본 연구는 경관심의제도가 보다 효율적 추진 방향으로 나아가기 위한 개선방안으로 전라남도의 총 대상으로 시 ․ 군의 경관계획수립 및 경관심의 위원회 운영현황, 경관심의 사례와 시 ․ 군경관조례에서 규정하고 있는경관관련 위원회의 명칭과 기능을 조사․분석하였다. 이를 위해 목포시, 순천시, 나주시, 담양군, 구례군, 영암군 등6개 지자체의 경관조례 및 제정, 경관계획 수립현황과 형성조례와 경관 유형별 개발 인 ․ 허가 운영지침을 검토하였다.또한 최근 이루어진 경관심의 가운데 여수시와 순천시, 보성군과 장흥군 기본경관계획과 완도군의 특정경관계획 심의사례를조사 분석하여 다음과 같은 경관심의제도의 효율적 운영 개선방안을 제시하였다.첫째, 경관법 개정을 통해 경관심의제도 자체의 개선 필요성과 함께 시 ․ 군 경관계획의 수립 ․ 변경, 승인은 시 ․ 군자체적으로 심의 ․ 자문할 수 있도록 현실화하는 것이 타당하다고 판단되었다.둘째, 경관조례와 공공디자인 조례를 일원화할 필요가 있다. 경관조례와 공공디자인조례의 일원화를 통해 경관이라는큰 틀에서 공공디자인 문제를 취급하는 시스템으로 개선할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.셋째로, 시 ․ 군 경관계획 수립과 관련한 도 경관심의와 시 ․ 군 경관심의를 차별화하거나 폐지하는 방안의 검토가요망된다.넷째로, 전라남도 경관조례 제13조에는 경관지구 및 미관지구 이외의 지역에서의 대규모 개발 행위시 경관관리계획수립 및 조치를 이행하도록 하는 조항을 적극 활용하기 위한 현실적 조치가 필요하다. 해당되는 개발행위에 대해서는경관관리계획을 수립하도록 하고 지속적으로 행정감독을 이행할 필요가 있기에 대규모 개발 행위 시 경관관리계획수립 및 조치를 이행하도록 해야 한다.다섯째, 다소 주관적으로 시행되고 있는 경관심의를 보다 체계적이고 효율적으로 추진하기 위해서는 경관심의 가이드라인혹은 체크리스트 등을 작성하여 행정과 심의위원, 그리고 사업자가 공유하는 경관심의기준이 마련되어야 한다.여섯째, 경관심의제도가 효과를 발휘시키기 위한 다양한 정책이 강구되어야 한다. 특히 대규모 개발행위에 있어서 경관관리계획 수립 지침의 마련, 경관상 시상 등 정책적인 접근이 이루어져야 한다고 판단된다.

Many basidiomycetes, especially mushroom species, thrive on saccharides that they obtain from the decomposition of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and or lignin. Cellulose is degraded by specific enzymes called cellulases. Cellulases play an important role in the biosphere by recycling cellulose, the most abundant carbohydrate produced by plants. Also cellulases have many potential biotechnologic and industrial applications. Detection of cellulose degrading activity is commonly performed on carboxymethylcellulose CMC medium in combination with a stain that reveals the degraded CMC. In order to efficiently screen the F. velutipes knockout library, obtained through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (ATMT), for those important enzymes we compared two different staining methods i.e. Congo Red and Gram’s Iodine (as reported in R. C. Kasana et al 2008). The latter stain showed strongly enhanced detection in time and intensity, facilitating mass screening of our mutant database. Using Gram’s iodine and square petri dishes containing up to 9 colonies at a time we can now rapidly screen multiple mutants in a short period. We are going to find the genes. Inactivated genes of mutants with altered cellulase degradation activity will be identified and cloned for further analysis.

The bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus echinopus) is damage garlic, shallot, onion in the bulbs, corms, tubers. It has recently become a serious problem because of the continuous use of acaricides resulting in resistance among bulb mite population. Thus, there is need to find alternative control measures to suppress bulb mite population. Initial screenings were performed using 352 isolates of pathogenic fungi from Korea soils. As results, 9 strains of acaropathogenic fungi were cadavers of bulb mite supporting fungal conidiation. These isolated were identified as 8 strains of Metarhizium anisopliae (4-1, 4-3-1, 4-3-2, 4-8-1, 4-4-1, 4-14-2, 4-16-1,and 4-31-2), 2 strains of Beauveria bassiana (4-4-2) by microscopic examination and genetic sequencing of the ITS region. However, ITS sequence analysis was consistent with the Metarhizium anisopliae (4-1, 4-3-1, 4-4-1, 4-31-2; a, 4-8-1, 4-14-2, 4-16-1; b, 4-3-2; c). Therefore, genetic diversity of selected in vitro isolates was characterized by Universally Primed (UP) PCR. The divided with Metarhizium anisopliae 4strain by UP-PCR. Of the 5stain isolation tested, 5stain resulted in mortality rates ≥20% within 6 days and all fungal treatment was detected mycosis. Thus these species of acaropathogenic fungi can be considered promising for biological control of bulb mite.

목 적: 본 연구는 ROC curve를 분석하여 나안시력과 자동굴절검사의 민감도/특이도에 따른 최상의 절단점(Optimal cutoff point)을 산출하고, 자동굴절검사가 선별검사(Screening)로 타당한지 알아보고자 한다. 방 법: 초등학생 293명을 대상으로 나안시력, 자동굴절검사, 자각적 굴절검사를 실시하여, 나안시력 0.5를 기준으로 자각적 굴절검사에 대한 최상의 절단점을 산출하고 이를 황금기준(GoldStandard)으로 가정한 후 이 절단점 및 인접한 값을 기준으로 정상/추가검사의뢰를 분류하였고, 나안시력과 자동굴절검사 결과에 대해 ROC curve를 이용하여 민감도/특이도가 가장 높은 최상의 절단점을 산출하였다. 또한 곡선아래면적(Area Under the Curve)을 이용하여 자각적 굴절검사의 분류 결과와 차이가 있는지 확인하여 자동굴절검사가 선별검사로서 타당한지 알아보았다. 결 과: ROC Curve를 이용하여 나안시력 0.5를 기준으로 한 자각적 굴절검사의 최상의 절단점은 -0.63D로 나타났다. 자각적 굴절검사 -0.75D를 황금기준으로 가정할 때 절단점은 나안시력은 0.5, 자동굴절검사는 -1.00D로 나타났으며, 두 검사법을 비교한 결과 나안시력과 자동굴절검사의 곡선아래면적은 통계적으로 차이가 없었다. 결 론: 어린이의 시각 선별검사를 위해 나안시력과 함께 자동굴절검사를 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

This study was carried out to obtain new anti-gout agent from mushrooms. Various extracts from twelve kinds of mushrooms were prepared by water and ethanol extractions and its anti-gout xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity were investigated. Water extract of Flammulina velutipes and Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies showed high xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 70.8% and 60.0%, respectively. However, its inhibitory activity of these ethanol extracts were very low excepet 60.3% of Innotus obliquus. Finally, we selected Flammulina velutipes, showing the highest xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity as a producer of new anti-gout agent.

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is one of the most important pests of cole crops in the world and is the first insect to evolve resistance to Bt toxins in open-field populations. To search for useful molecular markers for Bt reistance monitoring, the PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles of three aminopeptidase N (PxAPN1, PxAPN2 and PxAPN4) were determined for 15 representative regional field populations of P. xylostella. Most regional samples had similar RFLP patterns, whereas PxAPN1 from four regions and PxAPN4 from two regions showed different banding patterns after restriction enzyme treatment, but no differences were found in PxAPN2 among populations. The DNA sequence analysis revealed that a point mutation at the restriction site was responsible for the polymorphism of PxAPN1 but no mutations were observed in PxAPN4. Comparing amino acid sequences of PxAPNs from regional populations with reference PxAPNs (GenBank accession no. AAB70755) revealed that four regional populations possessed a point mutation in the Cry1A binding site of PxAPN1 and five regional populations possessed a deletion of eight amino acids in PxAPN4. These RFLP patterns were consistently observed in Southern regions of Korea, including Kyungsangnam-Do and Jeju-Do. The functional association of these RFLP with Bt resistance is currently under investigation

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., is an important pest of livestock. Stable flies are considered as mechanical vectors of veterinary disease. Pyrethroids and organophosphates have been widely used for stable fly control. To establish resistance monitoring molecular tool, we isolated the partial cDNA and genomic fragments of voltage-sensitive sodium channel and acetylcholinesterase genes encompassing the well known conserved sites for resistance-associated mutations. To examine the current status of stable fly resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates mediated by the nerve insensitivity mechanism in Korean population of S. calcitrans, DNA-based genotyping in conjunction with residual contact vial (RCV) bioassay were conducted with 11 representative regional field populations. No resistance-associated mutations were detected in these S. calcitrans populations, suggesting that these populations are likely still susceptible to both pyrethroids and organophosphates. Establishment of RCV bioassay protocol and availalbility of target site sequence information will greatly facilitate resistance monitoring of S. calcitrans in the field.

Woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, overwintered as adult or nymph stage on rootstocks, and crown- and root sucker in the soil. In an unsprayed apple orchard, the number of E. lanigerum colony started to increase from mid-April, showed the 1st peak between late June and early July, thereafter decreased followed by the 2nd peak in late July, and then again peaked in late September as the size in the 1st peak. In this orchard, the number of E. lanigerum colonies per tree did not exceed 3.5 colonies during the peak occurrence period, and was maintained around 2 colonies throughout seasons. In all seasons, parasitism of Aphelinus mali on E. lanigerum was much lower on root colonies than on aerial colonies that located on shoots and tree trunks above the ground. The parasitism of E. lanigerum was high in most orchards examined, showing parasitism of > 70% in maximum in most cases. In the laboratory bioassay for the mortality effects of several insecticides on E. lanigerum, fenitrothion, dichlorphos, machine oil, methidathion, thiacloprid, and imidacloprid showed 97.8, 96.8, 95.4, 91.5, 26.7, and 7.8% morality, respectively. Also, the adult emergence rates from A. mali mummies were 51.2, 72.6, 14.2, 3.5, 72.2, and 85.4% in the treatment of the above insecticides, respectively. Insecticides belong to neonicotinoid, which are newly developed to control aphids, showed low mortality against E. lanigerum. Fenitrothion and dichlorphos were effective on E. lanigerum control and had a low toxic to A. mali. Consequently, the insecticides should be useful in integrated pest management system for E. lanigerum in apple orchards.

Beef marbling is known as one of the most important beef-quality traits in Korea. It is likely that marbling derived from fatty acids, mainly propionate, is mediated by rumen. Recently micro-agents were studied to enhance marbling, although many parts of that were digested in rumen. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen candidate materials to effect on beef quality with in vitro ruminal incubation. The materials such as saponin, chitosan, Zn compounds (4), vitamin C sources (2), Korean herb cocktail and garlic sources (2) were added to rumen fluid to 1.25% of substrate volume at 0 and 24 h incubation time. Total gas production in intact vitamin C source increased but that in all Zn compounds decreased (P＜0.05). Total gas production in Zn sulfate compound less decreased than in other Zn sources. Propionate in Zn sulfate increased than the other candidate compounds at all incubation time (P＜0.05). Experiment two was conducted to clarified effect of additives such as vitamin C sources (2), garlic lyophilized, Korea herb cocktail and Zn sulfate were supplemented with 2.5% volume at the 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h incubation time. Total gas in Zn sulfate was lower than any other treatments. Propionate in garlic, herb and Zn sulfate appeared to be lower than control and vitamin C sources at all incubation time, although significant difference was not observed in total VFA among control and all treatment. This study suggested that micro-agent might be used to improve beef quality with minute level.

This paper introduces nine acceptance sampling plans by attribute based on screening (sorting, rectifying). Revised KS standards for single and double acceptance sampling by attribute such as Dodge - Romig : 1998, KSA ISO 2859 - 2 : 2001, 13448 - 1, 2, MIL - STD - 105E : 1989, KSA IEC 60410 and ANSI/ASQ Z1. 4 : 2003 are presented.

This study was conducted to improve the effect of environment-friendly Tetranychus urticae pesticide through the development of Tetranychus urticae biopesticide using the plant extract. Tested extracts were fig leaf extract, viburnum erosum extract; besides Sophora flavescens Ait extract, Derris root extract, Tobacco leaf extract, and they were proved to be the caricidal effect of two spotted spider mite adults by spraying on the French bean leaf inoculated for Tetranychus urticae with each concentration; 500ppm, 200ppm, 100ppm, 50ppm. In the control treatments, caricidal effect was compared with only ‘Eungsami’ (500ppm, 200ppm, 100ppm, 50ppm), of which the main ingredient as environment-friendly organic material is, and distilled water. The caricidal effect of tested extracts to the two spotted spider mite adult was the highest in the Sophora flavescens Ait extract and Tobacco leaf extract over 90%, and comparatively low in the Derris root extract. When the caricidal effect of ‘Eungsami’ was compared with two spotted spider mite adults with each concentration, ‘Eungsami’(500ppm) and Tobacco leaf extract(500ppm) were very excellent as each 95.5%, 98.7% in treated concentration. The effect of Sophora flavescens Ait extract was also high as 96.5%. In the low concentration(50ppm), Sophora flavescens Ait extract was 45.8%, Tobacco leaf extract was the most effective as 53.8%.

우리나라 20개 지역의 경작토, 쓰레기 매립토, 부엽토 및 활성오니토에서 채취한 40개 토양 시료로부터 Poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA)를 분해하는 미생물을 37℃에서 강화배양과 투명환시험법을 이용하여 PBSA를 분해하는 균주를 선발하였다. 선발한 세균은 16S rDNA 염기서열분석으로 동정한 결과 Streptomyces sp. PBSA-1로 밝혀졌으며 진균은 형태적, 배양적

전남 서남부지역의 참다래 과수원에서 발생하는 과숙썩음병원균(fruit rot, Botryosphaeria dothidea)에 대한 항균작용이 우수한 세균성 균주를 선발하기 위하여 참다래 과수원 토양으로부터 단일균주를 분리하였으며, 과숙썩음병원균(Botryosphaeria dothidea)에 대한 생물적 제어 능력을 검정하고 균주 동정을 실시하였다. 참다래 과수원에서 분리한 총 250여종의 단일균주 중에서 참다래에서 발생하는 과숙척음병원균에 대하여 길항작용이 우수한 균주를 1차적으로 6종 선발하였고, 이 중에서 참다래 과숙썩음병원균에 대하여 길항 작용이 96.0% 정도로 우수한 Strain #120을 최종적으로 선발하였다. 길항균 #120의 포자배열은 rectiflexibles 하였고, 포자표면은 smooth형이었으며, 분리균 세포벽내 LL-type이 DAP를 갖는 wall chemotype I 이었다. 길항균 #120의 균주 형태학적 특성, 생리 생화학적 그리고 화학 분류학적 특성 등을 종합하여 볼 때 길항균 #120은 Streptomyces sp. #120으로 동정되었다.

Based on the Benzoflex (Vesicol Chemical Co.) as PVC plasticizer substituents for Di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), a series of new aromatic carboxylic acid ester compounds were designed as plasticizers, synthesized, and screened for the endocrine disrupting activity. 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (1) and 2-methoxybenzoic acid (2) as the commercially available starting materials were reacted with diethylene glycol (3) in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid using Dean-Stark column to give diethylene glycol di-(2-hydroxy)benzoate (4, KH01) and diethylene glycol di-(2-methoxy)benzoate (5, KH02), respectively. And diethylene glycol di-(3-pyridinyl) ester (7, KH03) and dipropylene glycol di-(3-pyridinyl) ester (9, KH04) were obtained in high yields by treatment of nicotinoyl chloride (6) with diethylene glycol (3) and dipropylene glycol (8) in the presence of triethylamine as a base. To determine the estrogenic disrupting effect of new synthetic phthalate analogues, E-screen assay method was used. Of these compounds, 4 (KH01) was found to be compound without endocrine disrupting effect.

The periodontal diseases and dental caries are major infectious diseases in oral cavity. Many of the preventive and therapeutic dental products contain the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory components. But some of these antimicrobial have weak points such as coloration, burning sensation and insolubility in water. We have screened the therapeutic herbal extracts of the Plant Extract Bank for the antimicrobial activity on the major dental pathogens by growth inhibition assay. For the Porphyromonas gingivalis, 8 herbal extracts had an antimicrobial activity, 11 herbal extracts for the Prevotella intermedia, 43 herbal extracts for the Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans and 61 herbal extracts for the Streptococcus mutans. Among these extracts, 6 herbal extracts had an antimicrobial activity for more than 3 species of dental pathogens. These extracts are Araliae Cordatae Radix, Crassirhizomae Rhizoma, Mori Radicis Cortex, Psoraleae Semen, Pini Ramulus and Sieges- beckiae Herba. All of effective extracts were CA group, ethanol extracts. Among these 6 herbal extracts, only Crassirhizomae is known to have a antibacterial effects. Therefore these herbal extracts have a possibility to be a candidate for a major antibacterial components in dental products.

This paper introduces reliability stress screening(RSS) for electronic hardware and components. This study also shows reliability centered maintenance(RCM), and reliability growth models. Moreover, this paper presents goodness-of-fit tests and estimation methods of power law model.