Effect of seedling type and early transplanting of summer grown seedling on the growth and yield of tomato was investigated to minimize problems caused by legginess of seedling in summer. Grafted seedling, 20 days seedling (young seedling), 40 days seedling, and rooted cutting were raised from July 20 to Sept. 7 and young seedling was transplanted 20 days earlier than other seedling types. Young seedling growth was weaker than other seedling types and fresh weight was only 1/10 of 40 days seedling. Growth of young seedling at 20 days after transplanting was better than other seedling types and fresh weight was 3 times higher than 40 days seedling. Creased stem did not appear and trusses developed faster in young seedling. Total yield and commercial yield were highest in young seedling as 8,535 kg/10a, and 7,575 kg/10a. There is no significant difference among seedling types in fruit quality. This result shows that early transplanting of summer grown seedling is more effective to attain stable growth and yield in tomato.

The early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) is a widely reported zinc finger protein and a well known transcription factor encoded by the Egr-1 gene, which plays key roles in many aspects of vertebrate embryogenesis and in adult vertebrates. The Egr-1 expression is important in the formation of the gill vascular system in flounders, which develops during the post-hatching phase and is essential for survival during the juvenile period. However, the complete details of Egr-1 expression during embryo development in olive flounder are not available. We assessed the expression patterns of Egr-1 during the early development of olive flounders by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Microscopic observations showed that gill filament formation corresponded with the Egr-1 expression. Thus, we showed that Egr-1 plays a vital role in angiogenesis in the gill filaments during embryogenesis. Further, Egr-1 expression was found to be strong at 5 days after hatching (DAH), in the development of the gill vascular system, and this strong expression level was maintained throughout all the development stages. Our findings have important implications with respect to the biological role of Egr-1 and evolution of the first respiratory blood vessels in the gills of olive flounder. Further studies are required to elucidate the Egr-1-mediated stress response and to decipher the functional role of Egr-1 in developmental stages.

We determined intravitreal levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) in patients with early phase rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Twenty five eyes of 25 RRD patients with symptom onset from one day to 21 days prior to vitrectomy were selected. Concentrations of VEGF and PEDF in vitreous were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and relationships between these concentrations and durations and involved quadrants were analyzed. Duration of RRD was found to show significant correlation with PEDF concentration. However, number of involved quadrants did not show correlation with PEDF concentration in vitreous.

The histological changes in the Ussurian bullhead, Leiocassis ussuriensis, and the Korean bullhead, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, were observed during the early period of growth. The retinas size of both species increased in the 9 days post-hatching (DPH) (P<0.05). In the just-hatched Ussurian bullhead, the retina already consisted of six layers: the epithelial layer, ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, outer limiting membrane layer, and rod and cone layer. The Korean bullhead had the same components. At 50 DPH, the thickness of the retina was 538.0±7.19 μm in the Ussurian bullhead and 558.9±9.44 μm in the Korean bullhead. The relative thickness of each layer of the retina did not differ significantly in the two species. Although the growth of the Korean bullhead’s retina was faster, the relative thickness of each layer in the retina did not change during early development. After hatching, some parts of the tissue gradually became denser. Immediately after hatching, the kidney and midgut epithelium of the Ussurian bullhead and Korean bullhead were already formed and grew gradually thereafter. From 0 DPH to 30 DPH, the nuclear height in the midgut epithelium did not differ significantly between the two species, but at 50 DPH, it was 11.4±2.45 μm in the Korean bullhead and 9.9±2.13 μm in the Ussurian bullhead. During the experimental period, the major axes, minor axes, surface areas, and volumes of the proximal tubule cells in the kidney did not differ significantly between the two species. Thus, the early histological development of the Ussurian bullhead is similar to that of the Korean bullhead.

Early growth response 1(Egr1)은 zinc finger transcription factor로 다양한 성장인자, 물리적 자극에 따른 세포분화, 생장 및 사멸조절에 관여한다. Egr1 KO 생쥐 정소에서 maturation arrest, Sertoli cell only 등의 비정상 세정관이 증가한다. Glial Cell Derived Neurotrophic Factor(GDNF) 는 정원줄기세포(spermatogonial stem cell)의 자가재생 및 분화를 조절한다. 본 연구에서는 정원줄기세포에서 GDNF 수용체 하위 전사조절네트웍 규명의 일환으로 생쥐 정원줄기세포에서 Egr1 발현 특성을 분석하였다. 출생 0~56일 사이의 생쥐 정소에서 Egr1 발현을 면역조직화학적으로 분석하였다. 생후 6일 생쥐 정소의 세포들을 분산시킨 후 THY1 항체를 이용한 MACS법으로 정원줄기세포를 분리하여 GDNF (100 ng/ml)을 처리하였다. GDNF(100 ng/ml)을 처리 후 0, 2, 12시간에 Egr1, Egr2, Egr3, Egr4, GDNF 수용체인 RET와 GFRA1, 자가재생에 관련된 Etv5, Bcl6b mRNA 발현과 Egr1 단백질 발현량을 분석하였다. 한편 MAPK inhibitor(U0126, 10 μM) 처리 후 GDNF를 각각 2, 12시간 처리하여 mRNA 발현을 분석하였다. 그리고 Egr1 knock out mouse 정원줄기세포에서 GDNF를 12시간 처리하여 mRNA 발현을 분석하였다. 면역조직화학적 분석결과 Egr1은 gonocytes, spermatogonia, peritubular cells, Leydig cell에서 발현하였으나 분화된 세포에서는 발현이 저조하였다. 정원줄기세포에 GDNF 처리 후 2시간에 Egr1 mRNA가 유도되는 반면 Egr2, Egr3 mRNA는 12시간에 유도되었고, Egr4 mRNA는 변화하지 않았다. GDNF 수용체인 RET과 GFRA1 mRNA는 GDNF 처리군에서 증가하였다. Self-renewal에 관련된 Etv5와 Bcl6b mRNA는 12시간에 유도되었다. Egr1 단백질은 2시간에서 GDNF에 의해 증가하였다. U0126과 GDNF를 동시에 처리한 경우 2시간에 Egr1 mRNA가 유도되지 않았으며, 12시간에 Etv5와 Bcl6b mRNA발현도 변화가 없었다. Egr1 knock out mouse 정원줄기세포에 GDNF처리 시 Etv5, Egr2, Egr4 mRNA는 증가하는 반면 Bcl6b, Egr3 mRNA는 감소하였다. Egr1은 미성숙정소에서 gonocyte, spermatogonial stem cell, peritubular cell, Leydig cell에서 주로 발현된다. GDNF는 정원줄기세포에서 MAPK pathway에 의존적으로 Egr1을 유도하며, Egr1은 GDNF 수용체 및 자가재생 유전자발현을 통해 정원줄기세포의 stemness 유지에 중요한 기능을 담당하는 상위 전사인자로 사료된다. 또한 Egr1이 결손되어지면 세포자가재생에 관련된 Bcl6b의 전사가 억제되는 것으로 보아 세포생존, 증식에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 사료된다.

Barnyard grasses are dominant weed that are not eliminated easily in the direct water seeding cultivation. So, deep water treatment can reduce their growth at the early growing stage of submerged paddy. This study was carried out to investigate the reducing growth of the barnyard grasses through flooding at seedling stages of rice plant in the green house. Under the normal condition, the plant height of rice variety, Samgwangbyeo, and 3 species of barnyard grass, E. caudata, E. pratocola and E. utilis were not showed the difference up to 10 days after seeding while the plant height of 3 barnyard grass species, especially E. utilis, was more elongated than the rice at 25 days after seeding. Plant height of the 3 barnyard grasses were not elongated largely during 3, 5 and 7 days of flooding treatment at 10 days after seeding. Interestingly, the rice seedlings was grown over 20 cm, and the flooding tolerance of rice seedling was higher than the 3 barnyard grass varieties. However, after flooding treatment for 3, 5 and 7 days, the elongation of plant height of 3 barnyard grasses, especially E. utilis was more speedy compared to rice seedlings as 6 to 9 days passes. And the protein spots from barnyard grasses were also reduced and eliminated more than the spots of rice seedling after flooding treatment.

국내 식물자원 및 약용식물들의 식물 생장촉진 효과를 조사하기 위하여 64종 65점의 추출물 시료를 조제하여 벼(Oryza sativa) 유묘 생장에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 11종 12점의 쑥(Artemisia princeps) 경엽, 엉겅퀴(Cirsium japonicum var. maackii) 전초, 진달래(Rhododendron mucronulatum) 가지와 잎, 갈대(Phragmites communis) 줄기, 율무(Coix lacrymajobi var. mayuen) 전초, 싸리(Lespedeza bicolor) 가지와 잎, 산수국(Hydrangea serrata f. acuminata) 전초, 속단(Phlomis umbrosa) 전초, 감초(Glycyrrhiza uralensis) 근경, 감초(G. uralensis) 경엽, 당귀(Angelica gigas) 뿌리 및 천궁(Cnidium officinale) 근경 추출물은 벼 유묘 생장을 촉진시키는 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과에 따라 상기 식물 종의 부위들은 식물 생장 촉진용 농가 자가제조 액비 개발을 위한 소재로써 활용가능성이 있는 것으로 판명되었다.

본 연구는 부직포 피복이 과채류의 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 2010년에는 고추, 방울토마토, 가지, 오이, 단호박 등 5종의 과채류 모종을 5월 5일에 정식하고 부직포터널재배를 16일간 한 결과, 과채류 5종 모두 초장, 엽면적, 생체중 및 건물중이 월등히 증가하였다. 고추와 방울토마토의 경우, 엽면적은 105~119%, 생체중은 119~120% 증가하였는데 비해 가지, 수박, 오이, 단호박은 엽면적이 153~162%, 생체중은 160~166% 증가하여 작물 간에 부직포 터널재배 효과의 폭이 달라짐을 알 수있었다. 2011년에는 고추 정식시기별 부직포 피복이 생육과 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 4월 20일부터 5월 4일까지 1주 간격으로 3회에 걸쳐 포장에 정식하고 1개월간 부직포를 터널 피복하여 재배하였을 때 부직포 피복구의 활착이 월등히 촉진됨을 알 수 있었다. 7월 하순까지 재배하면서 풋고추 수량을 조사한 결과, 4월 20일 정식 시 무피복구의 주당 11개에 비해 부직포 터널구는 49개, 4월 27일 정식 시에는 무피복 35개, 부직포 터널 67개로 풋고추 수량이 크게 증가하였다. 그러나 5월 4일 정식 시에는 부직포 피복에 의한 수량 증대 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 5월 4일 무피복과 4월 27일 부직포 재배구를 비교해 볼 때, 전체수량은 4월 27일 부직포 재배구가 5월 4일 무피복구에 비해 20% 정도 증가하였다. 그러나 7월 6일까지의 조기 수량은 무피복 24개, 부직포 터널 36개로 4월 27일 부직포 재배구에서 50% 더 증가한 것을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과, 4월 중 ․ 하순경에 풋고추를 정식할 경우에는 정식 후 1개월간 부직포 터널 피복으로 활착과 초기 생육이 촉진되어 전체 수량, 특히 조기 수량이 월등히 증가함을 알 수 있다.

We investigated the process of yolk absorption in Korean rose bitterling, Rhodeus uyekii, and determined the changes in its morphometric characteristics. The R. uyekii from 1 days post hatching (DPH) to 21 DPH, the eye diameter (ED) was 5.4 at 5 DPH. Thereafter, the ED/total length (TL) ratio increased to 10.7 at 21 DPH (p<0.05). The yolk length (YL) decreased from 95.4 to 1.1 by 21 DPH, and this rate of decrease was greater than that for any other dimension (p<0.05). 12 morphometric dimensions/TL for the R. uyekii were measured at each sampling day from 21 DPH to 170 DPH. At just hatching, the average TL and BW were 6.1±0.09 mm and 4.9±0.07 mg, respectively. At 53 DPH, the average TL was 12.9±0.28 mm and the average BW was 14.7±0.72 mg; the total length growth equation was TL=5.507e0.038t (R²=0.916). Further, the body weight growth equation was BW=3.3647e0.0296t (R²=0.9354). The dimensions with regard to body depth showed the greatest growth rates in the external characteristics of the fish (p<0.05). The patterns of the morphometric characteristics measured in this study can be classified in three ways. The patterns were shown to be increased (y=0.0992x+ 12.07, R²=0.8333), decreased (y=–0.0569x+42.029, R²=0.8395) or maintained (y=0.005x+18.263, R²=0.3678) from 21 DPH to 170. These results will provide useful indices for the successful rearing of the R. uyekii.

The histological changes in the Ussurian bullhead, Leiocassis ussuriensis, and the Korean bullhead, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, were observed during the early period of growth. The retinas size of both species increased in the 9 days post-hatching (DPH) (p<0.05). In the just-hatched Ussurian bullhead, the retina already consisted of six layers: the epithelial layer, ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, outer limiting membrane layer, and rod and cone layer. The Korean bullhead had the same components. At 50 DPH, the thickness of the retina was 538.0±7.19 μm in the Ussurian bullhead and 558.9±9.44 μm in the Korean bullhead. The relative thickness of each layer of the retina did not differ significantly in the two species. Although the growth of the Korean bullhead’s retina was faster, the relative thickness of each layer in the retina did not change during early development. After hatching, some parts of the tissue gradually became denser. Immediately after hatching, the kidney and midgut epithelium of the Ussurian bullhead and Korean bullhead were already formed and grew gradually thereafter. From 0 DPH to 30 DPH, the nuclear height in the midgut epithelium did not differ significantly between the two species, but at 50 DPH, it was 11.4±2.45 μm in the Korean bullhead and 9.9± 2.13 μm in the Ussurian bullhead. During the experimental period, the major axes, minor axes, surface areas, and volumes of the proximal tubule cells in the kidney did not differ significantly between the two species. Thus, the early histological development of the Ussurian bullhead is similar to that of the Korean bullhead.

Morphometric changes in the Ussurian bullhead, Leiocassis ussuriensis, and the Korean bullhead, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, were observed during the early period of growth. Yolk length, yolk height, and yolk volume in the two species decreased within 9 days post-hatching (DPH) (p<0.05). The body lengths and body heights of both species increased gradually to 150 and 130 DPH, respectively (p<0.05). The horizontal distance between the anteriormost extension of the head and the anterior insertion of the pectoral fin, the anteriormost extension of the head × the verticality position of the anterior insertion of the primary dorsal fin rays, and the anterior insertion of the primary dorsal fin × the anterior insertion of the pectoral fin were greater in the Korean bullhead than in the Ussurian bullhead (p<0.05). However, the relative sizes of the head region, pectoral fin, ventral fin, and anal fin were greater in the Ussurian bullhead than in the Korean bullhead (p<0.05), and relative body depth and the size of the outer-mandible barbel were greater in the Korean bullhead than in the Ussurian bullhead (p<0.05). The growth curves of the morphometric characteristics of both species were divided into three types.

In this study, we measured the morphometric and histological changes in the cyprinid loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, during the early period of growth. Eyes, yolk length, yolk height, and yolk volume of the larva decreased for 16 days post hatching (DPH) (P<0.05). During 60 DPH (P>0.05), the most anterior extension of the head × the posterior end of the supraoccipital, the most anterior extension of the head × the origin of the dorsal fin, the most anterior extension of the head × the origin of the pectoral fin, the posterior end of the supraoccipital × the origin of the pelvic fin, and the origin of the dorsal fin × the ventral origin of the caudal fin gradually decreased, whereas the most anterior extension of the head × the dorsal origin of the caudal fin, the origin of the dorsal fin × the origin of the anal fin, the origin of the dorsal fin × the origin of the pectoral fin, and the insertion of the dorsal fin × the origin of the pelvic fin gradually increased (P<0.05). In the cyprinid loach, the retina is composed of six layers: the epithelial layer, ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, outer limiting membrane, and rod and cone layer (RCL). After hatching, part of the RCL gradually increased in density. The kidney and midgut epithelium were already formed in the cyprinid loach just after hatching and grew gradually in subsequent days.

Early growth response-1(Egr-1)은 zinc finger transcription factor로 세포분화, 생장 및 사멸을 조절한다. Egr-1 KO 수컷 생쥐의 정소에서는 maturation arrest, Sertoli cell only 등의 비정상 세정관이 유의적으로 증가한다. Glial cell Derived Neurotrophic Factor(GDNF)는 고농도에서는 줄기세포 자가 재생, 저농도에서는 정원세포를 분화효과를 갖는다. 본 연구에서는 발생중인 생쥐 정소에서 Egr-1 발현을 확인하고, GDNF에 의한 spermatogonial stem cell의 stemness 조절 신호전달 기작연구의 일환으로 Egr-1 유도현상을 규명하고자 하였다. ICR 생쥐의 생후 1, 2, 4, 8주령 정소를 획득하여 RT-PCR과 면역조직화학법을 통해 Egr-1 발현을 확인하였다. 한편 생쥐의 생후 5일된 정소를 획득하여 THY1 항체를 이용한 MACS 방법으로 spermatogonial stem cell을 분리하였다. GDNF(1, 100 ng/ml)를 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 6시간 처리하고 Egr-1 mRNA 발현을 분석하였다. 생후 3~12개월령 Egr-1 KO 수컷 생쥐와 Hetero 수컷 생쥐의 정소를 획득하여 H&E 염색 후 정소 내 seminiferous tubule을 비교하였다. Egr-1 mRNA는 생후 1, 2주령까지 높게 발현하다가 성숙함에 따라 발현이 감소하였다. 면역조직화학적 분석 결과, Egr-1은 gonocytes, (stem)spermatogonia, 분열 중인 peritubular cells과 Leydig cells에서 발현하였다. MACS로 분리한 spermatogonial stem cell에서 GDNF 처리 시 Egr-1 mRNA 발현은 0.5시간과 1시간에 유의적으로 증가하였고, 6시간 후 다시 감소하였다. Egr-1은 정소에서 gonocytes, spermatogonial stem cells, peritubular cells, Leydig cells에서 주로 발현된다. MACS로 분리한 spermatogonial stem cell에서 GDNF에 의해 짧은 시간에 Egr-1 mRNA가 유도되는 것으로 보아, Egr-1은 GDNF에 의한 spermatogonial stem cell의 niche 유지에 중요한 기능을 담당하는 상위 전사인자로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 새만금 지역에 조성된 신간척지 포장에서 담수와 하작물 재배처리가 제염 및 후작으로 재배한 청보리의 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사 분석하여, 신간척지포장의 조기제염 기술을 개발하고자 하였다.1. 담수기간별 하작물 재배후 청보리 입모를 보면 무담수에서 m2당 216개로 입모율 25%, 1개월 담수 43%, 2개월과 3개월 담수 58%, 벼 재배구는 60% 이었다.2. 토양염농도는 청보리 파종 시에 무담수 처리에서 0.50%로 높았고, 그 외 담수처리에서는 0.2% 이내로 낮았으며, 생육 중기까지는 높아지다가 생육후기에는 파종시의 수준과 비슷하였다.3. 초장과 간장은 담수기간이 길수록 많았으며, 경수도에서 504%, 벼 재배에서는 536% 증수하였다.5. 사료가치는 담수 1개월은 단백질함량과 섬유소함량이낮게 나타났고, 담수 3개월은 벼 재배구와 사료가치면에서 비슷한 결과를 보였다.이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 새로 조성된 간척지(사양토)에서 제염을 목적으로 담수할 경우 3개월 이상 담수하거나 벼를 재배하여 제염을 하고 밭작물(청보리)을 재배하여야 어느 정도 수량을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.많아지는 경향이었다.4. 수량은 무담수에서는 극히 적었으며, 담수기간이 길수록 수량은 급격히 증가하여, 무담수 대비 3개월 담수에서 504%, 벼 재배에서는 536% 증수하였다. 5. 사료가치는 담수 1개월은 단백질함량과 섬유소함량이낮게 나타났고, 담수 3개월은 벼 재배구와 사료가치면에서 비슷한 결과를 보였다.이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 새로 조성된 간척지(사양토)에서 제염을 목적으로 담수할 경우 3개월 이상 담수하거나 벼를 재배하여 제염을 하고 밭작물(청보리)을 재배하여야 어느 정도 수량을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.