PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to develop a pavement rehabilitation decision tree considering current pavement condition by evaluating severity and distress types such as roughness, cracking and rutting. METHODS: To improve the proposed overall rehabilitation decision tree, current decision tree from Korea and decision trees from other countries were summarized and investigated. The problem when applying the current rehabilitation method obtained from the decision tree applied in Seoul was further analyzed. It was found that the current decision trees do not consider different distress characteristics such as crack type, road types and functions. Because of this, different distress values for IRI, crack rate and plastic deformation was added to the proposed decision tree to properly recommend appropriate pavement rehabilitation. Utilizing the 2017 Seoul pavement management system data and considering all factors as discussed, the proposed overall decision tree was revised and improved. RESULTS: In this study, the type of crack was included to the decision tree. Meanwhile current design thickness and special asphalt mixture were studied and improved to be applied on different pavement condition. In addition, the improved decision tree was incorporated with the Seoul asphalt overlay design program. In the case of Seoul's rehabilitation budget, rehabilitation budget can be optimized if a 25mm milling and overlay thickness is used. CONCLUSIONS: A practical and theoretical evaluation tool in pavement rehabilitation design was presented and proposed for Seoul City.

미국 출신 힙합 음악가 켄드릭 라마는 앨범 『Good Kid m.A.A.d City』를 통해 다양한 음향 효과를 보여준다. 본 논문에서는 이 앨범에 수록되어 있는‘Sherane a.k.a Master Splinter's Daughter’와 ‘Swimming Pools (Drank)’에서 나타난 다양한 음향효과를 분석하였다. 연구결과 ‘Sherane a.k.a Master Splinter's Daughter’에 사용된 드럼은 플랜저가 적용되어 스네어의 불규칙한 주파수 변화가 나타났으며, 신스패드에 LFO가 적용되어 트레몰로 효과가 나타났다. 또한 선행 연구곡 ‘Swimming Pools (Drank)’에 사용된 드럼은 리버브의 프리 딜레이가 적용되어 스네어에 반사음이 즉각 나타남으로서 16분음표 당김음 리듬이 연출되었다. 본 논문에서 연구된 분석과 방법들은 활용한다면 다양한 효과를 나타내야 하는 힙합 음악의 작업 환경에서 음향을 활용하여 서로 다른 효과를 나타낼 수 있는 결과를 도출할 수 있을 것이다.

One major concern of Seoul City is the premature failure occurrence such as fatigue cracking and rutting in the pavement. Due to the acceleration at intersections and low vehicle speed at bus stops that cause higher shear and critical strain on the pavement. Because of this, there is a need to develop a new mixture that can withstand bus stop and intersection traffic while preventing premature failure. In this study, a high modulus asphalt mixture was adapted and developed to address the cracking and rutting concerns at bus stops and intersections of Seoul City. Indirect tensile (IDT) and beam fatigue testing were conducted to determine the fatigue performance of the high modulus asphalt mixture (HMB). In addition, the behaviour of the HMB considering loading speed and temperature were investigated using the IDT dynamic modulus test. It was found that the HMB performs 3 and 1.5 times better compared to conventional asphalt using IDT and beam fatigue test respectively. Moreover, it was observed that modulus value of HMB is two times better at low frequency (high temperature) compared to conventional asphalt. The dynamic modulus value of the HMB was then used as input for bus stop and intersection scenario analyses. It was found that HMB can reduce the total thickness of the pavement around 4 to 6cm compared to the conventional asphalt. It can be concluded that because of the better fatigue and rutting performance and high modulus value of HMB at low frequency, it can perform better in bus stops and intersections. It is recommended to conduct field construction to further evaluate the performance of HMB asphalt mixtures in the field.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the landscape image of the Seoul City Wall, focusing on the external restoration without paying attention to the landscape. To derive the results, data were collected from a domestic portal site and the original text of documents and used as the basic data for the study. As a result, 21 landscape image keywords related to the “Naksan course” were derived, and the correlation of the extracted keywords was analyzed. First, the landscape image of the Naksan section does not mean the characteristics of the place, but rather how it has been perceived as a physical element of the city for about 600 years. Second, the landscape image of the Naksan section can be divided into positive and negative images according to people’s reasons for visiting. Visitors pursuing a positive physical activity had a positive image, while those pursuing a passive activity had a negative image. Third, there is a need for a variety of landscape elements that can bring out the emotions of the visitors, because landscape images are derived in various ways. In this study, the Naksan section was the sole focus, and landscape image studies of the other sections are still ongoing, so visitors need to understand the landscape image needed for the Seoul City Wall and discuss the direction it should go. In addition, technical studies should be conducted to make up for the limitations of the text mining method used here to derive the results.

도문은 두만강을 사이에 두고 함경북도 온성군 남양시와 마주한 간도의 국경도시이다. 1932년 만주국의 신경과 도문을 연결하는 경도선철도건설공사의 착공과 함께 성장한 도문은 이후 ‘북조선 삼항(청진, 웅기, 나진)’의 배후도시, ‘중계 국경역’으로 발전하였다. 현경준은 일제 강점기 도문에서 활동한 대표적인 조선족 소설가이다. 1937년 일제의 문화동화정책을 피해 만주로 이주한 현경준은 국경도시 도문에 거주하면서 현지에서 생활하는 조선인의 삶과 ‘밀 수’라는 사회문제에 천착하였다. 현경준은 작품을 통해 살아가기 위해 어쩔 수 없이 밀수를 할 수밖에 없었던 현지 조선인들의 삶을 변호하고, 그들을 ‘타락’으로 이끈 일본제국주의의 침탈을 간접적으로 비판하였다. 또한 현경준은 도문역을 통해 북만주로 이주하는 조선인의 모습을 작품 속에 담았다. 그는 국경도시 도문역을 배경으로 일제의 식민정책으로 자기의 고국에서 못살고 타국으로 쫓겨 가는 인민들, 이민자들에게 아무런 도움도 제공하지 않는 이민 보도소 관리, 그들의 배후에서 기생하는 인신매매업자 등의 다양한 군상들을 통해 도문이란 국경도시가 갖는 의미와 함께 일본제국주의의에 대한 비판의식을 드러내었다.

PURPOSES: Owing to the growth of income and socio-economic levels, demands from road users have diversified. Accordingly, new road policies are being actively sought. The metropolitan city government of Busan has been focused on constructing and expanding roads to accommodate the increasing traffic demand. Given the increase in functional characteristics, we need to re-evaluate the hierarchy and function of roads, and specifically remodel the road planning and operations that fit into their functions.METHODS : First, this study focuses on introducing the minimum condition required to redefine the hierarchy of the roads. Second, the authors propose a new model that identifies the impact level of road hierarchy adopting discriminated analysis technique.RESULTS: Authors suggest that we redefine the hierarchy of roads in the central business distinct in Busan, and specifically the arterial roads in Busan, namely, Joonang-daero and Gaya-ro. These roads need to be reequipped with cross walks, a lower speed limit, and exclusive bus lanes to improve their accessibility.CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that the sub-arterial and collector roads have been subjected to excessive loads, owing to inappropriate functions being assigned to the main arterial road. Moreover, given that through traffic is concentrated on the sub-arterial and collector roads, over-speeding and other safety issues are consequently created.

The purpose of this study is to present the basic data of species composition and characteristics of agricultural ecosystem by surveying and analysing the flora distributed in farmland, Daegu Metropolitan City. The numbers of flora were summarized as 207 taxa including 52 families, 157 genera, 188 species, 17 varieties and 2 forms. Among the cultivated plants, Cryptotaenia japonica, Pimpinella brachycarpa, Petasites japonicus and so forth were wild. The naturalized plants were 44 taxa including Fallopia dumetorum, Chenopodium album, Thlaspi arvense, Verbesina alternifolia, Festuca myuros and so forth. Plants that expected to spread nationwide were 11 taxa including Amaranthus patulus, Lepidium virginicum, Xanthium canadense, Bromus unioloides and so forth. The NI and UI were about 21.3% and 13.7%. The invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola. The C4 plant were 21 taxa including Commelina communis, Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Cyperus amruicus and so forth.

With special condition in the geography, maritime industry is improvement rapidly in the planet, which is covered by approximately 360,000,000 km2 of Saline water. Together with the development of this field, freight transportation industry becomes one of the most important service in the world as well as in Hai Phong. Meanwhile the number of company and quality of service increased due to the demanding of citizen, the price for this activities also raised.

The main objective of this study is to analyze the preservation and management for the city wall ruins of China, and to find out the implications. Firstly, Chinese walls have experienced a process from demolition to protection. The walls of the historical value of the site are gradually being certified, and many walls ruins were designated as a conservation unit. Secondly, China’s institutional system is based on the central government issued Cultural Relics Protection Law and combined with the actual situation of local governments to establish a special law. Management System is Cultural Relics Bureau, the planning department, the garden department and the tourism sector joint implementation. Thirdly, through the study of Nanjing, Xian, Pingyao, Suzhou city wall ruins finding that perfect legislation and unified management system to help protect city wall ruins.

This study was conducted on the “traditional area” of Dunsan in Daejeon, and 22 apartment complexes in Doan new city in the “new urban area”. Its goal was to compare and analyze green percentage of each apartment complex’s exterior space. The application examples of the green percentage were examined. Through the advanced research, exterior space types of apartment housing were divided according to chronical change. Five kinds of space (entry space, main pedestrian space, auxiliary pedestrian space, building surroundings space, and playground space) were designated to enable comparison analyses between green-space percentages of the apartment complex in both the Dunsan and Doan areas. Five exterior spaces and 22 apartment complexes in the Dunsan area and in the Doan new urban area were photographed. This study serves as a basic exploratory study to derive the baseline Index of Greenness results of traditional area and new urban area, addressing the lack of such research on the residential facilities. The study also analyzed differences between the two greenness indexes with respect to shape and space. Compared with the average rates of index of greening in traditional areas and new urban areas, Doan (a new urban area) showed an Index of Greenness rate of 34.1%, and Dunsan (a traditional area) showed an Index of Greenness rate of 40.5%, which was 6.4% higher. It is considered that the shape of each green space, the arrangement of various facilities, and the design of the spaces have a great influence on the differences of the Index of Greenness.

PURPOSES :This study was initiated to estimate the utilities of usage attributes of BRT and Bimodal Trams using a conjoint analysis method in order to identify the important features pertaining to the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams.METHODS :For this purpose, important attributes and those level in the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams in the city of Sejong were identified. Next, a profile questionnaire pertaining to BRT and Bimodal Trams was designed for the conjoint analysis, and a survey was conducted in the city of Sejong. Using SPSS software, conjoint analysis was performed to identify the important attributes vis｀-a-vis the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams in the city of Sejong. Finally, the utilities for individual attributes were calculated based on the models estimated by the conjoint analysis.RESULTS :The results of the conjoint analysis were used to identify the important attributes. With regard to the usage of BRT, users indicated that fare was the most important attribute with the highest utility. In the case of Bimodal Trams, the users indicated that the number of seats and internal environment were the most important attributes with the highest utilities.CONCLUSIONS :Based on the results of the conjoint analysis, the important attributes pertaining to the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams in the city of Sejong were identified. Our study indicates that BRT in the city of Sejong needs to be upgraded to improve the utilities of the important attributes. Currently, Bimodal Trams has not been introduced completely in the city of Sejong. However, in the future, when the introduction of Bimodal Trams is completed, the important attributes should be emphasized in order to improve the quality of its service.

본 연구는 의왕시 발달장애안 가족의 생활실태 및 복지욕구 조사 결과를 바탕으로 의왕시 발달장애인 가족 문제를 확인하고, 의왕시 발달장애인 가족지원 정책 및 프로그램 개발과 의왕시 발달장애인 가족에 대한 질 높은 복지서비스를 제공하고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법은 의왕시 발달장애인 가족 157명을 대상으로 생활실태 및 복지욕구를 파악하기 위하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과를 살펴보면, 첫째, 장애인으로 인한 경제적 부담의 정도를 살펴보면, 부담이 되는 편이다가 53.3%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 그 다음으로 매우 부담이 된다 28.3%, 부담되지 않는 편이다 17.1% 등의 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 장애인으로 인한 가족 간 갈등 경험 정도를 살펴보면, 다소 있는 편이다가 53.2%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 그 다음으로 없는 편이다 22.7%, 자주 있는 편이다 16.9% 등의 순으로 나타났다. 셋째, 장애인 출현으로 가족관계 변화를 살펴보면, 부부간, 가족 간 시간을 포기가 29.7%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 그 다음으로 갈등은 사라지고 돌봄, 양육, 보호에 더욱 협조적 17.4%, 가사와 양육문제 등 가족 모두 공동 해결 16.7% 등의 순으로 나타났다. 넷째, 장애인 출현으로 사회생활 변화를 살펴보면, 장애인 가족이라는 이유로 소외감 느끼게 하는 경우가 있음이 42.4%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 그 다음으로 동정어린 눈빛으로 바라보는 경향이 있음 22.2%, 실제 도와주지는 못해도 마음으로 관심을 가져줌 16.0%등의 순으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 발달장애인 가족 지원 서비스 필요도를 살펴보면, 부모 사후 장애자녀를 위한 제도적 지원이 85.5%로 가장 높게 나타났고, 그 다음으로 장애인 성인 이후 제도적 보호 지원 81.0%, 장애인 지역사회 편의시설 지원 79.9%, 재활치료비 지원 79.3%, 장애인 취업 관련 상담 지원 75.9%, 의료비 및 교통비 지원 71.2%, 위탁시설 이용료 지원 70.6% 등의 순으로 나타났다.

City-branding is usually a topic that practitioners, official bodies and academic researchers have approached from the marketing perspective, i.e. the deliberate strategy set to better “sell” a city-location to various stakeholders, from tourists to investors. The idea is to shape the city image which, as any location image, is a multidimensional phenomenon involving cognition and emotions. It has been defined as the aggregate of impressions, expectations and thoughts related to a definite place (Kotler et al., 1999; Ulaga et al. 2002). However, some scholars have found that places are “like a blank canvas upon which a series of representation are layered producing a place that is uniquely identifiable” (Staiff, 2014). Such representations include poetry, painting, film, travel writing, postcards, novels, maps, guide books and advertising. They build some imaginary of the place with physical buildings as metonymic characteristics of it, producing in the end some hyperreal meaning of the city, an iconic one (Ellul, 1988; Staiff, 2014). Therefore, studying the successive ways of staging a city in advertising, one should be able to identify the iconic elements of the city, the overall city-image implicitly built (and congruent categories of products) and in the end the culturally-built current visual imagery of the city, i.e. the one being currently promoted by city-branding marketing strategies. Particularly, fashion advertising is, as a creative industry (Howkins, 2002), part of some cultural-expression and cultural-building processes. Regular reuse of a setting would simultaneously shape the imaginary of this setting, while borrowing some of its features and facets. The setting would thus become quite quickly an iconic representation of itself (Greimas, 1966), ultimately becoming hyperreal. We use Venezia as the field of study. Our objective is to show the hyperreal nature of the current city-image, with the disappearance of distinctions between signified and sign (Baudrillard, 1994), thanks to the successive reproduction of preceding reproductions of reality in fashion ads using Venezia as a setting. To do so, we use semiotics, building some analytic grid. Particularly, we study: the general impression/feelings when observing the ad; denotation; iconic semiotic analysis including gestalt elements; lexicographic analysis of the text present on the ad; enunciation and emitter’s position; whether the ad is opaque or transparent; the connotations that derive from all previous; and the ultimate classification of the ad depending on its ideology (Floch, 1990). The final results will be ready by the time of the conference. Some interesting trends already emerge, for instance the regular empowering nature of the city for human beings represented in the ad, or the transparent nature of the ad. Besides from providing interesting conclusion on Venezia and on fashion advertising systematically using some setting, we believe the added value of the research is also in the methodological approach that could be used by official entities to understand how their city is iconically represented and craft consistent city-branding strategies, esp. when the city has some historical linkage with fashion and luxury history. Similarly, fashion marketers and advertisers would benefit from knowing about the processes behind systematic reuse of a setting with insights for all fashion-related or luxury-related cities (Paris, Milan, Florence, New York, etc.).

내연산일대 산림식생의 생태적 관리를 위한 기초자료 제공을 목적으로 Z.-M.학파의 식물사회학적 방법으로 총 149개의 표본조사구에서 식생조사를 실시하여 식생유형을 구분하고 그 생태적 특성을 파악하였다. 산림식생은 종조성 측면에서 총 10개 유형으로 구분되었고 2개 군락군, 4개 군락, 6개 아군락 그리고 6개 변군락의 단위체계를 가지고 있었다. 상층 우점종에 의한 상관식생은 총 19개 유형으로 구분되었고 이 중 자연식생은 신갈나무군락, 소나무군락, 망개나무군락, 헛개나무군락 등 18개 유형 그리고 인공식생은 일본잎갈나무림 1개 유형이었다. 구성종의 중요치 분석 결과 잠재자연식생 요소인 신갈나무가 다른 구성종에 비하여 대부분의 임분에서 상대적으로 중요치가 높게 나타나 인위적 간섭이 없는 한 일부 입지를 제외하고 대부분 신갈나무군락으로의 변화가 예상되었다. 산림식생의 공간분포 특성을 파악하기 위하여 상층 우점종에 의해 1/5,000 대축척 현존상관식생도를 작성한 결과, 자연식생이 98.2%로 대부분을 차지하고 있었으며, 식생 패치수는 733개 그리고 패치당 평균면적은 3.93ha로 나타났다.

This research focuses on the cadastre and cartographic tradition regarding the representation of Rome that had lasted until the middle of 18th Century. Since the early period of Roman Republic until the early 18th Century, map was considered as a effective medium to record the status of urban facts and also a manifestation of changing perception of reality. These facts allow to diagnose social and conventional changes that had occurred in the field of representation techniques and methodologies derived from diverse intention and objective in elaboration of each map. Cartography also has affinity to architectural drawing as many categories of individuals are involved, clients, researchers, craftsmen, publisher and collectors. Fundamental task of documenting the contemporary physical reality was given to the map, however, as architects had practiced through the drawings, cartographers also reconstruct in subjective way specific buildings and urban aspects according to various needs and demands. As such, philology and imagination play important role as two constitute extreme poles in the evolution of the cadastre. Through analysis of paradigmatic examples in the genealogy of cartography of Rome, it was possible to understand the changing episteme that testify the mentality and custom in the field of visual representation.