본 연구에서는 일명‘자살 홈페이지 사건’의 대법원 판결이 제시한 ISP 법적 책임의 기준이 매체의 현실을 반영하고 있는지, ISP가 행동 가이드라인으로 삼을 수 있을 만큼 구체적인 기준을 제시하는 것인지를 살펴보았다. 대법원 판결의 다수의견에 의하면 1) 게시글의 불법성이 명백하고, 2) 사업자가 인식하였다고 볼 수 있고, 3) 기술적, 경제적으로 게시물에 대한 관리∙통제가 가능한 경우에는 ISP에게 그 게시물을 삭제하고 향후 같은 인터넷 공간에 유사한 내용의 게시물이 게시되지 않도록 차단할 주의의무가 있다. 이 때 사업자가 인식하였다고 볼 수 있는 근거로서는 1) 피해자로부터 구체적∙개별적 게시물 삭제 및 차단 요구를 받은 경우, 2) 직접적인 요구를 받지 않은 경우라 하더라도 게시물이 게시된 사정을 구체적으로 인식하고 있었던 경우, 3) 직접적인 요구를 받지 않은 경우라 하더라도 게시물의 존재를 인식할 수 있었음이 외관상 명백히 드러나는 경우를 들었다. 이러한 기준을 매체 관련 현실에 비추어 본다면, 게시글의 불법성의 명백함을 사업자가 판단하기에는 어려움이 있고, 사업자에게 관리감독의 의무를 적극적으로 부과하려는 현 입법 상황에 비추어 볼 때 사업자가 인식할 수 있었음이 외관상 명백한 경우가 아닌 경우를 상정하기가 점점 더 어려워지며, 게시물에 대한 관리∙통제가 기술적, 경제적으로 가능한 경우를 ISP의 게시글 삭제 노력 등에 근거하여 결과론적으로 해석하였다는 점에서, 비현실적인 측면이 크다. 이렇게 논리적으로는 진일보하였으나 현실적으로는 ISP들에게 구체적인 행동 지침이 되기에 한계가 있는 대법원 판결의 기준은 결국 ISP들로 하여금 보다 적극적인 모니터링 및 게시글 삭제∙임시조치 등을 행하게 만들 가능성이 있고 이로 인한 표현의 자유 및 이용자의 권리 침해 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 더욱 문제가 되는 것은 정보통신망법 조항에 의해 ISP들은 사전 모니터링을 해야만 면책이 될 수 있고, 법원 역시 컨텐츠 모니터링과 금칙어의 설정 등 적극적인 편집권 행사를 격려하는 입장에 있다는 점이다. 한편으로는 편집권을 행사해야 면책이 되거나 주의의무를 위반하지 않은 것이 되고, 다른 한편으로는 바로 그 편집권을 행사하기 때문에 책임을 지게 된다는 것은 모순적인 일이다. 그러므로 대법원 판결의 기준을 향후 좀 더 정밀하게 다듬어 현실적인 맥락에 맞게 발전시킬 필요가 있을 뿐 아니라, ISP의 항시적 사전 모니터링 의무를 면제하는 방향으로 입법이 이루어져야만 ISP의 구체적인 행동에 기반한 책임 기준을 제시하는 것이 가능해질 것이다.

This paper intends to examine the significance of the “Minjoong Misool(People's art)” of the 1980s emerged in Korea in its social, cultural, and art historical context. This paper also aims to provide an analysis of the meaning and form of the individual artist's works, which have been overlooked under the dominant discourse that has emphasized their political role as a collective group. In particular, this paper scrutinizes the work of “Critical Realists” by examining the way in which they perceived Korean society in the early 1980s and visualized their experiences of the period. The figurative art newly emerged in the early 1980s challenged the formalist Modernism, which was adopted into Korea and translated into monochrome paintings and the work of the conversative academicism of the 1970s. The figurative art encouraged a social communication and moreover it intended to criticize the conflicts in the political, economical, and social domains in Korea. The targets of its critique include the unavoidable results of the unprecedented development of economy, various social phenomena of the post-industrial society, and the growth of the commercialized kitsch culture. Along with Shin, Hak-chul's work that incorporates collage technique since the 1980s, the work of some members of “Reality and Utterance” and “Im- sul-nyun” exemplify their critical interests in disclosing the false dream of wealth and happiness by both referring to and drawing on the utopian fantasy manipulated and distributed by mass media and commercial advertisements. This paper pays particular attention to Nouvelle Figuration emerged in France and Europe during the 1960s, which is comparable to the new figurative art emerged in Korea during the 1980s. Nouvelle Figuration criticized the autonomy in art isolated itself from political and social reality after WWII, in particular the indifference of Informel and abstract art as well as American abstract art. Moreover it became rather politicized around May of 1968. Given that French Nouvelle Figuration was introduced in Korea in 1982 and made a significant contribution to the formation of figurative art in Korea, it should be noted that the new figurative art emerged in the 1980s in Korea cannot be categorized merely in relation to People's Art. This paper intends to critically redress the notion that People's art was formed in the particular political, economical, and cultural context of Korea independent of the contemporary artistic practices outside Korea. It will provide a critical examination and analysis of the content and form of the new figurative art, from which People's Art was germinated, in the global context.

The present paper is intended to analyse the body-narratives in the contemporary Chinese literature under the viewpoint of subjectivist-body-esthetics. The basic ideas of subjectivist-body-esthetics are: man is body, body is subject, aesthetic activities is the praxis of the body-subject. From the viewpoint of subjectivist-body-esthetics, the main weakness of body narratives in the contemporary Chinese literature is that it merely presents the objectivity of body. In 1949-1976's, the grand revolutionary narratives defines the body as the tools which must servers for the ultimate goal of communism project. After 1976, the reforming and opening-up policy makes a Comparatively free atmosphere in which writers are allowed to show the beauty and desires of body. Some writers, such as Chang Xian Kiang, began to regard the body as the self-decisive subject. But the body narratives after 1990's does not develop this clues. From 1990's, Chinese body narratives differentiates itself into two trends: (1)highlights the spiritual subjectivity, insists that the body is only the impermanent house of the soul-subject; (2)reduces the body to the corporal being without head, displays the desire of the body unilaterally. Both of them deny the subjectivity of body and does't reveal the status ,meaning, dignity of body-subject. So, the authentic subjectivist-body- narratives is still unborn in China.

Recently the Korean government has promoted, as part of a national plan for facilitating English education, the introduction of English immersion programs into public secondary schools in Korea. English immersion programs have been installed in many elementary schools in Canada and the U.S. as a practice of bilingual education, especially to help students in the linguistic minority. The government has also emphasized that the program will be further utilized for teaching general subjects in addition to English, and that it will be installed in the elementary schools as soon as possible. This paper critically reviews the suitability and validity of the English immersion program for Korean public schools from the socio-cultural, politico-economical, and language educational perspectives. Before doing that, this paper discusses: i) the origin and the objects of the immersion program, ii) the English immersion program implemented in the U.S., and iii) the difference between the features of English Immersion programs in the U.S. and those that have been introduced to Korea. Based on these discussions, this paper argues that the English immersion program is not an optimal, nor a suitable program for English education in Korean public schools. This paper suggests some ideasfor planning foreign language education policy in the future.

Humans are well-known for being adept at using intuition and expertise in many situations. However, human experts are still susceptible to errors in judgment or execution, and failure to recognize the limits of knowledge. This would happen especially in semi-structured situations, in multi-disciplinary settings, under time or other stress, under uncertainty, or when knowledge is outdated Human errors are caused by cognitive biases, attentional slips/memory lapses, cultural motivations, and missing knowledge. The purpose of this research is to study errors of human experts committed in judgment and the general idea of critiquing systems as corresponding plan. Compared to expert systems, critiquing systems are narrowly focused programs useful in limited situations for collaborating with and supporting experts in their task activities. It supports an expert by detecting the human's errors by deploying various strategies that stimulate humans to improve their performance. A variety of types of critiquing systems has spread through numerous application areas.

商標法과 􂸝正競爭防止法은 상표보호요건으로 識別力을 요구하고 그 보호범위도 識別力의 범위와 비례한다. 그 중요성에도 불구하고 국내 판례를 보면 식별력의 개념과 그 判斷基準은 아직 명확하게 정리되지 못한 것으로 보인다. 특히, 식별력 여부의 문제는 상표 그 자체의 관념뿐만 아니라 지정상품이나 서비스와의 관계 그리고 수요자의 인식과 거래계의 수요를 종합적으로 고려해서 면밀한 분석과 진지한 고민을 해야한다. 그런데“, 우리은행”에 관한 특허법원의 판결을 보면, 피상적으로는 거래계와 수요자의 인식을 기준으로 전체적 관찰을 한다고 하면서도 실제로는 문제된 등록서비스표의 문자와 도형을 관념적이고 분석적으로 파악함으로써 현실의 수요자 인식과는 거리가 있는 판단에 도달한 것으로 보인다. 표장의 식별력을 판단할 때, 표장 자체의 관념에 비중을 많이 둔 소위“觀念的識別力의 强弱(Conceptual Strength)”에만 매달릴 것이 아니라, 수요자와 거래계의 인식에 의해서 형성된 소위 “商業的識別力의 强弱(Commercial Strength)”도 충분히 고려되어서 판단되어야 한다. 외국의 경험을 보면, 경제발전과 시장성숙에 따라서 수요자의 출처혼동방지가 중요해지고 식별력의 기준이 낮아지는 경향을 발견할 수 있다. 이제 대법원은 식별력의 개념에 관해서 보다 선진화된 기준을 확립해가면서 하급심판결을 리뷰해볼 때가 되었다.

The Korean Penal Execution Act has been revised several times for the purpose of strengthening the ability of adaptation to a society for prisoners. This article has reviewed major issues of the draft for revision and analyzed the propriety of the issues. The paper addresses the issues in sequence of the draft for revision and they are as follows: First of all, it explores an extension of human rights for prisoners, such as the issues of security level of correctional facilities, construction criteria of correctional facilities, duties of the head of prison, freedom of religion in prison, freedom of writing, kinds of protective equipments, kinds of punishments, consideration of minority and the social weak, declaration of presumption of innocence of the convicted, and the principle of sole internment for a person who is sentenced to death etc. In particular, the government has to provide adequate medical facilities for a prisoner's needs Moreover, prison officials may be obligated to provide continuing medical treatment to newly released prisoners until the prisoners are able to obtain medical care on their own. In sum, prison officials should not interfere with a prisoner's exercise of fundamental rights of constitution unless the interference is reasonably related to a legitimate penal interest, nor may prison officials retaliate against a prisoner for exercising such rights. Second, it discusses the issue of extension of external communications and reinforcement of the ability of adaptation to a society. For example, the right of access, the right of use of mails, and telephone communication etc. Third, it deals also with reinforcement of the capacity for administration of internment, such as a legal basis of electronic surveillance system. Lastly, it examines the ways enhancing the efficiency and transparency of correction administration, such as mandatory institutionalization of the corrections committee for consultation, introduction of authority for the delivery of personal belongings, and legalization of interview system with the head of prison and so on.

The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 14(2). Since the IMF crisis devastated Korea, the tide of globalization has changed every aspect of Korean society. This overwhelming trend of ‘globalization' has been affecting the educational sector, especially in terms of the 'English-learning boom' in Korea. This phenomenon has been criticized by educators because the excessive and reckless expenditure on ‘English-learning' in the private sector has been yielding far-reaching and undesirable effects on society. This paper aims at focusing on the issue of the ‘English-learning boom' of Korea, by analyzing it in terms of a critical discourse analysis. It takes the perspective of post-colonial discourse analysis by criticizing neo-liberalism and social-Darwinism, which are whimpering around Korea with the ideology of globalization. To do so, this paper takes two examples of the ‘English-learning' fever in Korean society: the boom of ‘English village' construction and the anxiety over ‘early exposure to English'. Regarding these two examples, this paper attempts to analyze them in the lens of ‘social symbolization of discourse,' which could explicate the trajectory of how social discourses are idealized, symbolized, represented, and reproduced. This paper argues that the ‘English-learning boom' of Korea is a product of complicated construction of social discourse, which is strongly influenced by the neoliberal ideology of linguistic and cultural imperialism.

Colin Rowe's 'Transparency' is one of core ideas applied to 20th Modern Architecture. It implies not only an optical characteristic, the perfectly clear, but also a broader spacial order, a simultaneous perception of different spacial locations. The former connected with physical attribute itself, and the latter deeply with the metaphorical idea of time, 'Simultaneity', embodying a new spacial quality. However, If we analyze the meaning of "Simultaneity" implicated in "Transparency" with the perspective of Henry Bergson's "Duration", there would be only little possibility as a solution to the problem of embodying a new spacial quality in architecture. As such a question emerging, this paper attempts to point out the problem of Colin Rowe's idea, "Simultaneity", and suggest a new architectural design method to overcome its inconsistency by interpretation and application of Bergson's "Image and Rhythm".

최근 우리나라에서 청소년범죄에 대한 대책의 하나로서 청소년범죄자의 부모에게 부모교육프로그램을 제공할 필요성에 대한 인식이 확산되고 있으며, 더 나아가 이를 법제화하여 1호처분이나 보호관찰처분 대상자의 부모에게 교육프로그램에의 참여를 강제적인 명령 혹은 의무로 부과함으로써 저조한 프로그램 참여율을 높이고, 프로그램 운용의 효과를 높여야 한다는 요구가 증가하고 있다. 이러한 시점에서 본 연구는 우리나라의 부모교육명령제도의 모델사례로서 지적되고 있는 영국의 부모교육명령제도의 도입배경, 구체적인 내용, 실시현황, 관련 쟁점, 효과 등을 자세히 소개하고 있다. 그리고 더 나아가서 위와 같은 작업을 통해서 우리가 도입하고자 하는 제도가 어떤 맥락에서 시행되었으며, 실제로는 어떻게 운용되고, 어떤 효과를 낳는가를 비판적으로 검토해봄으로서 우리나라의 도입타당성여부를 판단해 보고 있다.

Cross-Over as an aesthetic phenomenon is closely associated with postmodernism. So we have to return once again to the relation between modernism and postmodernism. Postmodemism especially relating to cross-over is defined as anti-modernism. Postmodernism as antimodemism considers modernism as too intelligent, difficult, elitisic art. Moreover modernism is no longer an actual artistic theory but just a past theory. Elitism of modernism is replaced by populism of postmodemism. Especially after 1980's, Crossover, characteristic of postmodernism as being oriented towards popular culture has been seen in every apect of life. For example, crossover between high culture and popular culture, between history and fiction, even between image and reality. Postmodemism is a principal logic in society where every hierarchy is demolished and an aesthetic version of democracy, pluralism and relativism. In this essay, Postmodernsim relating to crossover is regarde and interpreted as an American cultural theory. So it is a very serious problem that Postmodemism as a national and local theory is accepted as if it is a global cultural theory. The call for modernism in the middle of 19th century was in connection with the question of the status of art in the capitalism. In the capitalist society where every human action and meaning was reduced to money, modernism chose to isolate itself from contemporary society and dedicated itself to art. It limited its main question to the artistic experiment. The Art Cult of Modernism was a resistent activity of modem artists against their society. In that process, art inevitably became esoteric, ambiguous and difficult. Because of its difficulty, thus, Modernism is accessible only to a few spectators. In that situation, numerous constructions of museums and concert halls for industrial and financial aim made Modernism much expensive commodity. The others of Modernism, for example, female artists, homosexual artists and artists of colored races criticized occidental, white, male centrality of Modernism. They argued Modernism is not a universal but only a local aesthetic theory. Postmodemism as one of the others of Modernism appears in criticizing those negative aspects of Modernism. It is argued that Postmodemism is not only a new cultural and aesthetic logic but also a new historical theory. But the reason why this essay interprets postmodernism as an American theory or a kind of americanism lies in the fact that the program of postmodernism itself is solely American. In America as multicultural nation, there can be various heterogeneous cultures, and even they can coexist peacefully. America has no dominant high culture handed down fiom old times. American culture is represented as popular culture. So Postmodernism as affirming lightness, joke, style and appearance instead of heaviness, reality and meaning can be propagated in America. It is natural that Postmodemism is an American theory. But it is not a local theory. Postmodemism as Americanism or cultural imperialism wants to homogenize cultures of entire world and at last dominate that world mentally. Postmodernism is cultural logic of political dominance of all the world by America. In conclusion, we must call crossover in question instead of treating it solely as an aesthetic phenomenon.

When examining existing theories of crime, we are led to an agreement that crime is eventually private as well as public evil. However this conclusion may neglect a possibility that whoever lives his life as a good citizen under the constraint of law in a nation-state may someday find himself to be a criminal. Crime is not just a problem caused by a special kind of man. Even if we can tell criminal activities as delinquent, it is not unreasonable that they are not abnormal. Based on the assumption that a few special persons commit crimes, so far most literatures on crime tend to concentrate on either some properties of criminals or the relation between environmental and human factors. Circumscribed by its narrow presupposition, criminology cannot but provide the crippled power of explanation over the ocean of criminal cases in reality. If we admit crime is a normal phenomenon of everyday social routine, it may be more profitable for the future studies of correction to focus on the question of how to defend our society from criminal delinquencies in practice than to make efforts in making conflictive arguments in theory. Also how to rehabilitate criminal victims who have been excluded from the process of criminal justice should be stressed as a main theme in light of criminal policies. In consideration of these problematics, this study tries to show the future direction of correction policies. Chapter 2 explains the existing theories and groups them into two families according to their analytic dimensions. Classifying the theories of innate or inherent criminality as of 'personal level causes,' I call the theories of socio-environmental factors as of 'social level causes.' In chapter 3, I examine both the existing theories on crime and some problems in the current corrective system with a critical viewpoint. In chapter 4, I want to present a few alternatives for the future direction of correction. These alternatives include the cooperation and coordination between criminal justice agencies, reparation for criminal victims, and the introduction of private jails or penitentiaries. In this article, I argue we should concentrate our attention rather on correcting offenders individually by changing their relations with structural factors than on searching for the more evident causes of crime. In terms of improvement I also propose some measures such as the introduction of governmental indemnification for the whole society as well as individuals directly victimized by crimes and the prisoners' reimbursement system for their own penitentiary costs. We are so deeply accustomed to the rational and mechanical type of assumption that we cannot be readily accept the critical review developed in this study. However we explore the causes of crime to improve our society in practice. If we accept this ultimate purpose of criminological studies, it cannot be denied the importance of practical efforts to enhance the efficiency of corrective policies as well as to realize common good for all the people pertinent to the social phenomena of crime including offenders as the objects of correction, victims, law enforcing agencies and even tax payers who want social security.

Whether a ship is sub-standard or not shall be finally decided by the minimum standards laid down in international conventions or national standards having the same effects. The flag State is primarily responsible for implementing these standards as far as its own ships are concerned. And the port State shall, in the exercise of its rights under international law, take appropriate measures (including detention of ships identified as sub-standard), which are regarded as port State's supplementary role aiming at implementing these standards. The international standards are implemented by the regional co-operation in the form of the MOU(Memorandum of Understanding) on Port State Control in the Asia-Pacific Region on the ground that the PSC enforcement of only one country does not enable the eradication of sub-standard ships. Recently, EQUASIS which is an international database covering the whole world fleet change the regionalism of PSC into the globalization of PSC. However, there are many problems in Tokyo MOV and Korean PSC regime. In order to ensure the implementation of the standards laid down in international conventions and Tokyo MOU, the Korean and other country in Asia-Pacific shall settle the alienation from the actuality of the law, namely the problem of maritime administrative structure of non unifying PSC affairs.

예이츠, 엘리오트, 조이스등 모더니즘 문학작품 속에서 독자는 서구문명을 비판하는 목소리를 들을 수 있다. 모더니즘 문학은 르네상스 이후 4세기를 주도하면서 이루어낸 영국적 실용가치관이 주도한 현대문명을 비판한다. 가까이는 영국빅토리아 시대의 극단적인 형태의 정치, 경제, 도덕, 문화에 대한 공격인 것이다. 즉, 정치에 있어서는 제국주의, 경제에 있어서는 자본주의, 도덕과 문화에 있어서는 속물주의, 종교에 있어서는 기독교에 대한 반성과 해부를 그 특징으로 한다. 무엇보다 예술이 도덕, 정치, 종교의 시녀의 역할에서 벗어나 예술자체로 독립할 것을 주장한다. 따라서 예술은 그 실용성보다는 미 자체로 다시 태어날 것을 주장하고 있다. 예이츠의 부르주아 문명에 대한 비판은 그의 영적이고 시골적인 것을 찬미하는 기질과 그의 18세기 앵글로 아이리쉬 문화에 대한 애착 그리고 순진하고 신선한 원시성을 지닌 아일랜드 풍물에 대한 매튜 아놀드 같은 이의 찬미에 힘입어 주로 실용적 가치관으로 무장한 아일랜드 중산 계급의 심미적인 결핍을 공격하는 양상을 띤다. 한편, “재림”이라는 시에서는 서구문명의 해체까지를 예언하며, 또 한편으로 “비잔틴으로의 항해”에서는 예술에 의해서만 지배되는 세계를 그려낸다. 그의 문명비판의 특징을 좀 더 확실히 규명하기 위해, 서구 문명을 소유와 지배로 규정한 아도르노와 비교해 본 결과, 예이츠가 부르주아의 소유욕을 비판할 지라도 아도르노처럼, 서구 문명에 내재된 착취, 지배라는 사회학적 억압기재를 찾아내지 못했다. 돈과 실용적 가치관으로 무장한 자본주의에 심취한 부르주아는 죽음을 미적으로 승화시킬 능력이 없고 성적에너지를 자연스럽게 구가할 수 없었으므로 그의 공격 대상이 되었을 뿐이었다. 다시 말하면 예이츠는 아도르노처럼, 문명을 지배와 억압이라는 사회학적인 차원으로 비판하기보다는 시적 가치와 미적인 삶을 충실히 구가할 수 없게 하는 파괴자로 인식한 것이다. 그런데 예이츠가 지배의 구조를 서구 문명 안에서 찾아내지 못한 것과 달리 그는 예술로만 지배되는 이상적 국가를 제시한 점은 그 역시 부르주아로서의 지배 욕구를 나타낸 것으로 볼 수 있다. 다시 말하면 예이츠는 문명의 속성인 지배를 향유한 계급으로서 지배와 착취의 현장을 외면했으며 피지배자들을 동정하기보다 그들의 미적인 결핍을 지적했다. 특히 그가 예술로만 지배되는 파시즘적인 미학을 가진 것에서 그의 부르주아로서의 지배이데올로기는 살아있다고 말 할 수밖에 없다. 예이츠와 대다수 아일랜드인의 공동 목표는 아일랜드적 문화를 만들려는 데서는 공통점을 보일지라도 정치와 경제적 독립을 이루는 면에 있어, 서로의 감각은 매우 큰 차이를 드러냈다고 평가된다. 그 당시 대다수의 아일랜드인들이 예이츠의 문학을 “노예의 깨어진 거울”로 평가 절하시킨 것이라든지 아일랜드 내에서 예이츠 미학에 대해 별로 호응이 없었던 것도 예이츠가 자신의 시에서 착취당하는 자와 착취의 현장을 외면한 것과 어느 정도 관련이 있다. 즉, 정치와 경제, 사회계급에 민감했던 아일랜드 중산계층은 예이츠의 예술 지상국 창조를 하나의 환상으로 보았을 가능성과 자신들에 대한 예이츠의 공격을 새롭게 도전하는 노예에 대한 상전의 방어로 보았을 가능성을 열어놓는다.