본 연구에서 바이오플락 환경에서 적정 밀도 구간 산정을 위한 실험을 진행했으며, 본 실험의 결과 밀도 구간 Group 1 (40마리 m-2)과 Group 2 (60마리 m-2)에서는 수질 안정을 통해 생리적 변화 없이 13주간 실험이 이루어졌지만, 밀도 구간 Group 3 (80마리 m-2)과 Group 4 (100마리 m-2)에서는 아질산염 안정화 실패, 혈액성상 및 혈장성분의 변화를 나타내었다. 물론, 유수를 하지 않는 바이오플락 시스템 특성상 고밀도 구간에 따른 밀도 스트레스뿐만 아 니라, 고밀도 구간의 수질불안정에 따른 높은 암모니아 및 아질산 농도에 따른 영향도 복합적으로 고려해야 할 것이다. 본 실험의 결과 밀도 60마리 m-2까지의 밀도 구간에서 수질안정과 함께 혈액학적 성분의 유의적 변화 없이 100 g 크기의 넙치 사육양성에 적합할 것으로 보인다.

본 연구는 두록종 돼지의 복당 생시체중 형질(복당 생시체중 평균, 복당 생시체중 표준편차)과 산자수 형질(총 산자수, 생존 산자수, 사산두수)의 유전모수를 추정하고 이들 형질간의 상관관계와 개량방안을 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 분석에는 국립축산과학원에서 2006~2016년 사이에 분만한 두록 모돈 1,081복의 자료를 이용하였다. 분석형질은 복당 생시체중 평균(ABW), 복당 생시체중 표준편차(BWSD), 총 산자수 (NB), 생존 산자수(NBA) 및 사산두수(NBD)이다. 유전모수 추정은 다형질 개체모형을 이용하였다. 각 형질에 대한 유전력은 복당 생시체중 평균(ABW), 복당 생시체중 표준편차(BWSD), 총 산자수(NB), 생존 산자수(NBA) 및 사산두수(NBD)에 대해 각각 0.32, 0.13, 0.11, 0.10, 및 0.06으로 추정되었다. 복당 생시체중 평균(ABW)과 복당 생시체중 표준편차(BWSD)는 0.75의 높은 정의 유전상관을 보인 반면 생존 산자수(NBA)와 복당 생시체중 평균(ABW), 복당 생시체중 표준편차(BWSD)간의 유전상관은 각각 –0.26, -0.40로 생존 산자수(NBA)가 증가함에 따라 복당 생시체중 평균과 복내 개체간 체중의 표준편차는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 생존 산자수(NBA)와 사산두수(NBD)간의 유전상관은 0.24로 생존 산자수(NBA)가 증가하면 사산두수(NBD)도 증가하는 유전적 관계를 나타내었다. 한편 복당 생시체중 평균(ABW)과 복당 생시체중 표준편차(BWSD), 사산두수(NBD), 총 산자수(NB)간의 유전상관은 각각 0.75, 0.81과 0.08로 추정되어 복당 생시체중 평균(ABW)이 증가하면 총 산자수(NB)의 큰 변화 없이 복당 생시체중 표준편차(BWSD), 사산두수(NBD)가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과로 미루어 볼 때 유전력이 높은 복당 생시체중 평균(ABW)은 직접선발을 통한 빠른 개량이 가능한 반면 복당 생시체중 표준편차(BWSD), 총 산자수(NB), 생존 산자수(NBA) 및 사산두수(NBD) 형질은 직접선발을 통한 개량 효과가 낮을 것으로 판단된다. 특히 자돈 생시체중의 균일도를 개량하고자 한다면 복당 생시체중 표준 편차(BWSD)에 대한 직접선발 방법과 더불어 복당 생시체중 평균(ABW)을 이용해 간접선발하는 방법 또한 이용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum is a polyphagous, sap-sucking insect pest with a worldwide distribution. We investigated the developmental time and survivorship in nymphs and longevity and fecundity in adults of A. pisum at five different temperatures applying with following two programs, TWOSEX-MSChart and TIMING-MSChart. Regarding to thermal effect on A. pisum, in this presentation, we will discuss about a population projection and following population parameters calculated in this study: adult preoviposition period (APOP), total preoviposition period (TPOP), oviposition days, eggs per reproductive female, first age of survival rate <50%, proportion of male and female individuals, and life table parameters (net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and mean generation time).

The oriental fruit fly is a major polyphagous insect pest with a worldwide distribution. We investigated the development time, survivorship, longevity and fecundity of B. dorsalis at six different temperatures. We applied the computer programs – TWOSEX-MSChart and TIMING-MSChart - to analyze our data. We obtained the population parameters – adult preoviposition period (APOP), total preoviposition period (TPOP), oviposition days, eggs per reproductive female, first age of survival rate <50%, proportion of male and female individuals, propoortion of N-type individual, and life table parameters (net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and mean generation time) - and population projection using two computer programs.

Riptortus pedestris is a polyphagous species and an economically important insect pest of soybean. We investigated the development time, survivorship, longevity and fecundity of R. pedestris at five different temperatures. Life table analysis is the prime tool in population dynamics and pest management. We applied the computer programs – TWOSEX-MSChart and TIMING-MSChart - to analyze our data. We obtained the population parameters – adult preoviposition period (APOP), total preoviposition period (TPOP), oviposition days, eggs per reproductive female, first age of survival rate <50%, proportion of male and female individuals and life table parameters (net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and mean generation time) - and population projection using two computer programs.

Recently, quantitative analyses of food web structure based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes are widely applied to environmental assessments as well as ecological researches of various ecosystems, particularly rivers and streams. In the present study, we analyzed carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of POM (both planktonic and attached forms), zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish collected from 6 sites located at Nakdong River. Samples were collected from upstream areas of 5 weirs (Sangju, Gangjeong- Goryeong, Dalseong, Hapcheon-Changnyeong, and Changnyeong-Haman Weirs) and one downstream area of Hapcheon-Changnyeong Weir in dry season (June) and after rainy season (September). We suggested ranges of their carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios and calculated their trophic levels in the food web to compare their temporal and spatial variations. Trophic levels of organisms were relatively higher in Sangju Weir located at upper part of Nakdong River, and decreased thereafter. However, the trophic levels were recovered at the Changnyeong-Haman Weir, the lowest weir in the river. The trophic level calculated by nitrogen stable isotope ratios showed more reliable ranges when they were calculated based on zooplankton than POM used as baseline. The suggested quantitative ecological information of the majority of biological communities in Nakdong River would be helpful to understand the response of river food web to environmental disturbances and can be applied to various further researches regarding the quantitative approaches for the understanding food web structure and function of river ecosystems as well as restoration.

The algal blooms in stagnant streams and lakes have caused many problems. Excessive algae leads to disturbance of ecosystem and overload of water treatment processes. Therefore, phosphorus(P), source of algal blooms, should be controlled. In this study, a filtration trench has been developed to convert dissolved phosphorus into hydroxyapatite(HAP) so that it could be crystallized on the surface of ‘phosphorus removal granular material’; and residual particulate phosphorus could be removed by additional precipitation and filtration. The front and rear parts of filtration trench consisted of ‘phosphorus removal granular material contact bed’ and ‘limestone filtration bed’, respectively. As a result of the column test using phosphorus removal granular material and limestone serially, PO4-P was removed more than 90% when EBCT(empty bed contact time) of the contact bed was over 20 minutes; and T-P represented 60% of removal efficiency when total EBCT was over 1.5 hours. The results of column tests to figure out the sedimentation characteristics showed that more than 90% of particulate phosphorus could be removed within 24 hours. It was necessary to optimize the filtration part in order to increase removal efficiency of T-P additionally. Also, it was confirmed through the simulation of Visual MINTEQ that most of particulate phosphorus in the column tests is the form of HAP. Based on the results of the study, it could be suggested that the design parameters are over 0.5 hour of EBCT for phosphorus removal granular material contact bed and over 1.5 hours of EBCT for limestone filtration bed.

레이더 빔의 과대굴절현상은 수증기압과 기온의 특정한 연직적 대기 조건 하에 주로 발생한다. 과대굴절에 의해 발생하는 이상전파에코는 레이더 영상에서 강수에코로 자주 오인되기 때문에 자료품질 과정에서 미리 제거될 필요가 있다. 이를 위하여 X밴드 이중편파레이더 관측에서 비기상에코(과대굴절에코와 청천대기에코)와 기상에코의 영역에 있는 이중편파변수(차등반사도, 교차상관계수, 차등위상차) 자료들만을 수집하여, 반사도와 이중편파변수들과의 관계성 및 그룹함수에 대해서 두 에코 유형을 비교하였다. 이들 이중편파변수에 텍스쳐 기법을 적용함으로써 비기상에코를 최대한 제거하는 X-밴드 이중편파레이더용 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 전반적으로 이 알고리즘은 이상전파에코를 비교적 잘 탐지하여 제거하였으며, 또한 전라남도 진도에 위치한 S밴드 단일편파레이더 영상 자료와 비교하여 정성적으로 평가되었다.

In this study, an empirical relationship between the energy band gap of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and synthesis parameters in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor using factorial design of experiment was established. A bimetallic (Fe-Ni) catalyst supported on CaCO3 was synthesized via wet impregnation technique and used for MWCNT growth. The effects of synthesis parameters such as temperature, time, acetylene flow rate, and argon carrier gas flow rate on the MWCNTs energy gap, yield, and aspect ratio were investigated. The as-prepared supported bimetallic catalyst and the MWCNTs were characterized for their morphologies, microstructures, elemental composition, thermal profiles and surface areas by high-resolution scanning electron microscope, high resolution transmission electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermal gravimetry analysis and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. A regression model was developed to establish the relationship between band gap energy, MWCNTs yield and aspect ratio. The results revealed that the optimum conditions to obtain high yield and quality MWCNTs of 159.9% were: temperature (700ºC), time (55 min), argon flow rate (230.37 mL min–1) and acetylene flow rate (150 mL min–1) respectively. The developed regression models demonstrated that the estimated values for the three response variables; energy gap, yield and aspect ratio, were 0.246 eV, 557.64 and 0.82. The regression models showed that the energy band gap, yield, and aspect ratio of the MWCNTs were largely influenced by the synthesis parameters and can be controlled in a CVD reactor.

Background: Leg length discrepancy (LLD) leads to many musculoskeletal disorders and affects daily activities such as walking. In the majority of the population, mild LLD is a common condition. Nevertheless, it is still controversy among researchers and clinicians on the effects of mild LLD during gait, and available studies have largely overlooked this issue. Objects: The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of mild LLD on the gait parameters and trunk acceleration. Methods: A total of 15 female and male participants with no evidence of LLD of >.5 ㎝ participated in the present study. All participants walked under the following two conditions: (1) The non-LLD condition, where the participants walked in shoes of the same heel height; (2) A mild LLD condition induced by wearing a 1.5 ㎝ higher heel on the right shoe. The GAITRite system and tri-axial accelerometer were used to measure gait parameters and trunk acceleration. To compare the variation of each variable, a paired t-test was performed. Results: Compared to the non-LLD condition, step time and swing phase were significantly increased in the mild LLD condition, while stance phase, single support phase, and double support phase significantly decreased in the short limb (p<.05). In the long limb of the mild LLD condition, single support phase significantly increased, while swing phase significantly decreased (p<.05). Furthermore, significant decrease in the gait velocity and cadence in the mild LLD condition were observed (p<.05). In the comparison between both limbs in the mild LLD condition, the step time and swing phase of the short limb significantly increased compared with the long limb, while step length, stance phase, and single support phase of the long limb significantly increased compared with the short limb (p<.05). Additionally, trunk acceleration of all directions (anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, vertical) significantly increased in the mild LLD condition (p<.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that mild LLD causes altered and asymmetrical gait patterns and affects the trunk, resulting in inefficient gait. Therefore, mild LLD should not be overlooked and requires adequate treatment.

Water quality improvement processes for stagnant area consist mainly of technologies applying vegetation and artificial water circulation, and these existing technologies have some limits to handle pollution loads effectively. To improve the purification efficiency, eco-friendly technologies should be developed that can reinforce self-purification functions. In this study, a multi-functional floating island combined with physical · chemical · biological functions (① flotation and oxidization using microbubbles, ② vegetation purification and ③ bio-filtration with improved adsorption capacity) has been developed and basic experiments were performed to determine the optimal combination conditions for each unit process. It has been shown that it is desirable to operate the microbubble unit process under conditions greater than 3.5 kgf/cm2. In vegetation purification unit process, Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus) was suggested to be suitable considering water quality, landscape improvement and maintenance. When granular red-mud was applied to the bio-filtration unit process, it was found that T-P removal efficiency was good and its value was also stable for various linear velocity conditions. The appropriate thickness of filter media was suggested between 30 and 45 cm. In this study, the optimal design and operating parameters of the multi-functional floating island have been presented based on the results of the basic experiments of each unit process.

본 연구는 한우 번식우에 있어서 영양대사물질 분석을 통하여 영양수준을 구명하여 번식우의 수태율 개선을 위한 기초 자료로 활용하기 위해서 실시하였다. 번식우의 정확한 영양수준 분석을 위해서 사료급여량을 80%, 100%, 120%로 구분하여 사양관리를 실시한 결과 Cholesterol과 BUN 농도가 120% 급여구에서 유의적으로 높은 결과를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 방목우 중에서 임신우와 비임신우의 영양대사물질 수준 분석 결과, Cholesterol, AST, NEFA 농도가 임신우에 비해 비임신우에서 유의적으로 높은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 이와 같이 임신과 관련한 영양수준 분석에 Cholesterol, AST, NEFA 의 3가지 항목을 설정하는 것이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 방목과 사사 사육에 대한 결과 분석에서 Glucose 농도는 방목우 84.8, 비방목우 56.0 mg/dl 으로서 방목우에서 유의적으로 높은 결과를 보였고(p<0.05), Cholesterol 수준은 방목우에서 142.5 mg/dl로서 사사 사육 128.9 mg/dl 보다 유의적으로 높았으며(p<0.05), ALT(34.4 vs 27.1 IU/l)와 NEFA 농도(317.8 vs 160.2 ЧEq/l) 역시 방목우에서 유의적으로 높은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 결론적으로, 암소에 사료 급여시 Cholesterol, ALT, NEFA 수준을 낮출 수 있도록 하는 것이 한우 암소의 수태율을 높일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

아카시아진딧물은 다양한 기주식물을 먹이로 하는 곤충으로 전 세계적으로 분포하고 있다. 본 연구는 아카시아진딧물 약충의 발육기간, 무시성충의 수명과 번식능력을 조사하기 위하여 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 32.5℃ 정온조건에서 실험을 실시하였다. 조사된 모든 항온조건에서 아카시아진딧물은 성공적으로 성충으로 발육하였고 발육율은 온도가 상승할수록 증가하였다. 아카시아진딧물 약충시기별 발육영점온도와 유효적산일은 선형회귀분석 방법을 이용하여 계산하였다. SSI모델을 이용하여 발육최저, 최고한계를 추정하였다. 아카시아진딧물 전체약충기간의 발육영점온도와 유효적산일은 각각 5.3℃과 128.4DD였다. SSI모델을 이용한 아카시아진딧물의 발육최저, 최고온도는 17.0℃ 과 34.6℃였으며 이들간의 차이는 17.5℃였다. 전체약충기간의 발육완료분포모형은 3-매개변수 Weibull함수를 이용하여 나타내었다. 온도와 관련된 아카시아진딧물의 생물적 특성을 생명표분석을 통해 나타내었다. 내적자연증가율은 25℃에서, 개체군순증가율은 20℃에서 가장 높았다. 다른 지역에 서식하는 아카시아진딧물의 생물적 특성을 비교 분석하였다.

본 연구는 자원봉사활동 특성 및 만족도, 자아통합 및 성공적 노화 구성요인을 알아보고, 자원봉사활동 특성 및 만족도가 자아통합을 매개효과로 노인의 성공적 노화에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 궁극적인 목표는 고령자를 위한 삶의 질을 향상 시키고 성공적 노화를 제안하는 것이다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 자원 봉사 활동에 관한 문헌을 통해 설문지를 작성 하였다. 경기도 및 서울 일부 지역노인 들을 대상으로 총389 부의 설문조사를 실시하였고, 성공적 노화에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 자원봉사활동에 만족하고 있는 노인들의 자아통합이 성공적 노화에 영향을 주는 변수임이 밝혀졌고 노년기 성공적 노화에 미치는 영향 을 주는 유의미(+)한 결과로 나타났다. 연구 결과를 토대로 정책적 제안을 제시하면 첫째, 자원봉사 분야에서 노인들의 전문 봉사활동 기회 개발이 필요하다. 둘째, 노인 자원봉사활동의 경제적 지원체계를 강화하고, 중앙 및 지방 정부의 재원 확보가 필요하다. 셋째, 지속적인 자원봉사를 위해 체계적인 노인 건강관리 시스템이 필요하다. 넷째, 성공적인 노화를 측정하고 평가할 수 있는 구체적인 측정 도구의 개발이 필요하다.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of trisaccharides supplementation in glycerol-free tris (GFT) for the cryopreservation of dog spermatozoa. In the first experiment (E1), dog spermatozoa were resuspended with 50, 75, 100 or 125 mM of raffinose, melezitose or maltotriose and cooled at 4 ℃ for 10 min. To determine the effect of different cooling time, the spermatozoa resuspended with 100 mM of raffinose, melezitose or maltotriose were cooled during 10, 20, 30 or 40 min at 4 ℃ (second experiment; E2). The straws were then aligned horizontally for 10 min on the rack and then plunged into LN2. In the third experiment (E3), to determine the effect of different vapor freezing time, the spermatozoa resuspended with 100 mM raffinose were cooled at 4 ℃ for 20 min and frozen in LN2 for 5, 10, 15 or 20 min and then plunged into LN2. In the fourth experiment (E4), to compare different freezing methods [cooling plus vapor freezing (CV), cooling plus step-down freezing (CS) and direct step-down freezing (SD)], the spermatozoa resuspended with 100 mM raffinose were cooled for 20 min and frozen in LN2 vapor for 5 min in case of CV method. In case of CS method, spermatozoa were cooled for 20 min at 4℃ and then frozen by the step-down freezing method. The straws were then aligned horizontally at 18, 15, 5, and 2 cm respectively from the surface of LN2 for 1, 1, 1.4, and 5 min, respectively in an L shaped straw holder and then plunged into LN2. For SD method, the straws were directly aligned horizontally at the same levels as CS from the surface of LN2 for 1, 1, 1.9, and 5 min, respectively and then plunged into LN2. After thawing at 37℃ for 25 sec, the spermatozoa were then incubated for 30 min in the freezing extender (E1) or in the 50 mM sucrose supplemented GFT (E2, E3, and E4) at 24℃. Following post-thaw incubation, sperm progressive motility and viability were assessed in E1, E2, E3, and E4. In addition, acrosome integrity, and gene expression related to apoptosis (BAX, BCL2, and Caspase10) and sperm motility (SMCP) were evaluated in E4. The results demonstrated that, in E1, using 75 mM trisaccharides resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher sperm motility in all sugar groups. Using 100 mM melezitose significantly (p<0.05) improved the post-thaw viability than the 100 mM raffinose. The viability in 100 mM maltotriose was similar with 100 mM raffinose and melezitose group. In E2, the different cooling time has no significant effect on post-thaw sperm progressive motility in all the sugar types. In addition, the viability was variable among the different groups. In E3, liquid nitrogen vapor freezing for 5 min resulted in improved motility and viability. The sperm progressive motility was significantly (p<0.05) higher in CV and SD group compared to CS group and the sperm viability was significantly (p<0.05) higher in CV group compared to the other groups in E4. However, the acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa in the group CV was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the group CS and SD. In addition, the expression of SMCP gene was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the CV group than the CS group. In contrast, the expression of Caspase10 significantly (p<0.05) lower in the group CV and SD than the group CS. Furthermore, the ratio of gene expression of BAX and BCL2 was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the group CV than the group CS. Therefore, cryopreservation of dog spermatozoa in 100 mM of raffinose supplemented GFT cooled for 20 min and vapor freezing for 5 min provides better progressive sperm motility, viability, and acrosome integrity with higher expression of SMCP gene and lower expression of caspase10 and BAX/BCL2 ratio following post-thaw incubation in 50 mM sucrose supplemented GFT for 30 min at 24℃.