The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of homocysteine and antioxidant nutrients with obesity in Korean middle aged women. The study subjects included were middle-aged obese women (n=36) whose body mass index (BMI) was greater than 25 kg/m2. A total of 36 participants were randomly divided into two groups. They were assigned to either the Nutritional Management and Exercise (NME) program or the Exercise Management (EM) program, which were both conducted for 3 months. We measured serum homocysteine, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels of the participant. We also measured the dietary intakes of antioxidant nutrient, cholesterol, body weight, body mass index, blood pressure, and VO2. At the end of both programs, please confirm this change. It was unclear when these measurements were shown to have decreased. The body weight and BMI of NME group were decreased compared to those of EM group. The serum total cholesterol levels of the participants in NME group were significantly decreased, in contrast to EM group. Also, serum homocysteine levels of NME group participants were decreased compared to EM group, but the difference was not statistically significant. In the NME group, there were significant differences in the change of dietary cholesterol and vitamin C intake. These results showed that participating NME program will continuously promote the healthy status of the middle aged obese women, compared to participating only in the EM program.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different thawing methods including; refrigerated at 4℃ for 6 hr, soaked in 15℃ water for 40 min, exposed to room temperature (25℃) for 4 hr, and microwaved (600 W) for 2 min on the water-soluble nutritional component and meat quality trait of Hanwoo beef. The thawing beef by the refrigerated method resulted in significantly lower cooking loss, drip loss and loss of water-soluble vitamin B group, whereas the water-soaked method had higher loss of vitamin B group (p<0.05). Furthermore, total aerobic counts and coliforms were significantly lower in the meat samples thawed by the refrigerated method than that in the samples thawed by the other methods when stored for 6 days at 4℃. However, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) content was found significantly (p<0.05) higher in the microwaved method than that in the other thawing methods. Based on the results obtained in the present study, it is concluded that the thawing methods had remarkable impact on the water-soluble nutritional components, quality properties and storage stability of meat. Therefore, the present study recommends that the thawed meat needs to be consumed and should not be stored for long time due to the acceleration of its quality deterioration

한약추출 부산물의 영양 성분과 사료 가치 평가를 위해 일반성분, 미네랄 조성과 아미노산을 정량 분석 하였으며, 폴리페놀 함량과 플라보노이드 함량 그리고 항산화 활성에 대한 상대 정량 분석을 하였다. 시험에 사용한 10가지 한약추출 부산물은 인삼(Ginseng radix alba), 백복령(Hoelen), 감초(Glycyrrhizae radix), 당귀(Angelicae gigantis radix), 천궁(Cnidii rhizoma), 작약(Paeoniae radix), 황기(Astragali radix), 생강(Zingiberis rhizoma crudus), 대추(Ziziphi fructus), 진피(Aurantii nobilis pericarpium)로서 한약재 중 빈번하게 사용하는 약재이다. 한약추출 부산물의 화학적 조성을 살펴보면 조단백질 함량은 2.02%~19.71% 수준이며, 조섬유소 함량은 5.71%~30.33%, NDF 함량은 12.13%~83.41%이며, 분석 결과 한약추출 부산물간의 차이가 심했다. 한약추출 부산물의 수분, 조단백질, ADF, NDF, Ca, P, 라이신과 메치오닌 평균 수치는 각각 7.78%, 10.01%, 26.44%, 55.44%, 0.39%, 0.32%, 0.45%, 0.12%였다. 조단백질 함량은 백복령을 제외하고 한약추출 부산물이 평균 10.01%이고, 펩신 소화율의 평균은 68.17%로 볏짚, 옥수수 사일리지보다 높았다. 시험에 사용된 한약추출 부산물의 미네랄 조성 중 Ca과 P의 함량은 농후사료나 조사료와 같은 단미재료(볏짚, 옥수수) 보다 높았으며, 독성 중금속인 Cd, Pb 그리고 As는 모두 검출되지 않았다. 한약추출 부산물의 폴리페놀 함량, 플라보노이드 함량, 항산화 활성이 높은 수준 이였다. 그 중 폴리페놀 함량은 진피, 플라보노이드 함량은 당귀, 항산화 활성은 작약에서 가장 높은 수치를 보였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 한약추출 부산물들은 반추동물 사료로서 사용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

Nutritional conditions experienced during early growth have important implications for the lifetime fitness of herbivores. We investigated how the early life effects of imbalanced nutrient intake can be overcome in a generalist caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Over the fifth larval instar, caterpillars were pretreated on one of three diets that varied in protein: carbohydrate balance (p35:c7, p21:c21 or p7:c35). After molting to the sixth instar, they were transferred to one of three no-choice diets (p35:c7 ,p21:c21 or p7:c35) or a food choice where they received two nutritionally complementary diets (p35:c7 versus p7:c35). Approximately 80% of caterpillars that had been protein-deprived (p7:c35) during the fifth instar molted to the seventh instar. The threshold body mass for pupal metamorphosis was 144 mg at the start of the sixth instar. When given a choice, caterpillars pretreated on the low-protein diet (p7:c35) selected significantly more protein than those from other diets (p35:c7,p21:c21). Our results suggest that caterpillars are not only capable of switching their developmental program to reduce the deleterious effects of a nearly deficiency of protein, but also flexible at adjusting nutrient preference store dress specific nutritional imbalances experienced early in life.

잣버섯 품종인 솔향과 개량 신품종 곤지 10호를 비교 분석한 결과 영양 성분 분석의 경우 유리당과 당알코올의 경우 총 4종류의 성분이 검출되었고, 그 중trehalose의 경우 건물 g당 곤지 10호 44.11±0.99mg,솔향 38.89±1.31mg로 검출된 당 중에서 가장 높은함유량을 나타냈으며, 곤지 10호가 솔향에 비해 유의적으로 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 아미노산은 총 24종중 17종이 검출 되었고 유리당과는 반대로 솔향의총 아미노산 함량이 곤지 10호보다 유의적으로 높았다. 대표적으로 항암 활성을 가진다고 알려진 물질인 β-glucan의 경우 솔향이 곤지 10호보다 높은 수치를나타내지만 품종 간의 유의차는 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 항산화 성분인 total polyphenol 함량은 곤지10호의 열수추출물이 15.02±0.50mg GAE/g DW으로 가장 높은 것을 확인하였다.자실체의 생리 활성 분석으로는 항산화 실험인DPPH radical 소거능 실험에서는 두 품종 모두 농도별에 따른 차이는 있지만 품종 간의 유의차는 없었다.항암 활성을 알아보기 위하여 nitrite 소거능을 실시하였으며 두 품종 모두 메탄올 추출물에서 10mg/ml에서까지 대부분 40% 이상의 nitrite를 소거하여 발암물질인 nitrosoamine을 없애 항암 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 항당뇨 실험으로 α-amyloglucosidase및 α-amylase 저해 활성을 실험한 결과, 이 모두 솔향 열수 추출물이 positive control로 쓰인 acarbose와같은 농도이거나 더 높은 농도에서 비슷한 저해 활성을 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었으며 이는 곤지 10호보다 유의적으로 활성이 우수하였다. 또한, 마우스 유래 RAW264.7 cell line을 이용하여 항염 활성을 확인한 결과 nitric oxide의 저해능은 열수 추출물보다메탄올 추출물이 더 효과가 있는 것을 확인하였으며곤지 10호 메탄올 추출물이 솔향 메탄올 추출물보다효과가 좋은 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

The objective of this study was to investigate meat quality and nutritional composition of 10 cuts (loin, striploin, chuck roll, chuck tender, short plate, brisket, bottom round, top sirloin, eye of round, and top round) from quality grade 1 beef from 11 Hanwoo steers at Hanwoo Experimental Station of National Institute of Animal Science. The protein contents were higher in top round (Udoon) and eye of round (Hongduke) and lower in loin (Dngsim) and short plate (Abjin) when compared to the other cuts (p<0.05). Whereas the intramuscular fat contents were highest in loin (12.51%), those were lowest in top round (4.14%) (p<0.05). The calories were higher in loin and short plate and lower in top round, chuck tender (Guri), top sirloin (Bosup), eye of round, chuck roll (Moksim), and bottom round (Sulgit) (p<0.05). The cooking loss (%) was 24.38% in loin and it was lower than the other cuts (p<0.05). The bottom round had higher water holding capacity (WHC) and chuck tender had lower WHC than those in the other cuts (p<0.05). In meat color, L* values were higher in loin and lower in top round than the other cuts (p<0.05). Total saturated fatty acid contents were higher in loin and lower in bottom round than the other cuts (p<0.05). In amino acid compositions, top round had significantly higher than those in the other cuts (p<0.05). The iron contents were higher in chuck tender and chuck roll contained higher iron contents than those of the other cuts (p<0.05). In conclusion, the meat quality and nutritional properties were significantly different among 10 cuts in the same quality grade of Hanwoo beef. Therefore, the provision of the meat quality and nutritional information of 10 cuts to consumers could be important for utilization and balanced consumption of different cuts.

This study evaluated the composition two popular species of edible bamboo shoots in Korea (Phyllostachyspubescens and Sinoarundinarianigra) and the effect of their abundant dietary fiber on intestinal microorganisms in healthy young women. The ranges of total moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, and dietary fiber content were 87.190.8, 2.943.5, 0.150.39, 0.411.05, and 4.206.15% (wet weight basis), respectively. Moisture and crude ash content increased after heat treatment; however, crude protein, crude lipid, and dietary fiber content were reduced after heating. The major minerals found in bamboo shoots were potassium, phosphorous, sulfur, magnesium, and calcium. In addition, glucose and fructose were abundant free sugars, while asparagine and tyrosine were the most abundant free amino acids. Approximately 70% of the total free fatty acids found in bamboo shoots were linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The ascorbic acid content was 6.60~17.56 mg/100 g (wet weight basis), and one phenolic compound, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, was 0.10.2% (wet weight basis) and detected by HPLC analysis. The intake of bamboo shoots for seven days significantly increased viable cell counts of Lactobacillus spp. and reduced viable cell counts of Bacteriodes spp. in feces (p<0.05). In our data, bamboo shoots may be useful in the food industry as high dietary fiber ingredients.

As a part of a study on insect food, the nutritional and harmful components in the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) were analyzed. In addition, due to a recent introduction of live Chinese mealworm in the Korea market, those components between the Korean and Chinese mealworms were compared. Analysis of the composition of the general components (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrates) showed that abundant crude protein (50.32– 52.79%) was present in both Korean and Chinese mealworm powders, and the protein content in the Chinese mealworm powder was higher than that in the Korean mealworm powder by 2.67%. The amino acid compositions were similar, but the fatty acid composition differed with respect to each component in the Korean and Chinese mealworm powders. The unsaturated fatty acid contents were 76.80-80.55% of the total fatty acid content in the mealworms. The linoleic acid contents in the Korean and Chinese mealworms were 20.8±1.1% and 34.69±1.9%; the linolenic acid contents, 0.47% and 1.31%; and the oleic acid contents, 51.40±0.9% and 40.20±1.5%, respectively. With respect to harmful components such as heavy metals and bacteria that cause food poisoning, bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. were not detected in both Korean and Chinese mealworms, and the mercury content was below the standard value for common food (Korea, 0.03 mg/kg; China, 0.08 mg/kg).

Food limitation is the most common environmental challenge faced by animals and the capacity of animals to survive prolonged periods of starvation is linked to their diet and nutritional status. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of nutrition on starvation resistance in Drosophila melanogaster. Experimental flies were given ad libitum access to artificial diets differing in concentrations and ratios of protein and carbohydrate for 5 days before they were assayed for starvation time, body composition and life-history parameters. Starvation resistance in Drosophila was greatly influenced by the dietary protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratio, but neither by the caloric content of the diet nor by dietary carbohydrate alone. Starvation resistance was strongest at the lowest P:C ratio and declined with rising P:C ratio. While starving, Drosophila underwent a dramatic transition in the utilization of physiological fuels, switching from the early phase characterized by preferential consumption of non-lipid substrates to the next phase in which they began to mobilize lipids as fuels for enduring starvation. Our results highlight the importance of nutrition as a key factor determining starvation responses of Drosophila.

The effects of environmental and nutritional requirement such as temperature, pH, different media, carbon, nitrogen, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio on the mycelial growth of Cordyceps militaris strain ‘Yedang 3’ were studied. The optimum temperature and pH for the growth of mycelium were 20-25oC and pH 6-7, respectively. Out of ten media tested, mushroom complete media (MCM) was the best medium for fast mycelial growth, and Sabouraud’s dextrose agar yeast extract (SDAY), malt extract yeast extract agar (YMA) also were favored. The color and shape of colonies varied in different media. The best carbon sources for mycelial growth were fructose, mannitol, and sucrose, whereas the best nitrogen sources were tryptone and peptone. However, mycelia grew slowly in inorganic nitrogen compounds such as NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, and NaNO3. The optimum C:N ratio observed on the culture media was 30-40 range. These results provided basic information on cultural characteristics of vegetative growth and might be useful for spawn production in Cordyceps militaris.

This study investigated the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of 280 University students towards nutrition labels. The purpose of the study was to examine knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of university students regarding nutrition labeling, and whether body mass index (BMI) with nutrition labeling was associated with knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Descriptive statistics analyzed knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of university students regarding food labeling. The ANOVA and χ2 analysis was evaluated and assessed for its relationship with BMI. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis examined relationships between knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. More than 90 percent of answers relating to 11 nutritional knowledge questions were correct. Only 30% of participants answered correctly regarding questions about plan source oil and cholesterol content. Attitudes and behaviors of nutrition labels were significantly higher among participants who were obese (p<0.001). Knowledge score was positively correlated with general label usage behavior (r=.169, p<0.01), and item buying behavior (r=0.142, p<0.05). Attitude also was positively correlated with behavior (p<0.01). Nutrition labeling education efforts are needed to provide university students with a nutritional education program and information on how to read nutritional labels and apply this information to their lives. University students need to understand their need for numerous nutrients instead of merely focusing on the fat and calories of foods.

국내 4가지 품종(대한: Daehan, 한가위: Hangawi, 미풍: Mipung, 석추: Ishizuchi)밤에 대한 주요 영양성분으로서 아미노산, 지방산, 유리당 및 지용성・수용성 비타민류의 성분을 각각 비교 분석하였다. 아미노산의 분석 결과 총 16종의 아미노산이 분석되었고, 전체적으로는 glutamicacid와 aspartic acid가 상대적으로 그 함량이 높게 나타났으며 필수 아미노산 함량은 특히 석추품종(921 mg/100 g)에서 높게 나타난 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 총 아미노산 함량도 석추 품종(2547 mg/100 g)이 다른 3품종에 비해 상대적으로 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 지방산 분석 결과로서 palmitic acid(C16:0)와 불포화 지방산인 linoleic acid(C18:2, ω-6)의 함량이 정량적으로 우수했고, 특히 생리활성 효과를 갖는 소재로서의 linoleic acid는 다른 3품종에 비해 석추 품종(51%)에서 정량적 우수성을 확인하였다. 유리당 분석 결과는 모든 품종에서 sucrose의 함량이 상대적으로 높게 나타났고, total free sugar 함량을 고려하였을 때 역시 석추 품종(3.5 g/100 g)이 다른 품종들에 비해 우수한 것을 알 수 있었다. 지용성・수용성 비타민류 분석 결과 β-carotene을 포함한 vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin 및 vitamin C 함량에 대한 통계적 유의성을 고려하였을 때 석추 품종이 상대적으로 우수한 것을 알 수 있었다.

Jersey 종은 다른 품종에 비해 총 건물사료 섭취량당 우유 고형분 생산량이 매우 높은 품종이다. 특히 유지방과 유단백질 함량이 높아 시유 뿐 아니라 아이스크림, 요구르트와 같은 다양한 유제품을 제조할 경우 영양적 우수성은 물론 뛰어난 풍미를 제공한다. 또한, Jersey 우유는 소비량이 점차 증가하는 치즈와 같이 고형분 함량에 따라 수율이 결정되는 유제품에 높은 경제성을 부여할 수 있다. 비록 우유 성분들은 같은 품종이라도 사육 조건, 지역 등에 따라 다소 차이를 보이지만 일반적인 Jersey 우유의 주요 특성은 타 품종에 비해 유단백질내 A1/A2 β-케이신 변이체 비율이 낮고 유지방내중쇄지방산의 비율이 높다. 또한 중성 올리고당 함량이 상대적으로 높아 bifidobacteria와 같은 유익한 세균의 성장을 촉진시키는 프리바이오틱 효과를 발휘한다. 그 밖에 칼슘, 인, 마그네슘의 함량과 α-토코페롤 함량이 높아 고품질의 프리미엄 유제품 생산에 바람직한 특성을 가지고 있어 향후 특성화된 제품 개발에 사용 가능하다.

In Korea, wide spread use of whole cottonseed, which is primarily a GMO plant imported from foreign countries and being fed to animals as raw state, has aroused concern that it may disturb the existing ecology of the country unless dispersion of the seed is under proper control. The objective of this study was to elucidate the changes in various nutritive parameters due to heat treatment and to determine the effective condition for removing germination ability of whole cottonseed (WCS). Of the various temperatures applied (76, 78, 80, 85, 100°C/30 min) 85°C for 30 min was confirmed to be the lowest temperature treatment which resulted in a complete removal of the germination ability of WCS. Therefore, based on the determined temperature condition (85°C 30 min) we tried to examine the changes of various nutritional parameters, including nutrient composition, in vitro digestibilities and ruminal protein degradabilities, comparing raw whole cotton seed (RWCS) and heated whole cotton seed (HWCS). Some changes in amino acid composition were observed with heat treatment of WCS, but these were regarded to originate from the variation in plant quality and seed morphology, which are usually affected by different environmental factors during the vegetation period. As for fatty acid composition, no significant differences were observed to occur during heat treatment. However, WCS heated at 85°C for 30 min in a circulating oven showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) of in situ rumen degradability in both dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP), as compared to raw WCS. Overall results obtained in the study indicate that the heating condition used in this study, which was proven to be the most appropriate and economic to remove germination ability of WCS, may also improve the nutritional value of the ruminant with regard to reducing its protein degradability within the rumen.

The research studied the nutritional composition and health effects of the Giwongo with its efficacy in providing nourishment to blood, liver and kidney as well as being an aid to the mental stability. The Giwongo is made by boiling the same amounts of Lycium fructus and Longanae arillus. Giwongo was analyzed to measure proximate nutritional composition, mineral contents, free sugar content and polyphenol compound content. The DPPH scavenging activity and its antioxidative effectiveness were also analyzed. Giwongo was composed of 16.7% water, 4.9% crude protein, 3.7% crude fat, 3.8%, crude ash 70.9% carbohydrate with the content per 100 g of 336.5 kcal. The Giwongo mineral contents were potassium, sodium and calcium in sequence according to contents. Per 100 g Giwongo were found 9.62 g glucose, 4.67 g fructose and 18.00 g sugar. The Giwongo had 60.67% DPPH electron donating ability and 32.19 °Brix. The Giwongo made of Lycium fructus and Longanae arillus had effectiveness of tonify the liver and kidney, nourish blood, and psychologic stability. As such Giwongo may help prevent the symptoms of unbalanced health due to excessive stress and unhealthy diet.

The nutritional properties of the Kochujang were investigated with Fermented Extract of Hizikia fusiforme. No big differences in proximate compositions(moisture, Crude protein, Crude fat, and Crude ash, Carbohyrate) were observed between Two kinds of kochujangs tested in this study, general kochujang purchased from a market(GK), kochujang added with Fermented Extract of Hizikia fusiforme(FGK). However, FGK showed higher level of Total free amino acid(15,929.5 ng/mg), amino nitrogen(1715.88 mg%) and mineral contens than GK. the analysis of volatile compounds using GC/MS revealde than the fermentation dramatically removed off-flavors such as Acetaldehyde, Silane rimethyl(2-methylphenyl)-, 1H-Indole 2-phenyl-1-(trimethylsilyl) in Fermented Extract of Hizikia fusiforme(FGK).

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Agarum cribrosum as a natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of the general and antioxidant activities of Agarum cribrosum were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash were 45.4%, 15.0%, 2.3% and 33.1%. The calories of Agarum cribrosum were 262.3 kcal and total dietary fiber of Agarum cribrosum was 34.0%. The protein contained a total of 18 different kinds of amino acids. The content of amino acids was 12, 402.42 ㎎/100 g. The K was the largest mineral followed by Ca, Na and Mg, implying that Agarum cribrosum is an alkali material. The antioxidant activity of Agarum cribrosum was assessed by various radical scavenging assays using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), reducing power, and ABTS (2, 2'-azino-bis(3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)). All antioxidant activity of Agarum cribrosum extract increased the concentration of the dependents. Total phenolic contents of Agarum cribrosum extract were 34.1±2.56 ㎎/g, and total flavonoids contents were estimated at 4.9±0.26 ㎎/g. General nutrients and other antioxidant bioactive materials in Agarum cribrosum were also potential materials for good health food. It is expected that a follow-up study of Agarum cribrosum through developing processed food and evaluation of their functional properties would provide useful information or sources of functional foods.

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using cultured wild ginseng roots as a natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and antioxidative nutrients of cultured wild ginseng roots were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 61.72%, 17.36%, 0.23% and 10.90%, respectively. Further, the calories of cultured wild ginseng roots were 323.97 kcal. Total dietary fiber was 82.13%. The protein contained a total of 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of amino acids were 16.15 g. The K was the largest mineral followed by P, Ca, and Mg, which means cultured wild ginseng roots is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids were 0.23 g, and 0.62 g, respectively. Crude saponine content was 25.87 ㎎/g. Total phenolic contents of cultured wild ginseng roots were 11.2 ㎎/g, and total flavonoids contents were estimated as 4.2 ㎎/g. The electron donating ability of cultured wild ginseng roots were 24.7～31.6%. The nitrite scavenging activity was pH dependent, and was highest at pH 1.2 and lowest at pH 6.0. The cultured wild ginseng roots extract showed the highest reducing power (0.06) at the concentration of 1, 000 ㎍/㎖. Based on the above results, we deemed that the cultured wild ginseng roots might have potential antioxdant activities.