최근 전기자동차용 이차전지 등의 수요가 급증하면서 효율적인 리튬 화합물의 생산이 큰 주목을 받고 있다. 바이 폴라막 전기투석은 친환경적이며 경제성 및 효율성이 우수한 전기화학적 리튬 화합물 생산공정으로 알려져 있다. 바이폴라막 전기투석 공정의 효율은 바이폴라막의 성능에 의해 좌우되기 때문에 바이폴라막의 선택이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 세 계적으로 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 대표적인 상용 BPM인 Astom사의 BP-1E 및 Fumatech사의 FBM을 비교 분석함으로써 전기화학적 LiOH 생산을 위한 BPED 공정에 적합한 BPM의 특성을 도출하고자 하였다. 체계적인 평가를 통해 BPM의 특성 중 막의 이온전달저항 및 co-ion leakage를 줄이는 것이 가장 중요하고 이러한 관점에서 BP-1E가 FBM보다 더 우수한 성능 을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다.

Interests in molten salt reactor (MSR) using a fast spectrum (FS) have been increased not only for having a high power density but for burning the high-level waste generated from nuclear power plants. For developing the FS-MSR technologies, chloride-based fuels are considered due to the advantage of higher solubility of actinides and lanthanides over fluoride-based salts. Despite significant progress in development of MSR technology, the manufacturing technology for production of the fuel is still insufficiently understood. One of the option to prepare the MSR fuel is to use products from pyroprocessing where oxide form of spent nuclear fuel is reduced into metal form and useful elements can be collected via electrochemical methods in molten salt system at high temperature. In order to chlorinate the products into chloride form, previous study used NH4Cl to chlorinate U metal into UCl3 in an airtight reactor. It was found that the U metal was completely chlorinated into chloride forms; however, impurities generated by the reaction of NH4Cl and reactor wall were found in the product. Therefore, in this work, the air tight reactor was re-deigned to avoid the reaction of reactor wall by insertion of Al2O3 crucible inside of the reactor. In addition, the reactor size was increased to produce UCl3 over 100 g. Using the newly designed reactor, U metal chlorination experiments using NH4Cl chlorinating agent were performed to confirm the optimal experimental conditions. The detailed results will be further discussed.

Concerns about North Korea’s 7th nuclear test have been rising recently, and it is a significant threat to the situation around the Korean Peninsula. Amidst these threats, the Korean government also shows a strong will for denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula, referring to the “Audacious Initiative.” For denuclearization negotiations with North Korea, it is essential first to understand North Korea’s nuclear capabilities. However, since access to information is complicated and contains many uncertainties, many studies have been conducted to estimate it. Among them, Von Hippel surveyed to estimate the total amount of uranium ore based on information on uranium mining, which is relatively widely known throughout North Korea’s nuclear fuel cycle, and the amounts of HEU and Pu suggested by many experts. KINAC has conducted a study on a methodology that can narrow the estimation range and improve reliability through the Bayesian Network based on Von Hippel’s research results. However, in this study, the probability distribution is assumed to be the simplest form of uniform distribution, and the estimation formula for the amount of Pu produced compared to the amount of uranium loaded in the core is used as it is, which is an error in Von Hippel’s study. Improvement is needed. This study proposes a more reliable BN model by supplementing this and attempts to estimate the amount of uranium ore that North Korea produces or possesses. Of course, the data used as the basic structure of the model is insufficient, and the estimation formula is straightforward, so it is somewhat unreliable to trust the estimate for uranium ore. However, it is expected to be a suitable methodology that can narrow the scope of North Korea’s nuclear material production estimate or compensate for the uncertainty of the nuclear material production estimation model being developed at KINAC.

Cordyceps militaris mycelium extracts containing high amounts of cordycepin were evaluated in vitro for their antiinflammatory and tumor cell growth-inhibitory activities. All extracts dose dependently inhibited the increased production of inflammatory mediators including reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and β-hexosaminidase in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory cells. All extracts were evaluated for anti-proliferative activity against normal RBL-2H3 cells and diverse types of cancer cell lines, including HCT, MC5-7, U-87MG, AGS, and A549 cells. The extract showed the strongest growth inhibition (IC50 = 28.13 μg/mL) relative to vehicle-treated control cells against fibrosarcoma (MC5-7). We have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity of C. militaris via inhibition of NO, ROS production, and β-hexosaminidase release in activated cells. C. militaris mycelium extract was also evaluated mechanistically and found to exert six types of anti-cancer activity, confirming its pharmacological potential. Our study suggests C. militaris use as a potential source of anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. C. militaris may also be considered a functional food.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the problems that must be resolved in the short and long term to improve rice productivity in Nicaragua, where the current rice self-sufficiency rate is 73%. First, after selecting varieties with high adaptability to various cultivation environmental conditions, it is necessary to thoroughly manage seed purity to supply certified seeds. In rice cultivation technology, it needs to improve seedling standing and weeding effect by improving soil leveling, and watersaving cultivation technology. Also, proper fertilization and planting density must be established in irrigated and rain-fed areas. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the capacity by collecting and training with the latest agricultural technology information, by revitalizing the union rather than the individual farmer. It is necessary to develop varieties highly adaptable to the Nicaragua cultivation environment, as well as to expand irrigation facilities and cultivation technology suitable for weather conditions June- July in rain-fed areas. Last, it is necessary to maintain the consistency of agricultural policy for continuous and stable rice production, in response to climate change such as drought or intermittent heavy rain.

송대의 연유자기는 문인취향을 근간으로 하는 청ㆍ백자와 함께 송대 도자문화를 구성하 는 중요 요소이자 송 사회의 다양함을 엿볼 수 있는 중요한 증거라 할 수 있다. 그럼에도 송대 연유자기는 명요 생산품에 비해 만듦새가 조악하여 민간 취향으로 치부되어 크게 주목 받지 못했다. 이에 본 연구는 그동안 간과되어온 송대 연유자기에 주목하여, 생산지와 제작 기술적 문제, 더 나아가 소비양상을 고찰하였다. 문인취향의 청자와 백자가 송대 도자의 주류로 자리 잡았지만, 한편으로 연유자기는 기술 적으로 唐代의 연유도기보다 진화되어 이미 일상용기를 비롯한 예기, 부장품과 명기 등에 대한 수요로 선호되었음을 알 수 있다. 당대보다 더욱 확장된 생산규모는 송 사회의 연유자 기에 대한 수요가 늘어났음을 방증하며, 소비 계층 역시 상류층부터 서민에 이르기까지 폭넓 게 사용된 점이 확인된다. 그 외 송대의 연유자기는 지역별 출토양상의 차이를 보이는데, 가령 북방은 일상용품이 주를 이룬다면, 남방은 도용과 같은 부장품의 출토가 압도적으로 많은 편이다. 특히 승려나 불상, 馬首人身ㆍ鳥首人身ㆍ人首蛇身ㆍ12지신 등 도교적 도상의 출현은 송 조정의 정치적 통치와 판단에 따라 유ㆍ불교가 조화된 사상의 확산에 따른 결과물로 이해된다. 특히 사 천지역에서 유독 도교적 도상의 출현이 많은 배경에는 도교의 발원지로써 일찍이 도교신앙이 널리 보편화된 배경을 꼽을 수 있다. 더 나아가 이곳이 남북교통로의 접전지로 당대 북방 중 원지역에서 성행했던 삼채도용 제작과 장례문화가 남방으로 이전될 수 있었고, 남북방의 문 화가 융합된 결과로 볼 수 있을 것이다.

Potato is an important cash crop of Pakistan and widely cultivated in plains and mountains of Punjab. Khyber Pakhtun Khawa Gilgit Baltistan, on an area of 0.313 million hectares in summer, autumn and spring with an annual production of 07.9 million tons. In Pakistan potato yield is 25.2 tons per hectare, which is although above the world average but comparatively low as compare to the potential and other advance potato growing countries because of several reasons. Availability of healthy seeds and advance production technology are the major constraints to achieve the higher potato production goals. It is very alarming that in spite of good position in potato growing countries, we are unable to produce good quality seed. In Pakistan >01% quality seed is available against the seed demand around 0.5-0.7 million tons per annum and mostly depend upon the imported seed 15000-20000 tons per annum. Tissue culture industry has been a proven global technology in potato seed production, so it is dire need of the growing population and climatic change to adopt these modern technologies of potato production for sustainable and higher production and income to contribute potato growing farmers of Pakistan. It is possible with the commercial use of tissue culture and allied techniques as aeroponic potato seed production along with good management and plant protection measures to provide indigenous high vigor and high yield potential potato seed. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council has established Aeroponic Potato Seed Production facility at National Agricultural Research Center with the collaboration of Korean Govt RDA-KOPIA Pakistan. The Aeroponics is a modern technology for growing plants by providing a nutrient solution in the air without soil. Plants grow rapidly in the growth chamber under the aseptic environment, balanced nutrition and sufficient oxygen availability that improves potatoes production in the aeroponic system. This can produce 10 times more yield than conventional production systems. Aeroponics techniques are credited for making potato yield more efficient, and can reduce the number of steps in the potato seed multiplication. Through tissue culture and aeroponics facilities development in Pakistan, first ever more than 200,000 nucleus mini harvested at NARC from the autumn 2021 and spring 2022 planation at KOPIA screen houses. Further seed multiplication from the harvest is under progress at up hills and more than 500,000 tubers (G1) are expected to be harvested during October-November 2022. It is very encouraging, impressive and successful venture of KOPIA at Pakistan for the potato seed production and self-sufficiency to insure food security in the country.

본 연구는 극지 식물플랑크톤의 자외선 영향을 파악하기 위해, Phaeocystis antarctica와 Phaeocystis pouchetii를 대상으로 유색 용존 유기물의 생산과 광반응성을 평가하였다. 강한 자외선에 노출 배양 시, 가시광선 파장대에서 유색 용존 유기물의 흡광도는 두 식물플랑크 톤 모두 배양 초기에 비해 48시간 동안 감소하였다. 반면, 자외선 파장에서는 P. antarctica는 48시간 배양 후, 유색 용존 유기물의 흡광도는 초기 농도에 비해 약 30% 감소하였지만, P. pouchetii의 흡광도는 오히려 10% 증가한 경향을 보였다. 이 결과들은 강한 자외선에 노출될 경 우, P. antarctica이 생산한 유색 용존 유기물은 광분해에 의한 감소로 인해 해수 중 수중 생태계에 자외선 차단 효과는 감소하는 반면, P. pouchetii가 생산한 유색 용존 유기물에 의한 광보호 효과가 더 효율적임을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 자외선 영향 하에서 배양된 P. pouchetii의 배 양액에서 시간에 따라 증가한 유색 용존 유기물의 형광 특성이 지구 거대물질로 알려진 humic-like (C-peak)와 일치하여, 이는 자외선 차단 물질로 알려진 MAAs 생물 생산에 의한 것임을 확인하였다. 이는 기후변화에 의한 성층화가 강화되는 극지 해양환경에서, 광반응성이 낮은 P. pouchetti가 용존 유기물의 증가에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The facile production of high-purity mesophase pitch has been a long-standing desire in various carbon industries. Recently, polymer additives for mesophase production have attracted much attention because of their convenience and efficiency. We propose polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a strong candidate as an effective additive for mesophase production. The mesophase content and structural, chemical, and thermal properties of pitches obtained with different amounts of added PVDF are discussed. The influence of PVDF decomposition on mesophase formation is also discussed. We believe that this work provides an effective option for mesophase pitch production.

In this paper, a simulation computerized crash analysis evaluation method through reverse engineering was applied to the Defender vehicle to systemize and simplify the certification of small-scale electric vehicles. The Defender vehicle was selected as a benchmarking vehicle that converts into an electric vehicle, and the layout of the frame and element analysis of individual parts were conducted through reverse engineering. To review the vehicle package layout, the fastening and assembly method for each part was analyzed referring to the Defender maintenance guide and parts list, and it was used for frame element technology analysis. In addition, collisions according to the main frame material and the shape of the crash box were analyzed, and various cases were analyzed through parameter study. As a result of the crash analysis, it was found that the mild steel main frame could not guarantee the safety of the vehicle in a fixed wall collision situation, and the ATOS material would increase the collision safety of the Defender relatively. Through the crash analysis according to the shape of the crash box, it was found that the strength of the crash box is too high compared to the main body, and this should be reflected in the design for small-volume production of multiple products.

본 연구의 목적은 효소 가수분해 및 유산균 혼합발효기술을 이용하여 GABA 함량이 강화된 발효 다시마 추출물을 생산함에 있다. TLC 분석방법을 통해 GABA 생성능력이 우수한 균주 L. plantarum KCTC 21004, L. acidophilus KCTC 3164, L. sakei subsp. sakei KCTC 3598를 선정하였 다. 선정된 균주를 이용한 유산균 발효의 특성은 배양 시간이 증가 할수록 적정 산도는 증가하였고 pH 는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. GABA 생성능력이 우수한 3종의 균주 중 L. plantarum KCTC 21004 이 GABA 함량이 136.4 mg/100g으로 우수하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 유산균을 이용한 GABA 생산과 정에 있어서 기초적인 자료로 제공될 것으로 판단된다.

The experimental fish transplanted from China in 2015 was used after seedling production and cultivated. Breeding management for experiment was carried out from October 2020 to February 2021. Also, it succeeded in inducing artificial maturation three to four months earlier than wild broodstock and secured good quality fertilized eggs. The average size of fertilized eggs was 1.22 mm, at 20℃ Blastodisc (15 minutes post-fertilization), 2 cell (50 minutes), 4 cell (1 hours), 8 cell (2 hours), 16 cell (2 hours and 30 minutes), 32 cell (2 hours and 50 minutes), morula (3 hours), blastula (8 hours), gastrula (15 hours), skull formation (20 hours), organ formation (30 hours) and hatching yolk larvae stage (35 hours). The total length of the just hatched larvae were 2.50 ± 2 mm, and then gain growth of 42.5 mm by 60 days, reaching 45 ± 5 mm.

This study was carried out to examine the physical characteristics of bacterial cellulose (BC) and its optimal culture condition using coffee by-products. Recently, recycling resources and employing eco-friendly materials have been raised as significant issues in the food industry. As the coffee industry develops, interests and efforts for recycling coffee wastes are also growing. This study attempted to confirm the production of BC by utilizing spent coffee grounds filtrate as a medium. In order to confirm the optimal culture conditions for BC production, different culture methods, initial pH, culture temperature, and culture period were examined. The optimal pH and temperature were 6.0 and 30oC, and the optimal culture period was 14 days. The cultivated BC was dried by hot air drying, freezedrying, and mold drying, respectively. Then, the properties of the BC films, such as tensile strength, elongation, water-solubility, thickness, and chromaticity were compared. The drying method affected the shape and structure of the final BC films. The production of BC film is expected to expand opportunities for recycling coffee by-products and contribute to solving environmental problems caused by food waste.

Soybean is an important crop widely grown in the northern region of Nigeria for human and animal consumption. Commercial production of soybean in Nigeria has existed for eight decades. Current malnutrition and nutrient health problems in Nigeria warranted the introduction of high nutritive and affordable food sources such as soybean in the Nigerian diet. The high demand for soybean and its products has led to the rise in the cultivation of soybean in Nigeria. Although an increase in production has been recorded, the region of production has failed to achieve the potential yield per hectare. In improving soybean production in Nigeria, it is paramount to understand the factors that contribute to the process of production. This review paper provides information on factors affecting soybean production across the regions of production in Nigeria. The identified factors responsible for the yield gap include the impact of climate change on the agroecology shift, nutrient depletion and soil fertility, sowing date, the emergence of pests and diseases, and limited improved soybean cultivars. Adoption of improved soybean variety suitable in agroecology and sowing, at the appropriate sowing date by Nigerian farmers, can guarantee optimum soybean production. Further soybean breeding improvement studies are needed to provide more improved varieties with superior performance in Nigeria’s agroecology to achieve yield potential.

To assist farmers in shifting from subsistence to commercial agriculture, the government of Laos has promoted farmer organizations throughout the country. The farmer production groups have gradually transformed and emerged into strong cooperatives or associations. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors affecting farmers’ participation in FPGs. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources. A total of 140 respondents participated in a field survey in three kumb ban (village groups) in the Xepon District. Descriptive statistics and binary logistics regression models were used to analyze the data. The results show that the education level of household head, farmland size, access to credit, and perceived trust for farmer production group membership are significantly different from those who are non-members of the groups. However, non-members of FPGs face more constrain in accessing the market, as compared to the members of FPGs. The empirical results from the Binary Logit Model indicate that education level of headed household, farmland size, access to credit, perceived trust, and constraint to market are factors that significantly determine farmers’ participation in FPGs. This study contributes to the empirical literature by providing a better understanding of farmer participation in the groups. The government of Laos should consider and promote access to credit, farmer learning, and market integration to improve farmers' participation in FPGs.

This study investigated changes of milk production in dairy cows intramuscularly injected with drugs containing dexamethasone (DXM). Three types of dexamethasone formulations (Bueunde® (DXM 0.5 mg/mL), Dexason INJ.® (DXM 1 mg/mL) and Dexolone-20 inj.® (DXM 1 mg/mL)) were intramuscularly injected into sixteen healthy dairy cows each. Bueunde® was intramuscularly injected into 8 dairy cows with 5 mg (BED-1) and 10 mg (BED-2) of DXM once a day for 3 consecutive days, respectively. Dexason INJ.® was intramuscularly administered once into dairy cows with 20 mg (DXS-1, n=8) and 40 mg (DXS-2, n=8) of DXM, respectively. Dexolone-20 inj.® was intramuscularly injected once into dairy cows with 20 mg (DXS-1, n=8) and 40 mg (DXS-2, n=8) of DXM, respectively. Milk production (MP) of BED-1 and BED-2 significantly decreased during the drug administration and up to 48-hour post-drug treatment. Compared with the MP before drug administration, the MP of DXS-1 and DXL-1 was meaningfully decreased by 36 and 24-hour post-drug administration, respectively, and that in both DXS-2 and DXL-2 significantly decreased until 48-hour post-drug treatment. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the MP temporarily decreased by 48 hours after administration of DXM to dairy cows.