본 시험은 병원성 사상균에 길항작용이 있고 식물의 생육을 촉진하는 세균을 이용하여 연작 및 비연 작토양에 있어서 옥수수(Zea may L.)의 생산성을 증대시킬 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 수행되었다. 옥수수는 전남대학교 농과대학 부속동물사육장내 vinyl house에서 자연광 상태에서 p o t ( 30 × 50 c m ) 로 재배한 다음 파종 후 50일 및 90일에 수확하여 건물중을 조사하였으며, 시험토양은 연작 및 비연작지의 양토와 버미큘라이트를 1:1 로 혼합하여 사용하였다. 본 시험에 이용된 세균은 목초근권에서 직접 분리한 Bacillus subtilis 였다. 연작 및 비연작 토양 모두 B. subtilis 처리구에서 옥수수의 건물중이 B. subtilis 무처리구보다 그리고 병원성 사상균 처리구보다 증가되었다. 그리고 비연작 토양에서 생장한 옥수수의 건물중은 연작토양에서 보다 증가하였다. 옥수수의 생장에 있어서 B. subtilis 접종효과는 연작토양보다 비연작토양에서 좋게 나타났다. 그러나 연작 및 비연작토양 모두 병원성사상균을 접종함으로써 옥수수의 건물중은 현저하게 감소되었다.

In the era of network media, the outbreak of network social emotions will lead to the tearing and out of control situation of network public opinion ecology, resulting in the occurrence of public crisis. With the development of network media technology, we can deeply understand the social mentality of public events through the analysis and management of public network behavior. Grass roots governance is the basis of social governance. Urban community governance and rural village governance belong to the category of community governance. In the city, the community is the unit cell of social governance. The large-scale Internet platform has linked people, money, materials, and information related to personal life together. It not only provides solutions for the public's life problems but also provides a new digital social governance model. The modernization of community governance at the grassroots level also means reshaping the interpersonal relationship and power structure of the community, focusing on highlighting the subjectivity of the community residents and enhancing the emotional identity of the community. This paper puts forward the analysis framework of social public psychology and behavior in the face of public events, based on the management of public emotions reflected in the network media, to improve the modernization level of community governance and the ability to deal with public events

To develop eco-friendly microbial inoculants, siderophore-producing bacteria were isolated and identified, and their production characteristics and plant growth-promoting abilities were investigated. A strain S21 was isolated from rhizosphere of Korean perilla (Perilla frutescens) and identified as Enterobacter amnigenus by phenotypic properties and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The highest siderophore production was obtained in a medium containing 0.5% fructose, 0.1% urea, 0.5% K2HPO4 and 0.1% succinic acid. By using this improved medium, siderophore production increased by 2.5 times compared to that of basal medium. The strain S21 showed insoluble phosphate solubilizing, ammonification and antifungal activities, and also produced hydrolytic enzymes (protease and lipase), indoleacetic acid and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase. Our data suggest that E. amnigenus S21 is a potential candidate that can be used as eco-friendly biocontrol agent and biofertilizer.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the importance of policy for the promotion of forest education and establish a basis that can be applied to it, which considers citizens’ opinions on forest education. According to the importance analysis of forest education policy, program development topped the list with 0.368 points, followed by the application of forest education experts, which scored 0.262 points. Cooperation as well as the supplementing and improvement of facilities yielded 0.238 and 0.132 points, respectively. Concerning the attention and recognition of forest education, only 8% of the respondents had low attention and 19% low or very low recognition; 75% said forest education was very important. Regarding program satisfaction, 76.5% were satisfied with the profitability of content and 77% agreed with the purpose consistency. In terms of the appropriateness of forest education, 79.2% and 81% were content with the period and method, respectively. Finally, 82.7% were satisfied with the participation program. This study aims to share basic data and promotion plans derived from the analysis of policy importance and satisfaction with forest education focused on adults. Domestic forest education is still in the early stages, led by Korea Forest Service. In the long term, local governments must participate in forest education policy positively despite limited budgets and human resources. The results of this study can be utilized as data for forest education promotion plans. If the case studies of other local governments and preference analysis by age group are followed up, they will help ensure that forest education evolves through cooperation with people and organizations in the relevant zone.

This study was carried out in order to evaluate the growth promotion effects on tomato crops and to assess the mineral nutrient concentrations of farm-made liquid fertilizers used in organic cultivation in South Korea. We hope that this study will help to develop of a standardized manufacturing technique for these organic liquid fertilizers. We collected 62 farm-made liquid fertilizers made from various raw materials including fish, seaweed, food scraps, plant and crop by-products, and other materials. Two groups of tomato seedlings were treated at different times, one at 20 days and the other at 40 days after sowing. We used both foliar and soil applications. These seedlings were treated using liquid fertilizers at various dilution rates (x1000, x500 and x100). When foliar application was used, seedlings after 20 days had a 20-30% increase in shoot fresh weight with 47-48 fertilizers and seedlings after 40 days had a 20-30% increase in shoot fresh weight with 17-32 fertilizers. When soil application was used, seedlings after 20 days had the same increase in shoot fresh weight with 30-31 fertilizers and seedlings after 40 days also saw the same increase with 6-7 fertilizers. Therefore, our studies showed that application of liquid fertilizers to seedlings 20 days after sowing was most effective and that foliar treatment was more effective than soil treatments. We also observed that the higher the concentrations of fertilizer, particularly when applied twice rather than just once, the higher the rates of growth, which promoted shoot fresh weight more than plant height. Our results imply that mineral nutrients in liquid fertilizers seem to be the probable cause for the growth promotion observed in this study. However, more study is required to determine exactly which mineral nutrients are most effective.

Background : Zingiber officinale is known as the source of the pungent, aromatic spice called ginger. Ginger, especially dried rhizomes, has been widely used for many medicinal purposes. The pungent principles in ginger are the non-volatile phenolic compounds gingerol, gingeridione and shogaol. It is cultivated 1,046 ha as 5 th of 55 medicinal crops in Korea (2016). Ginger has been successfully propagated using internodal cuttings. Ginger emergences at 18℃ or higher, and it takes about 40 - 50 days to emerges after sowing. Therefore, it is required a cultivation method that promote the emergence. Methods and Results : The internodal cuttings with 25 – 35 g was planted on 30 April at 30 × 30 ㎝ on 120 ㎝ broad bed. Five covering materials included the illite non-woven fabric (18 g/㎡), rice straw and vinyl were treated to promote emergence and early growth. Soil temperature covered by illite non-woven fabric was higher by 2.6 - 2.8℃ than that of rice straw covering, and lower by 2.2 - 2.4℃ than that of the transparent vinyl mulching. Emergence was faster in the illite non-woven fabric mulching by 5 - 6 days compared to vinyl mulching. It was presumed to be due to the small diurnal difference with increasing soil temperature. The covering with illite non-woven fabric had a large plant height and a large leaf number. So, the early growth in the covering of illite non-woven fabric was better than other treatments. There was a differences in rhizome’s yield among treatments. The content of gingerol was 2.29 – 2.37 ㎎/g and there was no significant difference. Conclusion : From the above results, covering illite non-woven fabric until sprouting after planting promoted its emergence and early growth.

Background : Panax ginseng is an important crop based on its pharmaceutical efficacy in the Asian countries, it cultivated in Korea is usually harvested after 4 to 6 years of cultivation, whereas various abiotic stresses lead to a reduction of its quality. One of them is the Aluminum (Al) accumulation. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can play a role in plant health and growth and has been considered as a new trend for supporting the growth of many crops in heavy metal occupied areas. Accordingly, this study aimed to utilize PGPR to enhance the resistance of the ginseng plant against Al stress. Methods and Results : The screening of several PGPR isolated from ginseng cultivate soil had been carried out by in vitro and in planta studies to confirm the plant growth promoting traits. Amongst, the strain Rhizobium panacihumi DCY116T was registered as one novel bacteria species and found to have IAA, siderophores production and phosphate solubilization traits, heavy metal resistance activity, and antifungal activity by in vitro test. Furthermore, in the perennial plant ginseng, fifteen minutes dipping of 108 CFU/㎖ DCY116T was enough to prime 1.5-years-old ginseng seedlings against given Al stress. Ginseng seedlings treated with DCY116T showed higher biomass, active compounds (like ginsenoside, proline, total phenolic, sugars) than non-bacterized Al-stressed seedlings. DCY116T treatment induced Al stress related genes, ROS scavenging genes, ABA biosynthesis genes and root hair formation genes which prevent the Al stress. Conclusion : R. panacihumi DCY116T can be used to prime ginseng seedlings and induced its Al resistance. Also, it can promote the root hair formation. Based on these results, strain DCY116T can be as a potential plant growth promoting bacterium used in the future for the cultivation of ginseng or other kind of crop/ plant growth under Al stress.

To develope a microbial weed control agent, HCN-producing bacteria were isolated, and their characteristics were investigated. A selected strain of WA15 was identified as Pseudomonas koreensis by morphological, cultural, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene analyses. The conditions for HCN production was investigated by a One-Variable-at-a-Time (OVT) method. The optimal HCN production conditions were tryptone 1%, glycine 0.06%, NaCl 1% , and an initial pH and temperature of 5.0 and 30℃, respectively. The major component for HCN production was glycine. Under optimal conditions, HCN production was about 3 times higher than that of the basal medium. The WA15 strain had physiological activities, such as indoleacetic acid that was associated with the elongation of plant roots and siderophore and ammonification inhibiting fungal growth, and produced hydrolytic enzymes, such as cellulase, pectinase and lipase. The strain was able to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi, such as Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum, by the synergistic action of volatile HCN and diffusible antimicrobial compounds. A microscopic observation of R. solani that was teated with the WA15 strain showed morphological abnormalities of fungal mycelia, which could explain the role of the antimicrobial metabolites that were produced by the WA15 strain. The volatile HCN produced by the WA15 strain was also found to have insecticidal activity against termites. Our results indicate that Pseudomonas koreensis WA15 can be applied as a microbial agent for weed control and also as a termite repellent. Furthermore, it could be applied as a microbial termiticidal agent to replace synthetic insecticides.

Based on the findings on similarities and differences in the Korean and Vietnamese cultural features, and the social surveys conducted as part of the project ”Compiling, Publishing and Disseminating the Handbook of Korean-Vietnamese Behavior” by South Korean Studies Center, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City (USSH-VNU-HCM) with the support of the Academy of Korean Studies (AKS) from September to October 2016,the paper covers the three points: First, analyzing similarities that create a special interaction effect between the two cultures. They are ones underlying the spectacular development of the Korea-Vietnam relations during the past time. Among them are similarities in the humanity and tolerance with a distinctive feature of “respect for affection”, playing the most important role;second, analyzing cultural collisions caused by distinctive features in the structures of the two countries’ traditional cultures. They include those of the South Korean culture namely strong hiarachy, high respect of routines, and self-esteem of mono-culture and those of the Vietnamese culture namely strongvillage democracy, low respect of formalities, resistance to imposed culture; and simultaneously analyzing the gaps in the modernity of the Vietnamese workers' culture compared to the requirements of modern production in Korean enterprises so as to point out that they are reasons for the increase of conflicts in Korean enterprises’ operation process in Vietnam; and third, suggesting, based on the analysis, some cultural solutions to increase harmony and reduce conflicts, supporting a sustainable development of the Korea-Vietnam cooperation in Korean enterprises in Vietnam.

본 연구는 대학생들을 대상으로 커뮤니케이션 보드 게임을 활용하여 낙관성 증진 효과를 검 증하였다. 기존 연구에서는 낙관성이 자기효능감, 성취감, 성적, 삶의 만족도, 역경 극복 등과 밀 접하게 관련이 있기에 낙관성 증진이 중요함을 강조하였다. 본 연구는 기질과 상관없이 낙관성 도 학습될 수 있다는 Seligman(1990)의 연구를 기반으로, 보다 캐주얼한 환경에서 게임을 활용 하여 낙관성을 증진시킬 수 있는 실용적인 방안에 대해 연구하고자 한다. study1에서는 사전 (t1) 검사 시 낙관주의는 M=–4.7, 그리고 사후(t2) 시기에는 M=12.8점으로 증가하였다 (***p<.001). study2에서는 실험집단(n=21)과 함께 통제집단(n=22)도 설계하였으며, 실험집단은 M=–2.4(t1)에서 M=11.5(t2)로 증가하였으나(***p<.001), 통제집단은 차이가 없었다.

The purpose of this research is to analysis actual condition of promoting complex industrialization and changes after promoting, and then to classify organic farmer using cluster analysis based on delineated organic farmer’s changes factors. This study also aims to investigate differences in socioeconomic characteristics and behavioral intentions among classified groups of organic farmer’s changes. Data were obtained by questionnaire. From the factor analysis, four factors were derived as “Economics”, “Public benefit”, “Environment and philosophical values” and “Establishing management and the regional bedrock”. From the cluster analysis, three cluster were derived as “group that has a positive awareness of promoting complex industry”, “group that has a negative awareness of promoting complex industry” and “unstable management and a regional base”. And the three classifications were significantly different in the satisfaction and behavioral intentions.

건조한 아선약을 80% 메탄올로 침지 추출하여 얻어진 추출물에 대해 Diaion HP-20 수지를 충진제로 사용한 칼럼크로마토그래피를 수해하여 6종의 용리액을 얻었으며, 얻어진 추출물에 대하여 MMP-1 저해 및 type-1 procollagen 합성 촉진 활성을 평가하였다. 먼저 MMP-1 저해활성은 총페놀성 화합물의 함량이 상대적으로 높은 40% 메탄올 용리액에서 IC50값이 15.6±1.3 μg/mL으로 positive control로 녹차의 주름개선 성분인 (-)-EGCG의 IC50값인 38.4±2.3 μg/mL 보다 우수한 활성이었다. 또한 type-1 procollagen 합성 촉진 활성은 총페놀성 화합물 함량이 가장 높은 40% 메탄올 용리액에서 우수한 EC50값이 6.9±0.7 μg/mL을 나타내었으며, 양성대조구인 (-)-EGCG의 효능과 동등한 활성이었다. 본 실험에 사용된 아선약 시료의 경우 다양한 화합물이 공존하는 추출물 및 용리액 상태이며 이들 시료에 우수한 효능의 성분의 존재 및 추출물에 존재하는 화합물의 우수한 상승효과의 가능성을 시사하였다. 향후 각종 칼럼크로마토 그래피를 활용한 이들 주름개선 효능 관련 물질의 분리를 통한 활성물질의 구조 결정 및 활성 기작에 대한 연구를 수행할 예정이며, 본 연구결과는 천연물 유래의 우수한 MMP-1 저해 및 type-1 procollagen 합성 촉진 활성을 가지는 새로운 천연 소재 발굴을 위한 기초자료로 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Background: The light emitting plasma (LEP) has recently attracted attention as a novel artificial light source for plant growth and functional component enhancement. We investigated the effects of LEP on whitening and antioxidant activities of the plant parts of perilla. Methods and Results: Previously germianted seeds of perilla were cultivated under different light conditions (fluoresce lamp, LED red, blue, white, green, and LEP) in a culture room for 2 months. Parts of perilla were harvested and extracted in 70% EtOH. The extracts were used to detect total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), reducing power and tyrosinase inhibition activity as indicators of biological activity. Biological activity was highest in seedlings grown under LEP. The total phenolic content was highest in the stems and the total flavonoid content was highest in the roots of perilla exposed to LEP. The DPPH and ABTS radical activity in all the parts of perilla exposed to LEP were higher by approximately three-fold compared to that in the control (fluoresce lamp). The reducing power values of perilla significantly increased after treatment with LEP. In addition, all the extract of perilla plants exposed to LEP promoted the tyrosinase inhibitory activity. These results suggest that LEP can be an important artificial light source for enhancement of biological activity. Conclusions: LEP could promote whitening and antioxidant activity of perilla.

Drought stress is a major agricultural limitation to crop productivity worldwide, especially by which leafy vegetables, plant leaves eaten as vegetable, could be more lethal. The study was carried out to know the effect of drought tolerance plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) on water stress of kale seedlings. A total of 146 morphologically distinct bacterial colonies were isolated from bulk soil and rhizosphere soil of leafy vegetables and screened for plant growth promoting microbioassay in greenhouse. Out of them the isolate SB19 significantly promoted the growth of kale seedlings in increasement of about 42% of plant height (14.1 ㎝), 148% of leaf area (19.0 ㎠) and 138% of shoot fresh weight (1662.5 ㎎) attained by the bacterially treated plants compared to distilled water treated control (9.9 ㎝, 7.7 ㎠, 698.8 ㎎). Shoot water content of SB19 treated kale seedlings (1393.8 ㎎) was also increased about 152% compared with control (552.5 ㎎). The SB19 isolated from bulk soil of kale plant in Iksan, Korea, was identified as species of Bacillus based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. We evaluated the effect of drought tolerance by the Bacillus sp. SB19 on kale seedlings at 7th and 14th days following the onset of the water stress and watering was only at 7th day in the middle of test. In the survey of 7th and 14th day, there were mitigation effect of drought stress in kale seedlings treated with 106 and 107 cell mL-1 of SB19 compared to distilled water treated control. Especially, there were more effective mitigation of drought damage in kale seedlings treated with 107 cell mL-1 than 106 cell mL-1. Further, although drought injury of bacterially treated kale seedlings were not improved at 14th day compared with 7th day, drought injury of 107 cell mL-1 of SB19 treated kale seedlings were not happen rapidly but developed over a longer period of time than 106 cell mL-1 of SB19 or control. The diffidence of results might be caused by the concentration of bacterial suspension. This study suggests that beneficial plant-microbe interaction could be a important role of enhancement of water availability and also provide a good method for improving quality of leafy vegetables under water stress conditions.

Background : Chrysanthemum indicum L. is used in medicine, for bee, ornamental as multivoltinism plant resources. The purpose of this study was to evaluate methods of rooting promotion to make high quality medicinal plants, thereby increasing farm income. This study investigated the effects of different cuttage period, extraction site, shading degree, nursery tray for promoting cutting slips rooting in Chrysanthemum indicum L. Methods and Results : It is used New variety "Gamkuk 1" that were forstered in Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services. Method of application with cuttage period were conducted under five condition; Around the middle of April, Toward the end of April, Early in May, Around the middle of May, Toward the end of May. Early in May plant length was longer than other cuttage period as 41.2%, 83.7% and are significant at significance level 0.05. Method of application with extraction site were conducted under three condition; 1 - 3 node, 4 - 6 node, 7 - 9 node. Leaf number in 1 - 3 node was more than other extration site as 19.4%, 33.6%. Also root length in 1 - 3 was more than other extration site as 10.5%, 23.2%. Method of application with shading degree were conducted under three condition; 50%, 70%, 90%. Plant length in 50 - 70% was longer than 90% shading degree as 23.8%, 24.2%. Also shading degree 50 - 70% had many root length and root number. Method of application with nursery tray were conducted under five condition; 72, 105, 128, 162, 200 tray. Plant length in 105, 128 tray was longer as 8.5 - 35.3% than other nursery tray and are significant at significance level 0.05. Conclusion : According to the results, Early in May, extraction site 1 - 3 node, shading degree 50 - 70%, nusery tray 105, 128 showed the highest growth on cutting slips root promotion in Chrysanthemum indicum L.

최근 남성성탈모증에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있으며, 이에 천연물 및 그의 활성성분을 활용한 새로운 약물 개발에 대한 연구가 증가하고 있다. 송지(Resina Pini, RP)는 Pinus sp. (Pinaceae)의 수지질로 전통의 학적으로 감염, 우식증, 치주질환에 사용되어왔다. 본 연구진은 RP의 성분인 아비에트산(abietic acid, AA)이 남성성탈모기전에 중요한 효소인 5α-reductase를 억제하는 효과를 세포 수준에서 입증한바 있으며, 이번 연 구에서는 실제로 탈모억제 및 모발 성장에 대하여 실험동물 수준에서 입증하고자 한다. C3H/HeN 탈모마우스 모델에서 RP는 300 mg/kg에서 유의하게 탈모억제를 확인하였으며, 뿐만 아니라 AA는 30 mg/kg에서도 유의 하게 탈모억제효과를 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 RP는 그 활성성분인 AA가 5α-reductase 억제하는 기전을 통해 남성성탈모억제효과를 보였다고 사료되며, 향후 탈모억제 보완치료법으로의 이용 가능성을 보였다.