The purpose of this study is to quantitatively analyze the effects of a restoration project on the decrease in the temperature in the surrounding areas. The thermal environment characteristics of the investigation area were analyzed using the meteorological data from the Busanjin Automatic Weather System which is closest to the target area. The terrain data of the modeling domain was constructed using a digital map and the urban spatial information data, and the numerical simulation of the meteorological changes before and after the restoration of the stream was performed using the Envi-met model. The average temperature of the target area in 2016 was 15.2℃ and was higher than that of the suburbs. The monthly mean temperature difference was the highest at 1.1℃ in November and the lowest in June, indicating that the temperatures in the urban areas were high in spring and winter. From the Envi-met modeling results, reductions in temperature due to stream restoration were up to 1.7℃ in winter, and decreased to 3.5℃ in summer. The effect of temperature reduction was seen in the entire region where streams are being restored.

본 연구의 목적은 유아들의 생활에 기반이 되는 지역 환경을 활용한 프로젝트 과학 활동을 실시하고 유아와 교사에게 주는 의미를 분석하여 과학교육의 실천적 방향을 탐색해보는 것이다. 이를 위해 실행연구 방법을 활용하여 연구자와 교사가 협력하여 D시에 위치한 공립단설유치원 유아 28명을 대상으로 지역 환경을 활용한 프로젝트 과학 활동을 실시하고, 수업녹화영상, 수업일지, 연구일지, 교사 저널을 통해 그 의미를 분석해 보았다. 연구 결과, 지역 환경을 활용한 프로젝트 과학 활동의 의미는 다음과 같다. 지역 환경을 활용한 프로젝트 과학 활동이 유아에게 주는 의미는 ‘공동의 관심사 탄생’, ‘자연스럽게 이어지는 과학적 탐구’, ‘지켜주고 싶은 자연’으로 범주화 되었다. 지역 환경을 활용한 프로젝트 과학 활동이 교사에게 주는 의미는 ‘생활과 교육과정의 통합’, ‘지속적 탐구와 몰입을 이끄는 과학적 탐구과정’, ‘가정과의 연계를 통해 확장된 과학적 탐구’로 범주화 되었다. 결론적으로 유아의 생활을 기반으로 지역 환경을 활용한 프로젝트 과학 활동은 유아의 과학적 탐구와 지역 자연에 대한 긍정적 태도 형성에 도움이 되었으며, 이를 통해 교사는 의미 있는 과학교육의 실천을 경험하는 기회를 가질 수 있었다고 결론지을 수 있다.

This study analyzes the effect of the level of satisfaction with the living environment of rural people on migration. The analysis data were used by the Rural Development Administration for the survey of welfare systems for farmers and fishermen in 2017, and samples of 3,776 were used for the analysis. The analysis variables were divided into a group of migrants, a group of permanent residents, and a group of decision-keeping, and the level of satisfaction with the living environment of each of the 10 rural areas was used as an independent variable. According to the analysis results, the basic living base and safety of rural residents were having a positive effect. The results show that the projects for developing rural areas, which increase the basic living base, are making substantial contributions to preventing the breakaway of the rural population. Safety has been neglected in the area of rural planning, but if the level of discontent is not enough, it has had the greatest impact on the livelihoods of rural residents. Welfare and cultural leisure set the main demand level for welfare and cultural leisure to the elderly and vulnerable classes, and interpret it as a result of weakened defense against stress from relocation of residence, difficulty of migration due to low income levels, and migration. Therefore, the paradoxical analysis results could be interpreted as showing that measures to increase the satisfaction of the people on welfare and cultural leisure should be taken.

본 시험은 전남지역에서 갈색날개매미충(Ricania shanthungensis) 발생현황을 조사하고 친환경 방제체계 확립을 위하여 2016년부터 2017년까지 2년간 수행하였다. 광주, 전남 도내 갈색날개매미충은 15시군 61읍면의 1,344 ha에 발생하였다. 정점지역 4개소 조사 결과 난괴나 약충밀도는 2016년에 비해 2017년에 낮아지고 부화율은 감소하고 첫 부화시기나 성충 출현, 산란 시작시기는 더 늦어지는 경향이었다. 갈색날개매미충의 알기생봉인 검정알벌류(Telenomus sp.)는 대부분의 지역에 발생하고 있으며, 기생률은 순천이 46.1%로 가장 높았고, 무안 40.6, 곡성 29.2, 구례 25.8, 광주 17 순이었다. 갈색날개매미충알 방제를 위한 살포적기는 3월 상순이었다. 살포자재와 희석배수는 친환경재배는 기계유 유제 10배액, 일반재배는 클로르피리포스수화제 500배액을 살포하면 95%가 부화하지 못했다. 기계유유제, 고삼+미생물추출물제, 피마자유제의 유기농업자재가 약충에 대하여 80% 이상의 살충효과가 있었고, 성충에는 고삼+미생물추출물제, 님추출물제, 기계유유제가 좋았다. 디노테퓨란수화제 등 4종의 화학농약은 모두 약충과 성충방제에 효과적이었다. 갈색날개매미충이 가장 선호하는 주광색 등과 행동습성을 이용하여 성충 유인포획장치를 개발하였다. 포획장치 구성은 주광색 컴팩트램프 2개(30W, 20W), 황색판, 포집수반으로 구성되었으며 하루에 700마리정도 포획되었다. 이상의 조사결과를 이용해 전남지역에서 갈색날개매미충 생활환과 친환경 방제체계를 확립하였다.

This study is to evaluate the per capita accessibility to child care facilities using road map in rural village unit considering the supply and demand of child care facilities in municipal (Si-Gun) units. Using these estimated accessibility, the most accessible regions to child care facilities was identifies using Moran’s index. Assuming establish a new child care facility in the most accessible region, the sensitivity of child care environment was analyzed. The number of regions are 71 si-gun-gu where supply of child care facilities is insufficient. The average accessibility per capita is 1.09 km to child care facilities and the average accessibility in Myeon unit is approximately 2.2 times higher than accessibility in Eup unit (Eup unit 0.54 km, Myeon unit 1.21 km). Approach tendency from village to child care facilities has positive relationship as 0.451 global Moran’s index. The high-high (H-H) accessibility regions are wide as Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanam-do and Chungcheongbuk-do. Assumed to be established the new child care facilities in Yangyang-gun (Ganwon-do), accessibility changes of child care environment are up to 2.7 times greater and the recipient population is 77% of Yangyang-gun.

The concerns about potential risks and hazards in children’s playgrounds are increasing and the restrictions for environmental harmful substances in playgrounds have been reinforced in many countries. In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed in 142 samples including 105 of sand flooring and 37 playing equipment such as swing, slide, sporting equipment, bench and fence in 18 children’s playgrounds. Heavy metals in sand flooring were investigated and categorized by natural environmental factors such as season, rainfall, post-rainy day, and artificial factors as road, type, and material of nearby play equipment. The concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, Cu, and Zn were significantly higher in sand flooring near the play equipment than at places away from the playing equipment (p < 0.05). Spearman’s rank correlation analysis showed that play equipment had a positive correlation with the sand flooring with regard to the concentration of Pb (r = 0.42, p < 0.01) and Cu (r = 0.39, p < 0.01). The concentration of heavy metals in the sand flooring showed a statistically significant difference depending on the season, post-rainy day, the distance from a roadway, type of equipment, and the material. The play equipment’s heavy metal concentration and other environmental factors contributed to the heavy metal concentration in the sand flooring’s surface in playgrounds.

Background:The present study was conducted to investigate the fatty acid content and habitat conditions of Glehnia littoralis in the Korean midwest region.Methods and Results:The emergence area of G. littoralis was 36.1 m from the coastline at an elevation of 4.2 m and slope of 4.3%. The soil of the habitat was sandy, the pH was 8.4, organic matter content was 0.4%, P2O5 content was 9.1 ㎎/㎏ and the content of K, Ca, Mg and Na were 0.09, 9.31, 0.43 and 0.23 cmol+/㎏, respectively. Other plants growing in this area with G. littoralis included 16 taxa. Plant with high coverage and frequency were Carex kobomugi, Elymus mollis, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Lathyrus japonicus, Calystegia soldanella and Carex pumila. In the seeds of G. littoralis, the maximum fatty acid content was 65.5% oleic acid, 28.7% linoleic acid, 4.3% palmitic acid, 1.5% stearic acid, and 0.2% linolenic acid.Conclusions:In G. littoralis of Korean midwest, the scope of collection and cultivation for medicinal purposes was broad, because differences in associated vegetation, soil composition, and fatty acid content owing to habitat conditions was low.

Background : Most of cases in korea, distributed herbal medications are storaged in room temperature and it causes many insect pests during storage. Despite the fact, there is little research about storage conditions. Temperature and humidity in storehouse are highly related with pests’ overwintering, generation length and the number of occurrence in summer. Consequently, in this research, major pests’ overwintering was studied by reviewing facility condition, temperature and humidity in major regional storehouses. The results of this would help to develop how to manage pest occurrence in distributed herbal medications. Methods and Results : For this study, storage facilities was investigated at different regions including Gyeongdong Market in Seoul, the pharmaceutical company in Daegu and farmhouse in Youngcheon by monitering temperature, humidity, ventilator, air conditioning and heating on ground and underground places from June 2014 to July 2016. including Upon investigation, most of building using for storage had simple ventilators. Whereas in case of farmhouse, it is vulnerable to maintaining quality. Because most farmhouse had temporary buildings which are difficult to control temperature and humidity. In addition, among the other surveyed warehouses, Basement in the Gyeongdong Market had most favorable condition for pest overwintering. The lowest temperature of it was seldom below zero maintaining level of about 1.5℃ and average temperature was about 10℃ in underground warehouse during winter. And the ground warehouse of Daegu had similar patterns in temperature and humidity with that of Seoul in that being over 0℃ even in the winter. In Youngcheon, the temperature of farmhouse was below zero degree and the daily range of temperature and humidity was wide. It caused difficulty of overwintering of insect pests but possible to inhabit. Conclusion : According to a study by Han-Mo, Koo(1997), it was impossible to overwinter for Lasioderma serricorne F. which is dominant medicinal plants’ pest in north of the Chungcheong region’s warehouse due to low temperature. But in case of investigated warehouses, it was possible to overwinter because of the high temperature in office building or basement storage area. In order to make prediction of pest occurrence and comprehensive measures, it is urgent to take more investigation by regional groups and types of storage.

Regional air quality regulation is a system that allows the Minister of Environment to designate the local area as air quality control region where the concentrations of air pollutants are exceeding the environmental standards, and the local governments that administrate the regulated area have to develop and practise a plan for reducing the air pollutants. From the data observed yearly by the monitoring stations in 8 provincial cities with more than 0.5 million people was judged the compliance with air quality standards in each municipality for the period of 2003 to 2013. As the result of investigation on air pollutants concentrations of each city, it was found that there was no station that exceeds the ambient air quality standards of CO, SO2 and 24-hour NO2. But all municipalities exceeded the standards of 8-hour O3, annual and 24-hour PM10, and therefore 8 municipalities can be designated to be under the local air regulation. For the annual NO2 were the monitoring sites necessary requirements for designation of the air quality regulation region in Cheongju, Cheonan, Daejeon and Gwangju area. Incase of 1-hour O3, some of stations in Pohang, Cheongju, Cheonan and Changwon area were over the designation standards for the air quality control region.

The objective of this study was to investigate the perception of walking environment and use of neighborhood facilities of rural female elderly, who are the most susceptible to ambulatory problems. The study showed that parks, senior centers and hospitals were among the most frequently used neighborhood facilities by rural female elderly, while bus stations and senior centers were recognized as the closest facilities. Frequency of use was higher for paid sports facilities rather than parks. Hospitals and health centers were facilities that were desired to be in close proximity. Social support, self-efficacy, and attitude were the factors that affected walking environment. Street trees, accessibility to parks, and street lights were factors that showed a positive relationship with total time of walking activity while perceived crime rate and slopes were perceived as environmental challenges for groups that walked under 150 minutes per week. One factor that negatively affected walking was the lack of sidewalks on streets. Providing parks and walking trails within neighborhood, pleasant walking environments, and safe sidewalks would contribute to improved perception of neighborhood and walking of older rural women.

본 연구는 몽골 돈디고비(Dundgobi)지역에서 채취한 오일셰일과 석탄 시료들의 유기물 기원, 광물조성 및 분광학적 특징에 대해 조사하였다. 채취한 오일셰일 및 석탄시료들은 Rock/Eval과 총유기탄소(Total organic carbon; TOC) 분석을 통해 케로젠(Kerogen) 종류, 수소 함량, 열적 성숙도, 퇴적환경을 확인하였으며, X-선회절 분석과 분광분석을 이용하여 광물조성을 정의하였다. Rock/Eval과 TOC 분석결과, 에뎀트(Eedemt) 광상에서 채취한 샘플들은 미성숙-성숙 단계의 근원암에 해당하며, 풍부한 수소함량을 보이고, I-형, II-형 and III-형의 케로젠 종류를 가진다. 반면 샤인 어스 쿠닥(Shine Us Khudag) 광상에서 채취한 샘플들의 경우 성숙단계의 근원암으로써, I-형, II/III-형 또는 III-형의 케로젠을 함유하는 잠재성을 가진다. 또한 탄소와 황의 함량에 따르면 두 지점의 퇴적환경은 담수성의 퇴적환경인 것으로 확인되었다. X-선회절 분석으로부터 확인한 오일셰일과 석탄시료들의 광물조성은 석영, 방해석, 고회석, 일라이트, 고령토, 몬모릴로나이트, 아놀소클레이스, 조장석, 미사장석, 정장석, 방비석으로 확인되었다. 가시광선-근적외선-단파적외선 분광분석을 통해 오일셰일 시료로부터 1412 nm, 1907 nm의 점토광물 및 수산화성분에 의한 흡광특성, 2206 nm에서 고령토와 몬모릴로나이트에 의한 흡광특성, 탄산염광물인 고회석에 의한 흡광특성이 2306 nm에서 확인되었다. 그러나 오일셰일의 원격탐사적 탐사를 위해서는 유기물 함량에 따른 분광특성에 대한 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, we determined the ingredient analysis of harvested garlic bulb and soil analysis of four garliccultivated regions in Jeju, being one of the major areas of Namdo garlic production. Soil pH and electric conductivity were 7.02 and 1.03 dS/m, respectively. Soil organic matter was 4.31%. The mineral elements (potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc) of Namdo garlic cultivated soil were analyzed by ICP, and calcium was the most highly contained mineral with 14.67 cmol+/kg and in the decreasing order of magnesium (2.25 cmol+/㎏), potassium (1.51 cmol+/㎏). Soluble solid and total acidity were 7.60 oBrix and 0.49%, respectively. The mineral contents of garlic bulb were in order of potassium (12,728 ppm) > sulfur (7,778 ppm) > phosphorus (4,916 ppm) > magnesium (691 ppm) > calcium (359 ppm). The content of total phenolic, total flavonoid and reducing sugar were 71.14 ㎎ GAE/100 g, 17.64 ㎎ QE/100 g and 26.53 ㎎ GE/g, respectively. Alliin and allicin were 8.78 ㎎/g and 2.10 ㎎/g, respectively. The Pearson’s correlation coefficients between mineral contents of soil and garlic bulb are analyzed. Macronutrients of soil is correlated with macronutrients of garlic (positive) and micronutrients of garlic (negative) contents.

For the purpose of protecting the health of citizens and creating a delightful environment, the Government shall establish the environmental standards, and make such standards keep their propriety according to any changes in environmental conditions. The Special Metropolitan City, Metropolitan City or Do may, in case where deemed necessary in view of the speciality of regional environments, set forth the separate environmental standards which are more expanded and strengthened than the environmental standards by the Municipal Ordinance of the relevant City/Do. The purpose of this study was for the management of stream waters of Jeju Island and proposed the appropriate Jeju local river environmental standards. Jeju-Do and Daejeon-si applies the Local River Environmental Standards in Korea. While each nationʹ circumstances and environment are different, for the most part, environmental standards and purposes of use are similar to those in Korea. Proposed Jeju River Local Environment Standards followed The River Environment Standards of Nation(Korea) for Living Environment Standards. Newly Strengthened Value is Cd, Carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethene, Tetrachloroethylene(PCE) and add Items is Fluorine, Selenium, Phenol and Toluene for Human Health Protection.

In this study, the environmental consciousness of Daegu citizen on conservation planning considering the regional characteristics was investigated. Data were collected throughout a survey and 1400 people were selected using a stratified sampling method based on populations of Daegu administration district. Results wee followings; First, the levels of environmental consciousness were different dependent on districts’ characteristics. Second, poor awareness on Daegu Agenda 21 (Clear and Green Daegu 21) were shown. Daegu Agenda 21 is the action plan for the sustainable environmental conservation activities of the City of Daegu. Third, waste was the most serious environmental problems of Daegu , air quality was second worst, and third was river water quality from the survey, but differentiated awareness was shown dependent on regional spatial factors and pollution emission factors. Last, a public environmental education was the most important issue to make invigorations and progress for future environmental policy.

The characteristics of meteorological conditions related to changes in atmospheric environment on Jeju Island were investigated during recent years (2010-2012). This analysis was performed using the hourly observed data of meteorological variables (air temperature, wind speed and direction) and air pollutants (O3, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO). Out of 5 pollutants, O3 and PM10 concentrations have frequently exceeded national environmental standards in the study area during the study period, with relatively higher concentrations than the others. The concentrations of O3 and PM10 in 2010 and 2011 were somewhat higher than those in 2012, and their highest concentrations were mostly observed in spring followed by fall. Nighttime O3 concentrations (with relatively high concentration levels) were almost similar to its daytime concentrations, due to less O3 titration by very low NO concentrations in the target area and in part to O3 increase resulting from atmospheric transport processes. The transport effect related to the concentration variations of O3 and PM10 was also clarified in correlation between these pollutants and meteorological variables, e.g. the high exceedance frequency of concentration criteria with strong wind speed and the high concentrations with the westerly/northwesterly winds (e.g., transport from the polluted regions of China). The overall results of this study suggest that the changes in atmospheric environment in the study area were likely to be caused by the transport effect (horizontal and vertical) due to the meteorological conditions rather than the contribution of local emission sources.

This study was carried out to investigate the vegetation and habitat environment of Sageretia thea which isdistributed in Jeju island, Korea. Sageretia thea were mainly distributed to the west area in Jeju island. Soil pH andEC of Sageretia thea habitat were 5.8 and 0.34dS•m−1. The contents of organic matter, available phosphate, exchangeablepotassium, exchangeable sodium, exchangeable magnesium and exchangeable calcium were 15.27%, 13.6㎎㎏−1,0.27cmol+㎏−1, 1.3cmol+㎏−1, 1.7cmol+㎏−1, 4.9cmol+㎏−1, respectively. Thirty one taxa including 25 families, 31 genus, 27species and 4 varieties were identified surrounding Sageretia thea habitat. Specific plant species were 1 taxon in III grade, 1taxon in I grade and 3 taxa in I grade.

우리나라는 약 11,914.05km의 해안선을 보유하고 있기 때문에 해양기원의 다양한 자연재해 발생 가능성이 높고 각종 개발로 인하여 점차적으로 해안방재림이 파괴되고 있어 해안방재림 조성지에 대한 실태 및 입지·토양·식생환경에 대한 전반적인 조사가 요구된다. 해안방재림 입지·토양·식생환경조사는 기존 문헌 및 자료를 이용하여 임분상태가 양호하고 일정면적(1.0ha) 이상인 해안방재림을 대상으로 하였고, 조사내용으로는 해안방재림 실태조사로서 해안방재림의 위치정보, 임종, 임상, 밀도, 풍속 측정높이 등의 전반적인 실태를 파악하였고 해안방재림 식생구조로는 위치정보, 임종, 임상매목 수종의 경급, 수고 및 교목층 등을 조사하고 해안방재림 토양단면의 위치정보, 토심, 층계, 토색, 토성, 석력 등의 전반적인 토양특성 및 입지 환경의 조사와 토양의 물리적 특성(토색, 토성, 유효토심 등)과 토양의 화학적 특성(pH, EC, 유기물(OM), 전질소, 유효인산, 양이온치환용량(CEC), 치환성양이온(Ca++, Mg++,K++, Na++) 염분농도 등)을 조사·분석하였다. 본 조사를 통해 각종 현황 및 식생·입지·토양 등의 경상남도 해안 및 도서지역 해안방재림의 실태를 파악할 수 있었다. 몇몇 조사지에서는 지역주민들이 방풍림 등 여러 가지 목적으로 조성, 보존해오고 있는 숲이 다수 있었으며 현재도 지속적인 관심과 보호 속에 방재기능을 하고 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 경상남도 해안 및 주요 도서지역의 지역적인 식생을 고려한다면 교목층은 곰솔, 낙엽활엽수, 상록활엽수, 아교목층과 관목층은 상록활엽수가 해안방재림의 전형적인 형태로 나타났다. 해안방재림의 문제점으로 몇몇 지역은 해안침식으로 인해 이미 수목의 뿌리가 노출되고 있으며, 해안방재림의 해안 쪽과 해안방재림의 내륙 쪽에 산림훼손이 발생되는 것으로 조사되었다. 이로 인해 해안방재림의 길이와 폭이 축소됨으로써 방재림의 기능이 제대로 발휘되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 사용자의 수요가 높은 지역에서는 해안방재림내의 시설물과 생활쓰레기 등으로 인해 산림 내에서 오염이 발생되고 있었다. 이런 지역들은 복구가 시급한 것으로 판단되며, 지속적인 해안방재림 모니터링이나 관리방안이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 조사연구를 토대로 하여 다양한 형태의 생태 및 환경 친화적 해안방재림 조성 모델의 개발이 가능 할 것으로 예상된다. 또한 해안방재림과 관련한 법률 제정·개정을 위한 기초자료 및 향후 정책방안을 제시 할 수 있는 자료로 활용가능 할 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to estimate efficiency of environmental-friendly agricultural product by using Data Envelopment Analysis. A proposed method employs a bootstrapping approach to generating efficiency estimates through Monte Carlo simulation resampling process. The technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency measure of strawberry by pesticide-free certification is 0.967, 0.995, 0.968 respectively. However those of bias-corrected estimates are 0.918, 0.983, 0.934. We know that the DEA estimator is an upward biased estimator. In technical efficiency, average lower and upper confidence bounds of 0.807 and 0.960. According to these results, the DEA bootstrapping model used here provides bias-corrected and confidence intervals for the point estimates, it is more preferable.