본 연구는 2020년 미국 대선 결과를 중심으로 도시, 농촌, 그리고 교 외 지역 주민의 투표행태를 분석하고 있다. 2000년대 이후 미국에서 지 역기반 정체성이 강화되며 도농 양극화가 높은 수준에 이르고 있다. 이 에 따라 도시 지역은 민주당, 시골 지역은 공화당의 강한 당파색을 드러 내고 있다. 그 결과 도시와 시골 지역에 거주하는 주민들은 도덕성이 낮 은 후보자를 선거를 통해 배제하지 못하고 있다. 통계 및 사례분석 결과 2020년 미국 대선에는 재임 당시 많은 도덕적 논란을 빚었던 도널드 트 럼프 후보가 출마했음에도 후보자 도덕성을 중요하게 생각하는 도시, 시 골 거주민들의 투표 행태는 그렇지 않은 주민들과 차이가 없었다. 이와 는 달리 도시와 시골의 특징을 모두 갖고 있는 교외 지역에서는 후보자 도덕성을 중요하게 여길수록 트럼프 후보에 대해 표를 주지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 교육 수준이 높은 경우 이러한 경향이 더욱 명확하게 나 타났다.

목적: 경북 경산시 내외의 초등학생들의 나안시력 및 굴절상태를 비교, 분석하여 시력의 기초자료로 사 용하고자 한다. 방법: 경산교육지원청 주관 ‘밝고 투명한 아이(eye) 만들기’ 사업의 일환으로 2015년 9월-10월 동안 보 건교사가 있는 1개의 초등학교(도시)와 미 배치된 5개의 초등학교(농촌) 총 529명을 대상으로 자동굴절검사 기기를 이용한 굴절이상도 검사, 안경 미착용자의 나안시력과 안경착용자의 교정시력을 측정하여 지역별로 비교 분석하였다. 결과: 안경미착용자의 나안시력에서 도시 초등학생들의 시력은 평균 0.79±0.23이며, 농촌은 0.78±0.23 으로 통계적 유의성은 없었으며, 두 지역 간의 시력 분포도 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 학년별 비교에서는 도 시 초등학생과는 다르게 농촌 초등학생에서만 고학년이 저학년 보다 나안시력이 떨어졌지만(p<0.05), 지역 별 비교에서는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 성별에서도 남녀 간의 의미 있는 나안시력 차이를 보이지 않 았다. 등가구면 굴절력의 비교에서는 도시 초등학생의 근시가 농촌보다 많은 근시를 갖고 있었다(p<0.05). 안경착용자의 도시와 농촌지역의 평균 교정시력은 각각 0.88±0.20와 0.82±0.21로 도시 초등학생들의 교정 상태가 좋았으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 0.7이하의 미교정 비율은 도시 초등학생들이 농촌 초등학생들보다 오히려 12% 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 결론: 도시와 농촌의 지역적 특성을 구분한 초등학생 시력과 굴절이상도에 대한 선행연구와는 달리, 스마 트폰 보급의 대중화로 인한 초등학생들의 근거리 작업시간 증가로 초등학생들의 시력변화 특히, 저학년의 근 시증가와 근시도의 가속화에 대한 예방과 사회적 관심을 중심으로 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to compare the participation and influencing factors between rural and urban elderly and to identify their affecting factors.Methods : Data were collected from 77 rural and urban elderly. The instruments used in this study were Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K), Outpatient Physical Therapy Improvement in Movement Log (OPTIMAL), Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation (USER-Participation). Data were analyzed using a chi-Square test, t-test, Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression.Results : All four functions had a statistically significant correlation with their participation. There were significant differences in factors relating to participation between the rural and urban elderly. A high level of negative correlation was found between participation and depression in rural elderly (r=-.486, p<.01), and a high level of positive correlation was found between participation and self-esteem in urban elderly (r=.598, p<.05). The main affecting factor was self-esteem in the urban elderly (p<.01).Conclusion : There were differences in the participation and influencing factors between rural and urban elderly, and the rural elderly were found to have more weaknesses than those from an urban area. An intervention program for participation should be designed differently between those from rural and urban areas.

The purpose of this study was designed to identify the health care condition aggressively to urban and semi-urban seniors and to inform the importance of prevention prior to treatment for better old age. A total of 200 seniors who were over the age of 65 and lived specific area of Seoul and Daeboo-island Ansan-city, from 7 September to 4 October 2012, and used self-developed questionnaire. The result of relevance analysis for oral health care demands shows that seniors from Ansan-city had higher dental prosthesis demands(the average 4.43) than seniors from Seoul(3.96) and the difference was statistically significant(p<0.01). Analysis of the correlation between items represented positive(+) relation in all items and same age distribution. Dental prosthesis has high correlation in every items, but fluorine treatment has low correlation relatively. Correlation between independent variables and dependent variables was slightly high, R=0.356(35.6%). However daily activity, oral heath care and anxiety times showed statistical significances. The result of this study shows that there are significant differences between urban area and semi-urban area. Therefore, authorities need to offer oral health education.

목적 : 도시와 농촌 간 만성질환이 있는 65세 이상의 노인을 대상으로 일반적 특성에 따른 신체활동 실천율과 신체활동에 따른 삶의 질 차이를 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 만성질환을 갖고 있는 65세 이상 노인 1,039명을 연구 대상으로 하였다. 신체활동으로는 걷기, 유연성 운동,근력 운동을 조사하였고, 삶의 질은 EQ-5D (Euroqol-5 dimension)를 사용하여 삶의 질에 대한 자료를 수집하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 신체활동 실천율은 도시의 경우 연령, 성별, 배우자, 주택유형, 소득수준, 교육수준에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였고, 농촌의 경우 주택유형과 교육수준에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였다. 삶의 질에서, 도시의 경우는 걷기, 유연성 운동, 근력 운동을 실천 한 군의 운동능력, 자기관리, 일상생활활동, 통증/불편 영역에서 유의한 차이를 보였고, 농촌의 경우는 걷기를 실천 한 군의 운동능력에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 결론 : 도시와 농촌 모두 만성질환 노인의 신체활동 실천율은 낮은 편이었고, 특히 도시보다 농촌에 거주하는 만성질환 노인의 신체활동 실천율이 더욱 낮게 나타났다. 만성질환노인의 신체적 기능을 높이고, 삶의 질에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 신체활동의 중요성에 대한 인식이 필요하다.

To investigate acute drug intoxication trends in the elderly visited Emergency Medical Centers, Data was collected from the records of poisoning patients visited Five different Hospitals from January 1. 2007 to December 31. 2007. The analysis was conducted by using 135 cases of 624 cases. When considering only the elderly and making comparisons between the urban areas and the rural areas the following data was produced. In regard to patients with acute drug intoxication, the main substance of choice was pesticides. Cases of acute drug intoxication are definitely higher for those categorized as the rural elderly (75.0%) when compared with those categorized as the urban elderly (44.1%). The male to female ratio, those living together as a family, past suicide attempts, mental state and sobriety condition when they came, monthly distribution etc. between the two groups did not demonstrate a difference between them. In regard to reasons given for acute drug intoxication, suicide was the highest at 60.7% of the cases. When comparing accidental reasons for poisoning, the urban elderly, at 34.2% of their cases, were higher than in the rural elderly, at 23.7%. After first aid was administered, the admission rate was higher for the rural elderly (47.4%) than for the urban elderly (33.9%). This shows that the rural elderly have a more severe acute drug intoxication poisoning problem than the urban elderly do.

To investigate acute drug intoxication trends in the elderly visited Emergency Medical Centers, Data was collected from the records of poisoning patients visited Five different Hospitals from January 1. 2007 to December 31. 2007. The analysis was conducted by using 135 cases of 624 cases. When considering only the elderly and making comparisons between the urban areas and the rural areas the following data was produced. In regard to patients with acute drug intoxication, the main substance of choice was pesticides. Cases of acute drug intoxication are definitely higher for those categorized as the rural elderly (75.0%) when compared with those categorized as the urban elderly (44.1%). The male to female ratio, those living together as a family, past suicide attempts, mental state and sobriety condition when they came, monthly distribution etc. between the two groups did not demonstrate a difference between them. In regard to reasons given for acute drug intoxication, suicide was the highest at 60.7% of the cases. When comparing accidental reasons for poisoning, the urban elderly, at 34.2% of their cases, were higher than in the rural elderly, at 23.7%. After first aid was administered, the admission rate was higher for the rural elderly (47.4%) than for the urban elderly (33.9%). This shows that the rural elderly have a more severe acute drug intoxication poisoning problem than the urban elderly do.

목적: 농촌과 도시 거주 초등학생의 굴절상태에 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인을 분석하였다. 방법: 경상남도 소재 농촌 지역의 3개 초등학교와 도시지역의 1개 초등학교에 다니는 166명의 어린아이(저학년 36명, 고학년 47명)를 대상으로 자각식 굴절검사와 설문조사를 실시하였다. 결과: 나안시력은 농촌과 도시 학생에서 각각 0.75±0.34, 0.45±0.38로 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=5.689, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년 학생과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각 0.84±0.25와 0.54±0.37(t=4.088, p=0.000) 및 0.68±0.39와 0.39±0.38(t=3.989, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 등가구면 굴절이상도는 농촌학생(-0.52±1.02D)과 도시 학생(-1.60±1.80D)간에 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=4.869, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년 학생과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각, -0.14±0.48D와 -0.97±1.32D(t=5.048, p=0.000) 및 -0.81±1.21D와 -2.08±1.98D(t=5.051, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 설문조사에 의한 시력 관리와 시력에 영향을 미치는 환경적 요인을 분석한 결과, 시력 검사 주기는 농촌 학생은 74.7%가 `6개월~1년`, 도시 학생은 66.3%가 `6개월`이었으며, 시력검사 장소는 농촌 학생은 `학교`, 도시 학생은 `안과`가 가장 많았다. 평일 TV 시청 시간과 공부 시간, 전기스탠드의 사용 여부는 지역간 유의한 차이를 보여 거주 환경에 따라 시력 관리 실태가 다른 것으로 나타났다. 그 밖에 영양제 복용, 컴퓨터 사용 시간, 전기스탠드의 위치, 공부 자세 책과의 거리, TV와의 거리 등은 지역간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론: 도시 지역이 농촌 지역보다, 고학년이 저학년보다 시력과 관련된 환경적 요인에 따른 영향이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 환경에 맞는 효율적인 시력관리 증진 프로그램의 개발이 필요하다고 사료된다.

경남 소재 농촌 초등학교 3곳과 도시 초등학교 1곳의 166명 (저학년 각 36명 고학년 각 47명)을 대상으로 나안시력과 자각식 굴절검사를 실시하여 지역별 학년별 및 성별간 비교 분석하였다. 나안시력은 농촌과 도시 학생에서 각각 0.75±0.34, 0.45±0.38로 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=5.689, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각 와 0.84±0.25 와 0.54±0.37(t=4.088, p=0.000) 및 0.68±0.39 0.39±0.38(t=3.989, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 성별 비교에서 남학생과 여학생은 각각 0.65±0.40, 0.55±0.38로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 안경 착용률은 농촌과 도시 학생에서 각각 12%와 51.8%로 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=7.356, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각 0.0%와 44.4%(t=-5.291, p=0.000) 및 21.2%와 57.4%(t=-5.105, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 성별 비교에서 남학생과 여학생은 30.7%(27명)와 33.3%(26명)으로 차이가 없었다(t=0.412, p=0.680). 등가구면 굴절이상도는 농촌 학생(-0.52±1.02D)과 도시 학생(-1.60±1.80D)간에 유의한 차이를 보였고(t=4.869, p=0.000), 농촌 및 도시 학교의 저학년과 고학년 학생의 학년별 비교에서는 각각 -0.14±0.48D와 -0.97±1.32D(t=5.048, p=0.000) 및 -0.81±1.21D와 -2.08±1.98D(t=5.051, p=0.000)로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 성별 비교에서 남학생(-0.85±1.24)보다 여학생(-1.31±1.78)이 높게 나타났으나 유의성은 없었다. (t=-1.952, p=0.052). 근시 유병률은 저학년보다 고학년에서, 농촌보다 도시에 거주하는 학생에서 더 높았으나, 성별 비교에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이상으로부터 초등학생의 시력저하를 예방하고 효율적인 시력관리를 위해서는 거주 지역과 연령에 적합한 다각적인 시력 증진 프로그램의 개발이 필요하다고 사료된다.

The purpose of the study w3s to investigate the consumption pattern of the Korean traditional foods of the elementary schoolchildren living in urban and rural area. For the investigation, 373 fifth-grade elementary schoolchildren in Incheon and Gangwhado were surveyed by a questionnaire and the data were analyzed by the SPSS 10.0 program. As for the frequency to take the Korean traditional foods, bab and kimchi are taken almost everyday, and gug, jjigae, jorim, gui, namul are taken frequently. And juk, jeongol, jeon, sanjeog, jutgal, hangwa and umryo were shown to be taken occasionally. There were statistical differences in the frequencies of the Korean traditional food consumption by the residence and the gender. The students in urban area take hinbab, jabgokbab, hobakjuk deonjanggug, sangsunjorim, jangiorim more frequently than the students in rural area. The students in rural area take mandu, kuksoo, yeongunjorim and kongiorim more frequently than the students in urban area Female students take sangsunjorim, jangiorim, sangsungui, bulgogi, sangsunjeon, hobakjeon, sukchae, jutgal and oiji more frequently than male students. Most of the schoolchildren answered that in the future they would like to take the traditional foods more frequently than now. There was statistical difference by the gender. As for the food such as bibimbab, gug, jjigae, jeon, namul and jang-aji, female students responded to take more frequently than male students. The 39.1% of them responded that the taste is the point to be most improved in the future. But there was no statistical difference by gender and the residence In order to make the taste of traditional food more attractive to modem people, the 37.8% of them replied it does not need to change the traditional preparation method. However, similar percentage of the schoolchildren(35.7%) answered it is needed to change partly the traditional preparation method. As for the effect of traditional foods on health, the 68.4% of schoolchildren thought that the our traditional foods are healthier than western foods.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the understanding, the perception, and the preference of Korean traditional food in 487 middle school boys and girls living in urban and rural areas. The students got 6.66/10 points in the knowledge about Korean traditional food. The girl and the student from nuclear families got significantly higher scores than the boy and the student from extended families respectively. Most of the students(95%) responded that Korean traditional food must be in succession and be developed because it suits Korean tradition of our own and our tastes. However, Korean traditional food must be improved in cooking process to more convenient way and in tastes. Especially students in urban area emphasized cooking process, and students in rural area emphasized tastes. Many students(80%) answered that the households may play the most important role in succeeding and developing Korean traditional food. Most of students(82.5%) thought that the Korean traditional food needs to be made fast food because they need to take it more easily. However, hygiene, taste and nutrition have to be considered. Pulgogi, Mandoo, Rice, Ddeokgook, Chabchae are highly preferred foods while Torantang, Mookuen-Namool, Jutgal, Jeonyoouh are poorly preferred. Some students had never tasted Shinseonro, Goocheolpan, Torantang, Chokpyun and Pyunyook.

The study is a comparative analysis of the differences in economic activities of two rural villages near the city. It is the general notion that rural villages near large cities lose the characteristics of traditional rural villages and change the areas with urban characteristics due to the influence of urbanization. The survey also showed that Munho 4-ri and Jeongbae 1-ri in Gyeonggi-do have urban characteristics, such as population growth, agricultural activity reduction and non-agricultural activity increase, and community activity reduction. However, they also found that there were important differences in the future development patterns of the two villages. In other words, the reasons and purposes of migration of people moving to the two villages, the differences in the system of economic activity in the villages, and the differences in community cooperation are emerging. Therefore, the study shows that policies to develop rural villages near cities need to be implemented differently based on the characteristics of those villages.

This study is conducted to propose urban park utilization and master plan in rural areas. Urban parks designed for the rural areas can be divided into three types: a themed type for rural tourism, a community type for hub regenerations and a waterfront type for using agricultural reservoirs. To use the themes and characteristics of ruralness, these types are required a multi-layered spatial structure. And ecological, cultural and economic networks of local tourism resources have to be integrated by utilizing agricultural reservoirs. Therefore, urban parks in rural areas can be defined as a part of the public benefit project aiming to revitalize the local economy. Also, urban parks are necessary to use attractions and amenities in rural areas. Based on theoretical backgrounds, this study proposed two sustainable master plans as the tourism resource development project for Baelyeonje, Gulye-gun. For ecological and cultural sustainability, this study proposed the environment restoration plan which reinforces the scenic resource of Nogodan in Mt. Jiri by developing the underdevelopment plan with consideration of the local landscape characteristics and resources. For economic sustainability, building the Mt. Jiri tourism complex and economic communities are needed to promote investments for securing mutual economic benefits. To achieve the sustainability, further studies related to the social equity and investment of private capital in rural areas are needed.

Stability of labor market in rural areas was analyzed in this paper with categories of industrial group, employment scale, surviving period, and founder group. The stability of each classified labor market was compared with each other to figure out the stable business class and the unstable class in rural areas. The results of rural areas were compared with those of urban areas. The stability was analyzed with average and coefficient of variation (C.V.) of annual total employees’ change rates. It was revealed that labor market of ‘primary industry’, including agriculture, is unstable. Especially, labor market of ‘mid-size’ and ‘primary industry’ businesses founded as ‘incorporated company’ in rural areas is vulnerable. While labor market of ‘large-size’ is proved to be unstable, it is confirmed that ‘small-size’ or ‘mid-size’, and ‘over-ten-year survived’ businesses have positive contribution to the stable labor market in rural and urban areas. The results show that the stability of labor market is different in each category of business and in each region of rural or urban area. It is expected that the results can be utilized for the regional development policies, of labor and industry part.

On the purpose to analyze the survival rate of startup companies since their establishment, the companies’ survival rate was investigated by surviving period. The average and coefficient of variation(C.V.) of the startup companies’ survival rate were examined with the comparison of urban and rural areas, and primary, secondary, and tertiary industries. In this study, the variation of total numbers of new-established companies, from 1998 to 2012, were analyzed with micro-data of the Statistics Korea, ‘The Census on Establishments’. The results show that the survival rate of primary industry companies largely fluctuate and don’t be stabled during the whole surviving periods, whereas secondary and tertiary industry companies show stabilized survival rate after fifth year from their establishment. Especially, the startup companies of primary industry located at urban areas show the largest fluctuation and the most vulnerable stability of survival rate. It is concluded that the surviving period of primary industry companies don’t guarantee their survival, while survival rate of secondary and tertiary industry company became stable after five years from their establishment.