In this study, the fate and removal of 15 pharmaceuticals (including stimulants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, etc.) in unit processes of a sewage treatment plant (STP) were investigated. Mass loads of pharmaceuticals were 2,598 g/d in the influent, 2,745 g/d in the primary effluent, 143 g/d in the secondary effluent, and 134 g/d in the effluent. The mass loads were reduced by 95% in the biological treatment process, but total phosphorous treatment did not show a significant effect on the removal of most pharmaceuticals. Also, mass balance analysis was performed to evaluate removal characteristics of pharmaceuticals in the biological treatment process. Acetaminophen, caffeine, acetylsalicylic acid, cefradine, and naproxen were efficiently removed in the biological treatment process mainly due to biodegradation. Removal efficiencies of gemfibrozil, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were not high, but their removal was related to sorption onto sludge. This study provides useful information on understanding removal characteristics of pharmaceuticals in unit processes in the STP.

Water quality improvement processes for stagnant area consist mainly of technologies applying vegetation and artificial water circulation, and these existing technologies have some limits to handle pollution loads effectively. To improve the purification efficiency, eco-friendly technologies should be developed that can reinforce self-purification functions. In this study, a multi-functional floating island combined with physical · chemical · biological functions (① flotation and oxidization using microbubbles, ② vegetation purification and ③ bio-filtration with improved adsorption capacity) has been developed and basic experiments were performed to determine the optimal combination conditions for each unit process. It has been shown that it is desirable to operate the microbubble unit process under conditions greater than 3.5 kgf/cm2. In vegetation purification unit process, Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus) was suggested to be suitable considering water quality, landscape improvement and maintenance. When granular red-mud was applied to the bio-filtration unit process, it was found that T-P removal efficiency was good and its value was also stable for various linear velocity conditions. The appropriate thickness of filter media was suggested between 30 and 45 cm. In this study, the optimal design and operating parameters of the multi-functional floating island have been presented based on the results of the basic experiments of each unit process.

재래식 해수담수화 수평적 압력용기 설계는 후단에 있는 역삼투막에는 농축수에 의해 수질악화 및 생산수저감 등이 동반된다. 이를 해결하기 위해 본 연구에서는 개념적인 중앙 주입식 압력용기가 생산수 단가에 미치는 영향과 역삼투 공정 설계 시 주요 인자들이 성능에 미치는 영향을 조사를 위해 상업화된 역삼 투 프로그램인 ROSA를 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 중앙 주입식 압력용기를 이용할 경우 총괄적인 회수율과 SEC 측면에서 성능이 저하하지만, 막 모듈 당 생산되는 생산수량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 생산수의 수질개선은 2단 설계의 용량 감소로 인하여 건설비 저감으로 연계되는 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구는 국토교통부 플랜트연구사업의 연구비지원(과제번호 16IFIP-B089908-03)에 의해 수행되었습니다.

The objective of this research is to introduce key performance indicators (KPIs) measuring overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) or overall operation effectiveness (OOE) effectively. OEE is one of the most effective KPI to measure the productivity and quality levels of an equipment-centric manufacturing company and widely implemented with a spreaded TPM (total productive maintenance). OEE is the most representative time-related KPI. For ease of measurement, OEE is calculated on the basis of the quantity of the processing materials and theoretical cycle time instead of using time-related sub-indicators. Hence, setting up theoretical cycle times is the most important aspect of the OEE measurement. Increasing customer's demand and developed manufacturing technology, more products can be made in a machine. So there will be multiple theoretical cycle times in a machine, but they have not been extensively considered for setting up theoretical cycle times in previous research. Futhermore the limitation to measure a performance of an operation which is consists of multiple machines is often mentioned in previous research. This paper shows how to measure OOE based on multiple theoretical cycle time.

  Ultra-high voltage transformer industry has characteristic of small quantity batch production system by other order processing unlike general mass production systems. In this industry, observance of time deadline is very important in market competitive

A study wish to present relation of safety characteristic deployment, which has the safety demand, safety characteristic, protection characteristic, safety regulation, safety education of unit work process. Safety characteristic deployment will be used in safety management education system design with a method of safety management system construction of unit work process.

A studies wish to present safety assessment table that is consisted of safety check-up, safety education, safety management for worker's safety management assessment about unit process. And safety management level was survey through case study that use safety assessment table. Safety management assessment table is improved safety management level of unit process, and is developed safety management system by worker confirms assessment items and improves problem.

Safety check-up and individual education, safety status wishes to present included safety assessment table for safety management assessment system construction about unit work process in Study. Safety management assessment table gives each grades about worker of unit work process, safety check-up, education, management and identifies merits and demerits of unit work process, it is that propose safety management assessment system that can reduce accident occurrence possibility.

The main objective of this study is to propose numerical guideline for the improvement of educational environment about high school girls. In order to analyze feature of the somatotype of the high school girls, analysis of this study was performed about 25 body parts such as height(7 parts), width(4 parts), thickness(4 parts), circumference(5 parts), length(4 parts), and body weight. For the specific comparison on body dementions, Mollison's comparison graph were used.

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the removal characteristics of COD, Ni, and P and to derive appropriate operating conditions for the plating wastewater according to NaOCl reaction time and pH operating conditions in the BPC unit process during the plating wastewater treatment process. As a results of evaluating the removal characteristics for raw wastewater by each BPC unit process, the removal efficiencies of COD, Ni and P in BPC 1-1 unit process were 72.8%, 99.1%, and 100.0%. Therefore, the proper reaction time of NaOCl was derived as 21.1 minutes. In order to maintain the +800 mV ORP and the reaction time of 20 minutes, the temporary injection and continuous injection of NaOCl in the BPC unit process were 13.7 mL and 18.7 mL, respectively. It was found that the temporary injection method of NaOCl reduced the chemical cost by 36.5% compared to the continuous injection method. Also, Ni showed the highest removal efficiency of 97.8% at pH 10.5. On the other hand, P showed a removal efficiency of 57.4% at pH 10.0.

국내 고형연료제품 제조시설은 대부분 비닐, 플라스틱 등이 주 성분인 사업장폐기물을 대상으로 운영되어왔지만, 최근 생활폐기물을 대상으로 고형연료제품을 생산하는 시설이 증가하고 있다. 생활폐기물은 사업장폐기물에 비해 물리적 조성이 불균일하고 계절별, 지역별 특성에 따라 그 성상이 다양하게 나타나기 때문에 다양한 전처리 단위공정을 통해 불연물을 최소화하고 양질의 연료를 생산하기 위한 노력을 필요로 한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 관점에서 설치된 다양한 단위공정 중 파봉설비(1차 파쇄), 파쇄설비(2차 파쇄), 자력선별장치, 풍력선별장치에 대해 폐기물의 투입부하, 컨베이어 이송에 의한 투입속도 및 두께, 풍량 등의 변수가 단위공정에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구를 진행하고 이를 최적화하기 위한 방안을 제안하였다. 파봉설비의 경우 그 목적이 다양한 크기의 봉투체로 반입되는 폐기물의 파봉에 있는데 투입 시 폐기물의 부하량이 너무 적을 경우 단위투입량 당 파봉되지 않은 폐기물의 비율이 증가하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 입자의 크기를 작고 균일하게 하기 위한 2차 파쇄설비도 파봉설비와 마찬가지로 부하가 낮을 경우 설치목적에 부합하는 결과를 달성하기가 어려운 것으로 확인되었다. 자력선별장치는 철류 불연물을 분리하기 위한 목적으로 설치한 것인데 폐기물 이송 컨베이어의 속도가 느리고 폐기물의 두께(투입량)가 얇게 투입될수록 선별효율이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 풍력선별장치는 비중이 큰 폐기물을 선별하기 위한 공정인데, 일반적으로 비중이 크다는 것은 함수율이 높거나 불연물일 가능성이 높기 때문이며 결국 불연물을 분리하여 가연물의 비율을 높이면서 가연물을 최대한 회수하기 위한 목적으로 설치된 것이다. 풍력선별장치는 풍량과 폐기물 두께(투입량)에 따른 특성을 파악하기 위한 실험을 진행하였고, 풍량이 크고 투입폐기물의 두께가 얇게 투입될 수 있도록 운전하는 것이 가연물의 비율을 최대한 높일 수 있는 방법인 것으로 확인되었다. 하지만, 이러한 결과들은 해당 지역의 폐기물특성(비중, 함수율, 분리배출정도 등)에 따라 차이가 있을 수 있기 때문에 사전에 폐기물의 특성을 충분히 파악한 후에 적용해야 할 것이다.

In this paper, an environmental assessment was carried out on the whole process of industrial business activities to establish a basic plan for climate change mitigation and energy independency. The whole process was divided into each discharge process in terms of water, air, solid waste, green house gases and refractory organic compounds. The flowcharts and basic unit of process were analysed for three years (2008-2010), being utilized as basic information for the life cycle assessment. It was found that the unit loading for the whole process significantly depends on changes in the operation rate change and highly concentrated wastewater inflow. About 35% of solid waste production was reduced by improving the incineration method with co-combustion in coal boiler, generating about 57% of electricity used for the whole process, and consequently reducing the energy costs. As the eco-efficiency index was found to be more than 1, compared to the previous years, it can be said that improvement in general has taken place.