Background : Excessively high concentration of sodium ion causednutrient deficiency and significantly decrease growth. This study was carried out to determine the limiting concentration range of sodium ion in the soil of ginseng field. Methods and Results : The growth of the ginseng cultivar Chunpoong reduced with increase in salinity, and the rate of growth reduction was higher in shoots than that of roots. Particularly, ginseng plants cultivated at high level of nitrate nitrogen or sodium may suffer delayed development and stunted growth. Chlorophyll damage occurred on the leaves of ginseng planted in relatively high levels (> 0.2 c㏖+/㎏) of sodium ion, as determined by the fluorescence reaction. The incidence of physiological disorder in ginseng cultivated at 249 sites was correlated with the concentration of sodium ion in the soils. About 74% of ginseng fields in which physiological disorders occurred had concentrations of sodium ion in soil greater than 0.2 c㏖+/㎏. In contrast, the concentration of sodium ions at 51 of 85 sites where no damage occurred was relatively (0.05 c㏖+/㎏- 0.15 c +/㎏). Conclusions : The concentration of sodium ion in soil of ginseng fields can be classified into three levels optimum (≤ 0.15), permissible allowance (0.15 - 0.2) and excessive (> 0.2).

Purpose: of the study was to investigate whether aerobic exercise has a positive effect on executive function and EEG with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) children and provides a basic data for relieving symptom and treatment to ADHD children. Methods: Research participants were totally 44 children. The group distribution was combination of exercise and methylphenidate group(n=16), methylphenidate group(n=14), and the control group(n=14). Research subjects pre․post measurement was made equally on executive function(WCST), and brain wave(EEG). Also, exercise program was progressed 3 times a week(every 60 minutes) during totally 8 weeks. Data processing in the experimental result was used PASW-PC 18.0 statistical program. The basic test on general characteristics and psychological variables in ADHD children before exercise was carried out one-way ANOVA. Also, a change in difference according to three groups and measurement period was carried out repeated measure analysis. To correctly analyze a change by factor, the paired t-test and repeated measured one-way ANOVA were carried out. Results: The 8-week aerobic exercise participation of children with ADHD was indicated to have positive effect on a change in executive function and EEG. Also, aerobic exercise was helpful to executive function and EEG. Based upon those results, we might expect to use for relax and improvement of negative symptoms with ADHD children.

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of the content of soil chemical components and growthcharacteristics in six years old ginseng affected by application of decomposing plant residues in paddy-converted field. Theresults show that aerial parts of ginseng are no difference between press cake (PC) 200㎏/10a and control but subterraneanparts of ginseng PC 200㎏/10a, especially quantity related root fresh weight and tap root diameter, are statically about 1.6times heavier and about 1.2 times thicker than the ginseng control. Furthermore, the survival rate of PC 200㎏/10a is67.1% rise significantly compare with the control 50.7%. But compared with the PC 200㎏/10a and the PC 400㎏/10a,ginseng root growth and survival rate of PC 400㎏/10a get worse and that increase physiological disorder occurrence ratethan PC 200㎏/10a. Even though there are no significant differences between the ginseng of decomposing plant residuesexcept press cake treatment and the ginseng of control in growth characteristics, it does tend to increase the survival rateand decrease the physiological disorder occurrence rate in most fertilizer treatment except for RSC 2ton/10a, RSC 4ton/10a and RH 4kL/10a. Noted that EC is highly increased and exceeded 1.7ds/m in RSC 2ton/10a, RSC 4ton/10a and RH4kL/10a. It would be caused physiological disorder in many ways and affected ginseng growth characteristics, survival rate.

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of the content of soil chemical components and growth characteristics in five years old ginseng affected by application of manure in paddy-converted field. As all livestock manure regardless of kinds increased along with the whole soil chemical component, including the pH and EC in 2008. Change in the EC of control plot was slightly increased but not exceeded 1 ds/m over the years. However, the changes in the EC of livestock manure regardless of kinds and amounts were highly increased and irregularly exceeded 1.5 ds/m in 2012. The 5 years old ginseng root fresh weight, treatment of fertilizing pig manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (PMC 4t on/10a) and fowl manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (FMC 4 ton/10a), were superior to the others. But there were no difference between PMC 4 ton/10a, FMC 4 ton/10a and control. The standing crop rate 39.6%, treatment of fertilizing cattle manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (CMC 4 ton/10a), was best in all livestock manure. However that was relatively lower than control. Physiological disorder occurrence rates of livestock manure related with leaf and root of ginseng were also higher than that of control. If excessively using non-decomposed livestock manure, It would be caused physiological disorder in many ways. It is a big problem to be producing the quality ginseng. More research is needed to find out the economic and effective fertilizer.

The purpose of this study was to assess viewpoints about criminal liability as one of the elements of the crime and present the importance of professional expertise on diagnosis of mental illness and physical defects. It is an affirmative defense to a prosecution under current criminal law that at the time of the commission of the acts constituting the offense, the defendant, as a result of a severe mental disease or defect, was unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of his acts. Mental disease or defect does not otherwise constitute a defense. In criminal trials, the insanity defenses are possible defenses by excuse, by which defendants argue that they should not be held criminally liable for breaking the law because they were legally insane at the time of the commission of alleged crimes. The legal definition of “mental and physical disorder” is, in criminal cases, quite different from psychiatric definitions of it. This excuse is based on evaluations by forensic professionals that the defendant was incapable of distinguishing between right and wrong at the time of the offense. This study suggest the important steps in the direction of examining and analyzing the role of psychiatric diagnosis according to the responsibilities of the evaluator. It is anticipated that there will be further work in these areas to address not only diagnoses but forensic recommendations and opinions.

본 연구는 규칙적인 운동이 섭식장애 여성의 자기불일치에 미치는 효과를 심층적으로 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 섭식장애 전문병원에서 입원치료중인 섭식장애 여성 3명을 연구 참여자로 선정하였고, 이들을 대상으로 7주간의 규칙적인 운동 프로그램을 적용하였다. 규칙적인 운동이 시행되는 동안 수집된 질적 자료(구조화된 면담, 운동일지, 관찰일지)에 대한 내용분석(content analysis)과 자기질문지에 대한 기술통계(descriptive statistics)를 통해 도출된 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 섭식장애 여성 A, C의 경우 규칙적인 운동 참여를 통해 향상된 신체 자기평가, 자기효능감, 자아존중감이 실제 자기평가를 향상 시켰고, 운동 참여 과정 중에 수립된 객관적 신체기준은 자기 안내자(self-guides)를 낮춰 자기불일치를 감소시킨 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 섭식장애 여성 B의 경우 규칙적인 운동참여 기간 동안 개선되지 않은 신체 불만족, 낮은 자아존중감과 개인적 특성이 자기불일치를 오히려 증가시킨 것으로 나타났다.

This study was to set the guidelines of soil chemical components in order to assure the safety and quality ofthe panax ginseng from physiological disorder. The disorder symptoms appeared on the leaf with yellow spot, atrophy, yel-low-brown spot, also showed red skin and rough skin of the root. Occurrence type of physiological disorder in cultivatedfield divided into two types:type I ‘such as, yellow spot’ consist of single disorder symptom; type II ‘such as, yellow spotand yellow-brown spot’ consist of two or more different disorder symptoms. The individual contribution of soil properties tothe occurrence type was as follows ; The yellow spot was affected by Na>NO3-N>salinity (EC) in soil. The same results wasobserved in red skin. Atrophy was affected by NO3-N>salinity (EC)>Ca>Mg. Rough skin was affected by P2O5>pH>Organic material > K. It showed positive associated to P2O5, pH and K, but negative associated to organic matter. Simulta-neous occurrence of two different disorder, including cases which yellow spot and yellow-brown spot, those were affected byNO3-N > salinity (EC) > Na > Mg. In the case of atrophy plus yellow-brown spot, those also were affected by in the order :NO3-N > salinity (EC) > Ca > Mg > Na. Red-rough skin was affected in the order : salinity (EC) > NO3-N > K > Na. Soilchemical components appear to be related to occurrence of physiological disorder, particularly in salinity (EC) and NO3-N.The salinity (EC) and NO3-N were negative related to plant growth. In addition, exchangeable cation capacity play criticalroles in attributing to complex occurrence of physiological disorder.