indicate that the ‘taste and sanitation’ and ‘health and nutrition’ factors affected frequency of purchasing HMR. The ‘reliability and awareness’ factor had the most significant impact on cost per purchasing HMR. Therefore, a product differentiation strategy according to married women’s age and employment status should be applied. Product qualities and brand value should be improved to enhance competition in the HMR market.

This study was performed to evaluate physicochemical properties of model sausages with various levels of pressed cherry fruit extracts alone or in combination with tomato powders as a partial replacement of sodium nitrite. In study 1, physicochemical properties of model sausages were not affected by the addition of pressed cherry fruit extracts(p>0.05), except for Hunter L(lightness) and Hunter a(redness). Model sausages containing pressed cherry fruit extract(T1, 0.5% and T2, 1.0%) decreased lightness, whereas redness of REF(156 ppm sodium nitrite) was not different from T2(p>0.05). However, those with cherry fruit extract at 1% were proper to improve the hunter color values, especially redness values. In study 2, physicochemical properties of model sausages were not affected by the addition of pressed cherry fruit extract and tomato powders in selected nitrite contents, except for color and cooking loss(p>0.05). In color values, REF was the highest level, and T2, T4, and T5 was significantly low level in lightness (Hunter L). T2 was the highest value in cooking loss(%) among other treatments. The redness values(Hunter a) of T5(75ppm, nitrite, 1% pressed cherry fruit extract and 0.5% tomato powder) were not different from REF which had highest redness values(P<0.05). In conclusion, the combination of pressed cherry fruit and tomato powder might be considered as an alternative method to partially replace with sodium nitrite in pork model sausages.

This study is to analyse the causality and volatility spillover between farming fish species in consumption replacement relation using flatfish(oliver flounder) and rockfish’s wholesale market price data from September 2006 to July 2015. For the analysis, VAR(5) model and bivariate asymmetric GARCH-BEKK model are employed. The empirical results of this study are summarized as follows: First, the price volatility of flatfish and rockfish is very large without the trend during the sample period. Second, the correlation coefficient between flatfish and rockfish wholesale markets has positive 0.1059 value. Third, causality relation is unidirectional from rockfish market to flatfish market. Fourth, conditional volatility spillover effect is unidirectional from rockfish market to flatfish market, but asymmetric volatility effect is bidirectional between flatfish and rockfish markets that implies the bad news arising from flatfish wholesale market impact on rockfish market’s volatility and the bad news arising from rockfish wholesale market impact on flatfish market’s volaltilty. Consequently, based on the thus results, the volatility spillover effect interacts and is bidirectional between flatfish and rockfish wholesale markets.

The optimization of brown rice replacement ratio and superheated steam (SHS) treatment conditions in production of extruded rice snack for infants were conducted using a response surface methodology. Experiments were designed using a Box-Behnken design with three independent variables (brown rice replacement ratio, SHS temperature, and SHS time) and two response variables (hardness and water uptake). The second order polynomial model showed a satisfactory description of the experimental results. Optimal conditions for extruded snack with the lowest predicted hardness (2.84 kg/cm2) were 15.81% of brown rice replacement with SHS treatment at 279.59oC for 197.40 sec. Meanwhile, optimal conditions for extruded snack with the highest predicted water uptake (384.79%) were 17.18% of brown rice replacement ratio with SHS treatment at 274.52oC for 196.22 sec.

Blanching and freezing of beef are important techniques used in developing frozen home meal replacement (HMR) products. These pre-thermal treatments minimize the deterioration of beef during storage. Beefs are washed, defatted, sliced (5.0×0.5×0.5 cm, fiber direction), and blanched by immersion in hot water for 2 min. Thereafter, the blanched beefs are spin-dried and frozen by individual quick freezing (IQF) method. Finally, the frozen beefs are packed using two methods: vacuum packages and air-containing packages. Packed beefs are stored at -12oC, -18oC, and -24oC for nine months. One in every three months, they are thawed in a microwave (400W). While thawing, vacuum-packed samples possess lower thawing loss than air-containing-packed ones. Compared to raw beef, blanched beef have a higher L* and lower a* value. However, less changes are observed after blanching the beefs as the enzymes get inactivated in the blanching process. Shear force of beef also increase through blanching. Moreover, vacuum-packed samples have maintained their hardness to a greater extent than the air-containing-packed samples. All the samples have met microbial safety standards. Thus, it is inferred that vacuum-packaging and -18oC storage temperatures are the best condition for maintaining beef that is later developed into HMR product.

선형가속기의 선량평가를 위한 멸균증류수를 사용 시 보존기간에 따른 불순물 유입 으로 탁도가 변화로 선량값의 오차가 발생하게 된다. 이에 탁도 측정을 통한 멸균증류 수 교체기준 및 교정계수를 획득하고자 한다. 물팬텀 내 멸균증류수를 2주 간격으로 8회에 걸쳐 탁도를 측정하고 10MV 광자선을 이용하여 선량을 측정하였다. 측정결과 탁도증가에 따른 선량오차는 비례관계를 보이며, 허용오차인 3%에 대치되는 탁도는 2.8 NTU로 나타났다. 이를 통해 선량측정 시 탁도를 측정하여 해당 교정계수에 적용 하여야 하며, 탁도가 2.8 NTU를 넘는 경우에는 멸균증류수를 교체하여야 할 것이다. 향후 이를 통해 선형가속기의 절대선량 평가가 별도로 이루어진 실험 및 탁도의 세분 화에 따른 교정계수 산출을 통한 연구의 기틀을 마련하고자 하였다.

HMR is a home-style food product designed for convenience and cooked outside the home leaving out cumbersome cooking process and consumed at home. The present paper aims to find out factors that influence the consumption of HMR by analyzing data on food consumption during the 3 years between December 2010 and November 2013. Following the classification of Costa et al. (2001), this study categorized HMR products as 3 types as follows: C1 (ready to eat), C2 (ready to heat) and C3 (ready to cook), and examined factors affecting purchase rate and per capita purchase price for each type of HMR product. The results of our analysis show that only the purchase rate of C3 products was influenced by whether the purchaser was housewife with job or not. For those who do not live together with parents, per capita purchase price for HMR was high; and the more they ate out, the higher the purchase rate of HMR was.

2009년부터 물확보, 홍수조절 등을 위해 막대한 예산을 투입하여 실시한 하천정비 사업에서 영산강본류의 일부 자 연습지가 훼손됨에 따라 이를 대체하기 위한 대체습지를 조성하였다. 하지만 조성된 대체습지의 구조 및 기능면에서 최근들어 부정적인 측면이 많이 나타나고 있어 이에 대한 사후모니터링을 철저히하여 미비점을 조속히 보완할 필요 성이 제기되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 영산강하천정비사업 이전(2009년)과 이후(2013년)로 구분하여 인위적인 간섭과 대규모 토목공사로 인한 영산강본류의 식물상과 생활형 변 화를 알아보고 신규로 조성한 대체습지의 식생을 조사 연구 하여 교란된 하천습지의 건강성회복과 생물다양성 향상을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있도록 하였다. 영산강 하류인 제 1구간 ∼ 제 4구간은 인위적인 훼손 등이 크지 않는 구간임에도 영산호의 영향을 받아 수심이 깊고 추이대의 면적이 좁아서 다양한 생물군집이 형성되지 않아 하천의 자연성은 높지 않았다. 하천의 자연성이 매우 낮은 제5구간 ∼ 제10구간은 하천의 무기적 환경과 생물학 적 환경이 크게 파괴되었거나 교란을 받은 지역으로서 하천 구간의 인위적 변경, 도심지 통과에 따른 수질 자정작용의 결여, 자연식생의 제거와 인공적 식생의 식재 등으로 인하 여 다양한 침수, 부엽식물이 생육할 수 없는 하천구조의 변 형이 크게 작용하였다. 그러나 상류 제 11구간과 제 12구간 은 습지보호지역과 하중도, 하천 식생의 생육을 양호하게 하는 하천구조의 다양성 등에 의하여 높은 자연성을 보였 다. 영산강 하천 식생의 자연성은 하천의 공간적 위치, 하천 부지의 이용여부에 크게 영향을 받았으며, 하천의 자연성을 향상시키기 위해서는 담양습지가 위치하고 있는 11구간의 하천 구조와 형태 등을 모델로 하여 영산강 하천 토지이용 계획을 통한 하천 생태복원을 하는 것이 바람직하다. 영산강 12개 구간의 식물상은 하류에 해당하는 1구간, 2구간, 4구간과 도심지역인 8구간, 9구간, 10구간, 상류지 역으로 자연성이 높은 11구간, 12구간은 2009년에 비해 2013년 조사에서 종의 증가현상을 보였으나 5구간, 6구간, 7구간은 감소현상을 보였다. 이러한 현상은 대체적으로 귀 화식물 및 침입종의 증가, 식재종에 의한 것으로 조사되었 는데, 영산강 하류구간은 영산호에 의한 수심, 호안의 구조, 귀화식물 및 침입종에 큰영향을 받았고 상류에 해당하는 구간은 하천식생의 천이, 수심, 침입종에 의한 것으로 보인 다. 귀화식물은 12개 조사구간 중 10개구간에서 증가하였는 데, 귀화식물 및 외래식물의 분포비율이 높은 것은 하천의 자연시스템 파괴, 하천의 도시화, 하천사업 등에 의한 인위 적 훼손 및 다양한 하천이용에 의하여 침입종들의 생육에 맞는 환경조성 등이 요인으로 보인다. 한편 식물구계학적 특정종의 분포는 인위적 식재종을 제외하면 12개 전구간에 서 비교적 고른 분포비율을 나타냈다. 생활형은 전구간에 걸쳐 비교적 유사한 경향을 나타냈다. 대부분의 하천 구간에서 휴면형은 일년생식물(Th, Th(W)), 수생식물(HH, HH(Th), HH(Thw), HH(rd), HH(n)), 반지 중식물(H)이 높은 비율을 보였다. 지하기관형은 지하나 지 상에 연결체를 만들지 않는 단립식물(R5)이 매우 높은 비율 로 분포하였으며, 산포기관형은 중력산포형(R4)이 가장 많 았다. 영산강 12개 구간의 하천환경은 다양한 환경을 나타내고 있기 때문에 하천에 분포하고 있는 식물은 여러가지 생활형 과 생육형을 나타낸다. 영산강의 하천환경은 지형, 지질, 하 천의 구조, 수질, 수심, 유속, 인위적 훼손 및 파괴, 하천의 유형, 천이 등에 의하여 크게 영향을 받고 있었다. 특히 5구 간 ∼ 7구간의 생활형과 생육형에 가장 크게 변화했는데 이것은 하천의 저ㆍ고수부지 및 하상 등의 인위적 이용에 따른 하천의 구조 변형 등의 물리적 변화가 가장 큰 원인으 로 보인다. 생육형은 12개 전 구간에서 직립형(e)과 총생형 (t)이 높은 비율로 분포하고 있었다. 대체습지에 형성된 식생은 습지의 습생대, 호안 그리고수역에 분포하는 수생식물군락과 습지 주변 및 저ㆍ고수부 지에 군락을 형성하는 천이 선구종들인 초본식생군락으로 크게 대별되었다. 습지와 직접적으로 관련된 수생식물군락 은 영산강유역 일대와 우리나라 하천습지에서 우점종으로 출현하는 종들이 대부분 차지하고 있어 자연습지군락에 가 까운 종조성을 보였다. 그러나 습지주변 저ㆍ고수부지에 형 성된 식생은 천이 초기단계에서 출현하는 1년생식물 또는 초본류군락과 교란된 식생의 유형을 나타내는 침입종, 외래 종, 귀화식물들이 군락을 이루고 있다. 44개 습지에서 자연 및 반자연 수생식물군락은 총 25개 군락이 조사되었다. 이 들 군락 중 마름군락은 22개 습지에서 조사되었으며 달뿌리 풀군락, 줄군락, 애기부들군락은 50%가 넘는 대체습지에서 군락을 이루고 있다. 대규모 하천공사로 인한 표토제거는 모래ㆍ자갈 등으로 의 토양 특성변화로 영산강 중ㆍ하류 지역의 식물분포에 큰 영향을 미치는데, 저니토에서 생육이 활발한 다양한 정 수식물, 부엽식물 등의 생육환경 소멸과 자갈ㆍ모래토양에 서 생육이 가능한 게릴라성 식물, 천이 선구종, 교란종 등의 침입 등을 보다 쉽게 하여 본래의 영산강 하천식물 생육에 부정적인 영향을 준 것으로 보인다. 다만, 하천은 내륙생태 계와 달리 물리, 화학, 생물학적 조건이 수시로 바뀌는 환경 이고 하천정비 후 아직 안정화되지 않은 기간이므로 장기적 인 생태하천관리를 위해서는 하천의 식물상 및 식생에 대한 지속적인 조사연구와 대체습지에 대한 체계적인 모니터링 이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

This study aims to identify the effect of home physical therapy on patients who left the hospital after total knee arthroplasty, compared to the Daily living group, when it was applied to them, under the guidance of physical therapists. As research subjects, 20 patients that were scheduled to leave the hospital after unilateral total knee arthroplasty, were chosen, and they were randomly divided into a home physical therapy group(10 patients) and an Daily living group(10 patients) in order to conduct an experiment. During the 4-week research, home physical therapy was offered for 40 mins once for 5 days a week, and muscular strength, gait components were measured. For muscular strength, quadriceps muscle strength, hamstring muscle strength were measured, and as gait components, endurance, speed, step time, single-limb support were analysed. For this experiment, pre- and post-measurement were performed, and collected data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 18.0 statistical program. From the analysis of data, the following study results were obtained. Home physical therapy group and Daily living group both showed significant improvements in quadriceps muscle strength, hamstring muscle strength, and quadriceps muscle strength, hamstring muscle strength of home physical therapy group more significantly improved than Daily living group's. In relation to gait components, gait endurance, gait speed, step time significantly improved in both of home physical therapy group and Daily living group, whereas home physical therapy group only showed significant improvements in single-limp support. According to the comparison between two groups, gait speed, single-limp support and step time improved more significantly in the home physical therapy group than in the Daily living group. In conclusion, positive results were revealed in both home physical therapy group and Daily living group, with regard to muscular recovery of lower limbs of patients discharged from the hospital after total knee arthroplasty and walking, but considering the comparison results between two groups, it seems that applying home physical therapy is more effective than maintaining a daily life.

This study describes a reasonable planning method for water meter replacement which can minimize the metering under-registration for an increasement of revenue water. The increment analysis of real water usage was used to establish a replacement plan. The meter replacement database collected from K City was used as the basis of this analysis. The database included 964 connections of domestic and non-domestic consumers that had their meter replaced by aging at 2011.The result showed that the corelation between unregistered water volume and water meter age was lower than commonly expected where the current criteria of replacement is only water meter age(8 years) excluding the meters older than 13 years. And in the analysis result of water usage for 8 years, the total amount and increment of water usage had a significant effect on unregistered water volume. However the relation was different tendency as a total volume and slope of increment. In case of total water volume was larger than 10,000 , larger than 7,000 and increment of 0.0 ~ -0.3, larger than 6,000 and increment more than -0.3 were analysed to need a replacement because of metering under-registration.

This study investigated the antioxidative activities and quality characteristics of Aster scaber Bibimbap as a home meal replacement with blanching (BASB) or without blanching (ASB) pretreatment. BASB samples at 5.0 g showed higher moisture, crude protein, and ash contents than the control (p<0.05). Color L, a, b-values of samples significantly decreased with increased content of Aster scaber powder (p<0.05). BASB samples showed lower hardness than ASB samples. BASB samples showed higher total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity than ASB samples. BASB samples showed higher sensory values for color, savory aroma, savory flavor, and aftertaste than ASB samples. Except for glossiness, BASB samples showed higher sensory acceptance scores than ASB samples. Sensory acceptance tests of all samples showed high scores for ‘usually like’, representing the possibility of successful development of Bibimbap as a home meal replacement, especially that containing blanching pre-treated Aster scaber powder.

Adding new attributes is the main strategy firms use to attract consumers in many industries, but the impact of new attributes may be ambiguous, as indicated by the results of several studies (Bertini, Ofek and Ariely, 2009; Griffin and Broniarczyk, 2010; Nam, Wang and Lee, 2012; Sun, Keh and Lee, 2012; Zhang and Fitzimons, 1999; Zhang, Kardes and Cronley, 2002). The demand for innovative, upgraded, and integrated products is higher than ever before, and firms’ ability to meet this demand is tenuous in many cases. Take the example of the iPhone, where the touch pad option is the new feature that overcomes the disadvantages of a regular keypad, and where other options such as SIRI and other convenient software technologies provide good reasons to purchase or upgrade a smart phone. Although the transition from keypad to touch screen is occurring rapidly in the technology market, many consumers still opt to utilize their old phones rather than upgrading. The alignability of the attributes of the smart phone may affect their decision-making. Self-regulatory factors moderate decision-making based on alignable and non-alignable attributes. Promotion and prevention self-regulation systems managed across separate mental accounts are involved consumer information flow process in the sense that alignable attributes engender risk aversion, whereas non-alignable attributes engender risk seeking (Zhou and Pham, 2004). More cognitive effort may be required to evaluate non-alignable attributes due to the absence of inferential references inherent in the newness of features (Nam et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2012). Accordingly, if there is no significant difference in alignable attributes between products, consumers will put more weight on non-alignable attributes (Brown and Carpenter, 2000). For high-technology products, if alignable attributes satisfy consumers’ perceived utility as weighed against the cost incurred, consumers may compare non-alignable attributes in order to justify their purchases. Even if non-alignable attributes are trivial, they may be important to the final decision. Based on evaluations of the latter, consumers can justify the purchase (Brown and Carpenter, 2000). Although non-alignable attributes may seem peripheral and complementary, they may contribute to the success of a product due to their novelty, uniqueness and role in simplifying the purchase choice (Carpenter, Glazer and Nakamoto, 1994). However, if consumers perceive that non-alignable attributes fundamentally affect product quality, they may infer that its alignable attributes are relatively inferior. This thinking process may result in a negative evaluation of the product (Simonson, Nowlis and Simonson, 1993). As mentioned earlier, consumers may associate non-alignable attributes with unnecessary costs (Brown and Carpenter, 2000). In the experiment of Bertini et al. (2009), consumers preferred the MP3 player with the BOSS earphone over the one with no other option, which led to a decrease in the willingness to upgrade the product. They do not evaluate non-alignable attributes in isolation, but may use those instrumentally. In the case of high technology products, when information about non-alignable attributes becomes available, ambiguity arises from the integration of distinctive features and functionalities, which are non-alignable attributes, and moreover from the integration of non-alignable attributes with alignable attributes. Consumer beliefs and attitude resulted from the mediating role of this ambiguity are formed holistically by non-selective attention for integral stimuli (alignable and non-alignable attributes) (Nosofsky, 1986, 1987). When consumers ambiguous towards a bundle of attributes, which is nothing but the product, they are inclined to interpret it positively (Bar-Hill and Budescu, 1995; Goldsmith and Amir, 2010). Consumers are hypothesized to exhibit innate optimism, being biased towards unforeseen benefits. They are even sensitive to the specific types of non-alignable attributes: central vs. peripheral attributes. Thus, in strategizing for product marketing purposes, non-alignable attributes should be positioned as peripheral factors rather than as central factors, especially in the early stages of product introduction. Hypothesis Development Consumers make judgments about the obsolescence of the products they currently use. Various factors influence the decision to upgrade. Obsolescence is a loss in value since the launch of a product, not because the product has become less useful, but because a new product with upgraded features and designs has become available to consumers (Bayus, 1991; Chung, Han and Sohn, 2012; Levinthal and Purohit, 1989). Consumers’ expectations about improvement in the new version are based upon two types of obsolescence that influence their willingness to upgrade (pay) for the new product: technological obsolescence and psychological obsolescence. Much research has been done (Bayus, 1991; Chung et al., 2012; Levinthal and Purohit, 1989); however, consumers’ strategic decision-making has not always been clearly understood. They may not know in advance what product to choose, or they may lack information to utilize during the buying process. In addition, technological progress is so rapid and uncertain that consumers may not be able to keep up with the novelty of new technologies. They may have difficulty selecting among alternatives that will be standard later in the market. Accordingly, although they may perceive the technological obsolescence of the product, they may not replace it until they feel psychologically justified in doing so. They may not intend to replace the product only for reasons of technological obsolescence due to loss of the sunk cost incurred by its replacement (Okada, 2006). While alignable attributes are more likely to be deterministic, functional and important, non-alignable attributes are more likely to be marginal, hedonic and trivial. Accordingly, consumers may form cognitive attitudes toward alignable attributes and expectations as to how these should change to become more useful. In other words, they may develop their own ideal level (point) for each alignable attribute as they become familiar with them. Thus, consumers experience uncertainty within a range unique to each individual. They judge the feasibility of a purchase insofar as it corresponds to their own ideal points. For example, when Microsoft upgraded from MS Office 2002 to MS Office 2007, the text menu-driven UI (user interface) was changed to become ribbon menu-driven (graphic). Many users of MS Office 2002 had difficulty using the upgraded functions of MS Office 2007. Frequently used features and options in the previous version, even such as cut and paste, were suddenly not easy to use, and consumers who upgraded to the next version were puzzled at the fact that they were unable to properly use the function they got used to. Complexity may be detrimental to ease-of-use judgment with inferred learning costs. Although consumers make inferences based upon their ideal points, the uncertainty involved in this process relates to cognitive referral. Since alignable attributes are representative of prevention, these engender risk aversion for consumers. Consumers who are primed with prevention-focus may prefer not to exert effort to find out how to use features which were easy to use in the previous version just for the sake of upgrading to the new product. Accordingly, uncertainty about ease of use of alignable attributes has a negative effect on consumers’ willingness to replace a product As more information on a product’s non-alignable attributes becomes available, consumers’ ambiguity about the updated product will decrease and their likelihood of replacement will decrease (Smith and Amir, 2010; Norton, Frost and Ariely, 2007: Bar-Hillel and Budescu, 1995; Krizan and Windschitl, 2007). In addition to technological obsolescence, curiosity and self-regulation in terms of the newness and novelty of a product may motivate consumers to replace a product. Existing consumers may be very curious about new information and non-alignable attributes, making every effort to process available information (Alba and Hutchinson, 1987; Maheswaran and Sternthal, 1990; Nam et al., 2012; Sujan, 1985). When non-alignable attributes become available, consumers do not look at them separately from the alignable ones with which the upgraded product is already equipped; instead, they evaluate the product holistically (Bertini et al., 2009). In an identification–classification task, subjects that were able to attend selectively to the relevant dimension and filter the irrelevant one for separable stimuli were unable to do so for integral stimuli. Non-alignable attributes directly affect consumers’ willingness (likelihood) to replace a product. Therefore, a mediating role of ambiguity is evident between non-alignable attributes and consumers’ willingness to replace the product. Thus, we present the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1-1: When information on alignable attributes becomes available, consumers will be primed with prevention-focus. Hypothesis 1-2: When information on non-alignable attributes is available, consumers will be primed with promotion-focus. Hypothesis 2-1: If consumers are uncertain about the alignable attributes of a product, they will less likely purchase the updated version of the product. Hypothesis 2-2: If consumers are uncertain (ambiguous) about the non-alignable attributes of a product, they will more likely purchase the updated version of the product. Each individual tries to minimize the distance from a current state to a desired state by means of self-regulation (Higgins, Kruglanski and Pierro, 2003). The mode of self-regulation may be either locomotive or assessable. Assessment is a self-regulatory mode in which some objects and states are critically and analytically judged relative to desired means and goals in order to select the best among many alternatives (Kluglanski et al., 2000). Assessors intend to minimize the distance from the current state to the desired state by means of comparative processes to measure, construe and evaluate among alternatives (Higgins et al., 2003). Accordingly, they make cognitive efforts to compare and analyze the alternatives prior to the choice behavior. The other self-regulatory mode, locomotion, involves judging of objects and states with reference to a particular goal in the process of selecting alternatives (Kruglanski et al., 2000; Pierro et al., 2006). Because locomotors emphasize behavior and progress, they are quick to analyze the alternatives and direct in their selection. Locomotors are different from assessors, who select the best alternative via comparative processes. Locomotors try to select the best alternative realistically and heuristically to achieve their goals. They may not commit to analytical assessment of all possible problems in the process. In the process of evaluating alternatives, assessors focus on all attributes rather than on some particular attributes. They continuously try to assess both alignable and non-alignable attributes. By contrast, locomotors want to achieve a particular goal rapidly. When they perceive technological obsolescence, they may rely on information about alignable attributes because they are eager to benefit from improved features and functions. In the same vein, when they perceive psychological obsolescence, they may rely on information about non-alignable attributes because of the differences in value of these attributes from those of the existing product. Therefore, we offer the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 3: When assessors evaluate an updated product, they will put more weight on non-alignable attributes than on alignable attributes. Hypothesis 4: When locomotors evaluate an updated product, they will depend upon attribute information corresponding to the two types of obsolescence. EXPERIMENT 1 Method Experiment 1 explores consumers’ regulatory focus which would be differently primed either with alignable attributes or with nonalignable attributes (H1 and H2). And it explores consumers’ purchase intention via the amount of information (low-information vs. high-information) and regulatory modes (locomotion vs. assessment. A pretest was conducted with a separate sample (n=64) to ensure that the product profile used in the experiment matched the situation where participants perceive alignable attributes to be deterministic, functional and salient, and where they perceive nonalignable attributes to be peripheral, hedonic and novel. We picked the external HDD that participants associated with salience and newness. In the main experiment, two hundred seventy one participants read information about the external HDD and then answers on the alignable and nonalignable attributes of this product. The between-subject experimental design consists of information type (alignable vs. nonalignable attributes) x information amount (low-information vs. high-information). Results We examined that consumers will be primed with different regulatory focus (H1 and H2) upon the type of information via a gap analysis and a mediated regression analysis. The test results were that respondents exposed to the information type of alignable attributes would be primed with prevention-focus (4.60) than with promotion-focus (4.20) (t = -3.180, p < .001), and that respondents exposed to the information type of nonalignable attributes would be primed with promotion-focus (4.44) than with prevention-focus (3.99) (t = -2.746, p < .05). Next, the type of information was treated as a dummy variable, where it takes values of “0” for nonalignable attributes and of “1” for alignable attributes. Respondents’ dominant regulatory focus was set to be the value of prevention which was subtracted from the value of promotion. The primed regulatory focus fully mediates between the type of information and purchase intention (Sobel Z-score = -3.827, p < .01). That is, if consumers are exposed to the information type of alignable attributes, they will be primed with prevention-focus, which will negatively affect consumers’ purchase intention. Accordingly, Hypothesis 1-1 and 1-2 were supported. Furthermore, we examined the differential effect on purchase intention via a 2 (type of information) × 2(amount of information) between-subjects ANOVA (H1-2 and H2-2) as in Figure 2. In the case of respondents exposed to alignable attributes, the purchase intention was higher for certain information (3.75) than for uncertain information (3.20) (t = 2.077, p < .05), whereas in the case of respondents exposed to nonalignable attributes, the purchase intention was higher for uncertain information (4.48) than for certain information (3.81) (t = 2.478, p < .05). Prior knowledge and involvement on the stimulus were controlled as covariates, and respondents were divided into groups by means of the information type and the information amount. The interaction between the variables was investigated (F(1, 271) = 13.413, p < .01). Accordingly, H2-1 and 2-2 were supported. Finally, we examined the differential effect on purchase via 2 (regulatory mode) × 2 (type of information) between-subjects ANOVA (H4 and H5) as in Figure 3. Regulatory mode was dichotomized into locomotion and assessment by the median of values of assessment subtracted from those of locomotion. In the assessors’ case, a difference between the purchase intentions by means of the type of information – alignable attributes (3.60) and nonalignable attributes (3.73), was not found (t=-.533, p > .10). Hypothesis 3 was rejected. On the other hand, in the locomotors’ case, the purchase intention of respondents exposed to the information type of nonalignable attributes (4.53) would be higher than that of those exposed to the information type of alignable attributes (3.38) (t = 3.826, p < .01). Accordingly, hypothesis 4 was supported. Prior knowledge and involvement on the stimulus were controlled as covariates, respondents were divided into groups by means of regulatory mode and the information type. The interaction among purchase intention, regulartory mode and the information type (F(1,271) = 7.647, p < 0.01).

The objective of this study is to find the optimal cooking condition of rice for the cold chain as home meal replace-ment (HMR) products. Two types of rice varieties were cooked either on an electric rice cooker (ERC) or a super-heated steamer (SHS) with different concentrations of beef bone broth added before cooking. Cooked rice wasstored at 5oC for 3 days and the quality was analyzed by moisture content, color, reducing sugar content, textureprofile, and sensory evaluation. The results indicate that retrogradation of cooked rice prepared using SHS can bereduced during cold storage by the addition of beef bone broth. Also, the addition of more than 40% of beef bonebroth caused a deterioration in the quality of the cooked rice, and it appears that the addition of 10-20% of bonebroth is optimal for the overall quality of the cooked rice during cold storage.

β-glucan 함량이 높다고 알려진 꽃송이버섯의 농가재배활성화를 위하여 푸른곰팡이 내성균주를 선발하고자 푸른곰팡이 대치배양에 의한 꽃송이버섯 균사생장 특성을 확인하였으며, 또한 생장이 우수한 신품종을 개발하고자 교잡육종 균주에 대한 유전 다양성을 분석하였다. 먼저 푸른곰팡이 대치배양에 의한 꽃송이버섯 균사의 생장 특성을 확인한 결과, 6951 (T. viride) 균주에서는 대치선을 형성한 후 별다른 변화를 보이지 않았고, 6952 (T. spp.) 균주에서는 대치선을 형성한 다음 보다 많은 포자를 형성하는 것이 관찰되었다. 그러나 6426 (T. harzianum) 균주에서는 꽃송이버섯 균사가 생장하고 있던 부분까지 모두 덮어버리는 것이 확인되었다. 그 중 특이하게도 구례에서채집선발한 균주인 JF02-06 균주에서는 다른 균주에 비해푸른곰팡이 포자가 형성되지 않는 것을 확인되어 다소 푸른곰팡이에 대한 저항성을 갖는 것으로 사료되었다. 전남산림자원연구소에서 보유 중인 균주 중 생장 및 자실체 발생이 우수한 모균주를 선발하여 교잡을 실시하여 생장특성을 조사한 결과, 미송톱밥배지에서 JF02-47, 49, 50 균주의 균사생장량이 우수한 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 교잡육종 균주의 유전 다양성을 분석하기 위하여 ITS1, 5.8S와 ITS4 영역에 대한 염기서열을 분석한 결과 Genebank에 등록된 다른 꽃송이버섯 균주와 높은 유의성을 갖는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 꽃송이버섯의 포자 및 균사를 현미경으로 관찰하여 생장 특성을 확인한 결과, 포자의 크기는 장경 6µm, 단경 5µm의 물방울 모양으로 확인되었고,균사에서 3가지 형태의 꺽쇠가 관찰되었다. 균사의 폭은3µm이며 꽃송이버섯 균사의 특징으로는 약 50% 정도꺽쇠에서 균사가 뻗어나가는 특성을 갖고 있음이 확인되었다. 균사의 생장 속도는 0.507µm/min이며, 2차 균사는0.082µm/min의 속도로 생장하다가 모균사와 평행을 이루는 시점에서는 모균사의 생장속도와 유사한 속도로 생장하였다. 꺽쇠발생은 약 5시간 동안 균사 내부 전해질의이동이 관찰된 후 작은 꺽쇠를 형성하였다. 약 3시간 후격막이 형성되기 시작하였으며, 그로부터 2시간 후 최종적으로 완성되었다. 이러한 특성을 갖는 꽃송이버섯의 푸른곰팡이 저항성을 확인하고, 교잡균주의 유전 다양성 및균사의 생장 특성을 확인하여 꽃송이버섯에 대한 기초적인 이해를 높이고, 더 나아가 버섯산업 발전에 이바지하고자 한다.

This study investigated the antioxidative activities and quality characteristics of gruel as a home meal replacement with Angelica keiskei powder pre-treated by far-infrared radiation or freeze-drying methods. Far-infrared treated Angelica keiskei powder (F-IAP) showed significantly lighter, weaker green, and stronger yellow color values than powder subjected to freezedrying (FAP) (p<0.001). F-IAP showed higher total phenolic compound contents than that of the FAP. ABTS radical scavenging activity of F-IAP was 50.31%, which was significantly higher than that of FAP, at 43.51% (p<0.05). Color values of gruel significantly decreased with increased addition of Angelica keiskei powder (p<0.05). Gruels containing far-infrared treated Angelica keiskei powder (F-IAG) showed higher total phenolic compound contents as well as ABTS radical scavenging activities compared to the gruels containing freeze-dried Angelica keiskei powder (FAG). Gruels containing 5 g of Angelica keiskei powder showed 2.0 to 2.5 times higher antioxidant activities than those containing powder alone due to the presence of other ingredients with antioxidant activities such as black soybean or sweet pumpkin. In the results of sensory evaluation, F-IAG containing more than 5 g of Angelica keiskei powder had higher sweetness and roasted grain flavor, as well as lower bitterness and astringency compared to FAG. Sensory acceptance tests of all samples showed higher scores than 5.0 representing possibilities of successful development of gruels as a home meal replacement containing Angelica keiskei powder.