This experiment was carried out to study the effect of elapsed time after air flow cutoff on the germination rate of Italian ryegrass seed with different moisture contents during natural drying on reclaimed land, Jangheung and Kimje of Korea from 2023 to 2024, respectively. Seeds with moisture contents of 15.3, 22.3 and 28.0% were placed in vinyl bag (30 × 40 cm) at storage thicknesses of 10, 15, and 20 cm, and air flow was cutoff for 48 h. Seed moisture content, seed temperature (℃) and germination rate were investigated at 12-h intervals. After 48 h of airflow cutoff during natural drying, seed moisture content did not significantly differ among storage thickness treatment (p>0.05). When Italian ryegrass seeds with moisture contents of 27~28% were stored under conditions with air flow cutoff at 15~20cm thickness for 48 h, the seed temperature reached up to 30℃ and the germination rate was excellent at around 70~80%.

단풍취의 생육환경조사는 남덕유산(거창), 지리산(중산리, 치밭목, 만복대), 망산(통영), 망운산(남해), 삼신봉(하동) 등 7지역을 대상으로 2023년 4월부터 2023년 10월까지 실시하였다. 단풍취의 높이는 211.76~371.00㎜이고, 평균 298.26㎜이며, 잎의 수는 2.46~4.08개이고 평균 3.43개이다. 엽신의 길이는 63.17~98.10㎜이고, 평균 77.66㎜이며, 엽신의 너비는 85.86~113.70㎜이고, 평균 99.52㎜이며, 엽병의 길이는 53.80~109.40㎜이고 평균 71.34㎜이다. 뿌리의 길이는 172.75~249.55㎜이고, 평균 214.21㎜이며, 뿌리의 수는 13.38~35.85개이고 평균 25.08개이다. 화서의 길이는 107.28~215.88㎜이고, 평균 181.99㎜이며, 화서의 직경은 0.36~1.02㎜이고 평균 0.66㎜이다. 종다양도는 1.1278~1.6393으로 나타났다. 조사지의 토양 pH는 3.9~5.1이고 유기물 함량은 23~92g/kg이며 유효인산은 7~54mg/kg이고 EC는 0.1~1.5Sm-1으로 나타났다.

우리나라의 식량자급률은 49.3% 정도이며, 이중 쌀, 고구 마, 감자 등은 자급률이 높으나 콩, 보리쌀, 옥수수, 밀 등은 자 급률이 낮다. 또한 1인당 연간 쌀 소비량은 갈수록 감소하고 있 고, 과잉 생산에 의해 쌀 가격의 경쟁력 또한 저하되고 있는 실 정이다. 따라서 기존 쌀 중심의 논 이용 작부체계에서 벗어나 다양한 작물을 재배할 수 있는 밭 이용 작부체계로의 전환이 필요하다. 이 시험에서는 남부지역 밭 재배 콩 - 양파 작부체계 에서의 품종 및 파종(정식) 시기에 따른 작부체계 성립 가능성 및 생산성을 구명하고자 하였다. 경남 창녕군 관내 밭 포장에 서 시험을 수행하였으며 작물 별 재배 기간은 양파는 2022년 10월에서 2023년 6월까지, 콩은 2023년 6월부터 2023년 10 월까지였다. 양파는 로망(조생종), 탱크(중생종), 카타마루(중 만생종)의 3종을, 콩은 선유2호(단기성 두부 및 장류용 콩), 대 찬, 태광(이상 일반 두부 및 장류용 콩)의 3종을 시험품종으로 각각 선정하였다. 또한 콩의 파종 시기는 6월 중순(조기), 6월 하순(적기) 및 7월 상순(만기)의 3시기로, 양파의 정식 시기는 10월 하순(조기), 11월 상순(적기), 11월 중순(만기)으로 각각 설정하였다. 주요조사항목은 시험기간 중 기상 상황, 작물 재 배 전·후 토양 화학성, 작물 생육, 수량 특성 및 경제성 등이다. 콩과 양파의 재배기간 중 평균 기온과 강수량은 평년보다 높아 서 고온, 다우의 기상 특성을 보였다. 시험 포장의 토양 화학성 분석 결과, 콩 재배 시 토양 산도 개량, 양이온 무기성분 함량 증 가 및 질소 축적 등의 효과가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 양파에서 는 조생종인 로망의 수확기가 시험 품종 중 가장 빨랐다. 또한 정식기에 따른 양파 수확기는 모든 시험 품종에서 차이가 없었 다. 반면 중생종인 탱크와 중만생종인 카타마루의 상품 수량 및 경제성(소득)은 로망보다 높았다. 정식기에 따른 양파 상품 수량 및 경제성(소득)은 모든 품종에서 차이가 없었다. 콩에서 는 단기성 품종인 선유2호의 수확기가 태광 및 대찬보다 빨랐 다. 선유2호 및 태광에서는 파종기에 따라서 수확기에 차이가 있었으나, 대찬에서는 모든 파종기에서 수확기가 동일했다. 상품수량 및 경제성(소득)은 대찬이 태광, 선유2호보다 높았 다. 작물 별 파종(정식)기, 수확기에 따른 후작물 재배 포장 준 비 기간과 경제성(소득) 등을 고려했을 때, 콩(품종 : 대찬, 파 종기 : 6월 하순) － 양파(품종 : 탱크, 정식기 : 11월 상순)의 작 부 체계가 본 시험에서는 가장 적절한 것으로 판단된다.

There are now many seismic observatory stations, excluding the acceleration monitoring network for infrastructures, of more than 300 operated by several public and governmental organizations across South Korea. The features of the site and properties of the stations were not investigated, and they have been assumed or guessed to estimate the site-specific seismic responses during the 2016 Gyeongju and 2017 Pohang earthquake events. For these reasons, various and intensive geotechnical and geophysical investigations have been conducted to quantify the site characteristics at 15 seismic stations selected in southeastern Korea. The VS profiles were, at first, obtained by performing only a downhole seismic test (DHT) at 7 stations, and were compared with those from a surface wave method. Then, the shear wave velocity (VS) profiles were deduced by combining three types of in situ seismic methods composed of a cross-hole seismic test, DHTs, and full-waveform sonic loggings at the 8 other stations, especially to complement the application limits of DHT and reduce the depth-dependent uncertainty in VS profile. The representative site characteristic profiles for each station regarding VS and VP with borehole stratigraphy and density were determined based on robust investigations. Various site parameters related to seismic responses at the seismic stations of interest were obtained for the site-specific geotechnical information, which would be useful to earthquake engineering practices.

This study was conducted to investigate changes in the productivity of Italian ryegrass seeds according to the timing of harvest after heading in the southern region. The Italian ryegrass variety ‘Greencall’ was sown in Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, in the fall of 2022. Four harvest timings were tested (30, 40, 50, and 60 days after heading), with a randomized complete block design and three replicates. Sowing in the test plots took place on October 10, 2022, and harvesting was carried out from 30 days after heading on May 18 to 60 days. The plant height was the longest (99.1 cm) in the plot harvested 30 days after heading and decreased as the harvest was delayed. No significant differences were observed among treatments in terms of lodging resistance, disease resistance, and cold resistance. However, lodging severity increased over time after heading (7∼9). Disease incidence was also higher in plots harvested 50 and 60 days after heading. The length of the spike was shortest (38.76 cm) in the plot harvested 50 days after heading, and the number of seeds per spike was the lowest (42 seeds/spike) in the plot harvested 60 days after heading. The dry matter content of seeds increased with the delay in harvest, while dry matter yield decreased, with the lowest yield observed in the plot harvested 40 days after heading (3,031 kg/ha, p<0.05). The dry matter content of seed straw was highest at 75.73% in the plot harvested 50 days after heading and dropped to 34.99% 60 days after heading due to rainfall. The dry matter productivity of the seed straw was the lowest in the plot harvested 40 days after heading. The feed value of the seed straw also decreased with delayed harvest, with an average RFV (Relative Feed Value) of 91. In conclusion, the optimal harvest timing for fall-sown Italian ryegrass intended for seed production in the southern region appears to be 30 days after heading.

Bio-efficacies of two different types of fungicides, Diniconazole and Paclobutrazol with their effects as plant g rowth regulators f or Kimchi Cab bage were e valuated o n February 4 to A pril 13, 2024 in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. The experiment was done during the off-season planting of Kimchi Cabbage in the country. Yield and other horticultural characteristics were observed for seven different groups: group 1, untreated control; group 2, recommended rate of granular fertilizer (RR-G); group 3, recommended rate of granular fertilizer plus recommended rate of Diniconazole; group 4, recommended r ate of D iniconazole (alone); g roup 5 , recommended rate o f Paclob utrazol (RR-PBZ), group 6, RR-G plus RR-PBZ; and group 7, RR-G plus ½ RR-PBZ. Results showed that combination of recommended rate of granular fertilizer plus the full recommendation of Paclobutrazol (group 6) resulted in a significantly higher yield of 64.9 tons/ha than other groups with yields ranging from 23.3 to 55.3 tons/ha. Such significantly higher yield in group 6 was also attributed to the number of leaves produced by plants at the time of harvest. Regarding effects of two chemical treatments, the combination of Diniconazole a nd P aclob utrazol a s recommended granular f ertilizers h elped in t he heading of K imchi Cabbage during hot conditions with an average temperature of 32-35°C from March to April at the heading stage plus a f actor of b eing planted a t a lowland area i n the country. T he a dvantage o f Paclobutrazol aside from yield is its availability in the country as compared to Diniconazole (Binnari).

The experiment was conducted to determine the changes in seed productivity of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) according to nitrogen fertilization levels in the southern region of Korea. Italian ryegrass (IRG) variety 'Green Call' was sown in the fall of 2021 in Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do. The experiment consisted of three nitrogen fertilizer levels (100, 120, and 140 N kg/ha) with three replications using a randomized complete block design. Harvesting was done approximately 30 days after heading on May 18th. There was no difference in heading date among treatments, which occurred on April 18th. The longest IRG was observed in the 140 N kg/ha treatment, but there was no significant difference. No significant differences were observed in lodging, disease resistance, and cold tolerance among treatments, but lodging was severe in all treatments. The length of the spike averaged 44.95 cm, with no difference among treatments, and the number of seeds per spike was highest in the 120 N kg/ha treatment. Seed yield increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels, averaging 3,707 kg/ha (as-fed basis). DM content of seed and straw averaged 76.95% and 62.19%, respectively, with no significant differences among treatments. The remaining straw after harvesting averaged 6,525 kg/ha on a dry matter basis, with the highest value observed in the 140 N kg/ha treatment. Overall, considering the results, the optimal nitrogen fertilizer application rate for seed production of Italian ryegrass in the southern region when sown in autumn was found to be 120 N kg/ha.

A variation of fish assemblage in the coastal waters of Sagye-ri, southern Jeju Island was determined using samples collected by trammel net from 2012 to 2022. The total fish species caught by trammel net were identified 88 species, 46 families, 12 orders, and the number of appearance and biomass were 3,479 individuals and 883.6 kg. The annual variation of species was the highest in 2013 at 46 species and the lowest in 2021 at 30 species. The seasonal variation of species was higher in summer at 67 species and lower in winter, autumn at 47 species. The annual diversity index, evenness index, and richness index were appeared 2.42-3.00, 0.69-0.78 and 5.18-7.24 at each years. The dominance index appeared highest in 2013 and the lowest in 2018. Cluster analysis based on the number of individuals of fish was classified into two groups at the dissimilarity level of 57%, and results of SIMPROF analysis revealed significant differences in community structure among the two groups. The subtropical fishes were identified a total of 42 species (47.7%) and the number of species was higher in 2013 at 25 (54.3%) species and lower in 2018 and 2021 at each 17 (54.8~56.7%) species. The dominant species of subtropical fishes were appeared rabbit fish (Siganus fuscescens), scarbreast tuskfish (Choerodon azurio), bluestriped angelfish (Chaetodontoplus septentrionalis), balloon fish (Diodon holocanthus), and flag fish (Goniistius zonatus) at study sites.

2020년 6월부터 8월까지 일본 도쿄 남쪽 940 km 해상에 위치한 니시노시마 화산이 분화하였다. 2020년 7월 말 발생한 분화로 인한 화산재와 화산가스 일부가 우리나라에 영향을 주었을 가능성이 있는 것으로 보도되었다. 본 연구에 서는 화산재 확산 수치모의 프로그램인 Ash3D를 이용하여 현지시각 2 02 0년 7월 2 8일 0시에 화산폭발지수 3의 분화가 발생한 것으로 설정하고 수치모의를 실시하였다. 수치모의 결과, 화산재가 니시노시마 인근에서 동풍을 타고 7월 30일 새벽 오키나와에 도달한 이후 남풍을 타고 북상하여 8월 1일 제주도에 상륙하고 시계방향으로 회전하듯이 이동하면서 8월 2일에는 남부지방에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 실제 측정된 PM10 미세먼지농도는 제주도 고산기상관측소에서 8월 1일부터, 부산 구덕산기상관측소에서는 8월 2일부터 상승한 것으로 나타나 니시노시마 화산 분화가 제주도 및 남 부지방의 미세먼지 수치에 영향을 준 것으로 보인다.

This experiment was carried out to examine double cropping system using Italian ryegrass (IRG) 'Kowinearly', whole crop rice 'Yeongwoo' and barnyard millet 'Jeju native' during the Oct. 2020 to Oct. 2022. Three kinds of forage crops were cultivated at paddy field in Livestock Institute, Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jeollanamdo, South Korea. Whole crop rice (WCR) was sown in late May and barnyard millet (BM) sown early June each year after harvesting IRG. We examined dry matter yield and feed value of forage crops depending on harvest time of forage crops during the experimental period. The plant height in heading stage of IRG ranged from 108 to 112cm and dry matter yield ranged from 6,783 to 11,530 kg ha-1. The crude protein (CP) of IRG ranged from 6.0 to 8.44%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) ranged from 55.6 to 60.2% and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ranged from 32.58 to 36.7%, The dry matter yield of WCR increased as the harvest stage was delayed (14,310 kg ha-1 in milk, 16,167 kg ha-1 in yellow ripen, and 18,891 kg ha-1 in mature). Similar to results of dry matter yield of WCR, dry matter yield of BM increased as the harvest stage was delayed (11,194 kg ha-1 in late heading. and 14,308 kg ha-1 in mature), However nutrient content of WCR and BM showed a decreasing trend. As shown in above results, the productivity of WCR after harvesting IRG was shown to be high at paddy field in the southern region. However, BM also was appeared to have potential as summer forage crops.

본 연구는 남부 산림지역 고등균류의 임상별 분포 특성 및 다양성을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 경상도와 전라도 일대에 임상별 8개씩 총 24개의 고정조사구에서 고등균류를 채집한 결과, 868점의 표본을 채집하였으며, 2문, 6강, 17목, 61과, 134속, 367종으로 동정되었다. 부생성 균류가 62.44%로 가장 높은 비율을 보였으며, 다음으로는 공생성 균류 35.03% 기생성 균류 2.53% 순으로 조사되었고, 우점종은 구름송편버섯 (Trametes versicolor)과 맑은애주름버섯(Mycena pura)으로 확인되었다. 해발고도에 따른 고등균류의 분포는 299m 이하의 조사구에서 74종, 300∼499m에서 299종, 500m 이상에서 153종이 조사되었으며, 채집 시기별 고등균류의 분포는 7, 8월에 각각 190, 152종으로 가장 많이 조사되었 다. 임상별로는 활엽수림에서 192종으로 가장 많이 조사되었고, 혼효림 177종, 침엽수림이 149종으로 조사되었고, 지역별, 고도별, 시기별, 임상별 모두 부생성 균류가 가장 높은 비율로 분포하였다. 종다양도는 300∼499m의 활엽수림에서 7월에 2.2로 가장 높았고, 종 균등도는 고도별, 시기별, 임상별로 비슷한 수준을 나타냈다(0.93-0.97). 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 남부 산림지역 내 고등균류 분포 특성 및 다양성 결과들은 향후 수행될 고등균류 분야 연구의 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

이 논문은 미국 남부의 농본주의운동에 의한 예이츠의 수용을 배경으로 예이츠의 문학적 유산이 다양한 문화적 맥락 속에서 전유되는 방식을 검토하고 있다. 남부의 전통과 현대성 사이의 대립적 구성을 바탕으로 농본주의 비평가들은 예이츠의 문학적 비전 속에서 그 둘의 결합의 가능성을 찾았고, 그를 그러한 통합과 완성의 표식으로 주조해냈다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 예이츠에 대한 미국 남부의 수용에서 두드러지는 것은 남부 모더니티의 중심에 도사린 불안감, 다시 말해 현대시와 전통 사이의 연속성을 주장하고 싶은 열망과 그 연속성에 끊임없이 의문을 제기하는 지역적 특수성 사이의 충돌이라고 할 수 있다. 미국 남부의 예이츠 수용은 예이츠의 문학적 유산이 문화적 역사적 충돌을 통해 지속적으로 재문맥화될 것임을, 그리고 예이츠의 지역적 수용의 혼란스러운 방향성은 그 위대한 시인의 문학적 유산의 창조적 계승 가능성을 암시한다고 할 수 있다.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the change in the productivity of Italian ryegrass seeds according to the inter-row spacing in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) ‘Green Call’ variety was sown in Jinju, Gyeongnam in the fall of 2020 with three inter-row spacings (20, 30 and 40 cm). The experiment was arranged a randomized block design with three replications. The ryegrass was sown on October 17, 2020, and the harvest was on May 31, about 60 days from the first heading stage. There was no difference among treatments with an average of April 27th in heading stage. Plant height was significantly longer at 30 cm seeding interval and the shortest in 20 cm treatment. The length of the spike was the longest in the 40 cm seeding interval, and the number of seeds per spike was the highest in the 20cm seeding interval, but there was no significant difference among treatments. The seed yield was the highest at the 20 cm sowing interval (2,180 kg/ha), and decreased as the spacing increased. The dry matter content of seeds and straw was found to be 44.90% and 45.51% on average, and there was no significant difference among treatments. The amount of remaining straw after harvesting was found to be 7,506 kg/ha on average on DM basis, and was high at the 20 cm seeding interval. In view of the above results, it was found that it is most advantageous to sow at intervals of 20 cm when producing Italian ryegrass seeds through autumn sowing in the southern region.