Reported positive ion fragmentation of phenolic acid derivatives in rice (Oryza sativa L.) were summarized based on the literature. A total of eight phenolic acids (4 derivatives of ferulic acid, 3 derivatives of sinapic acid and p-coumaric acid) were isolated and identified from rice (raw and steamed) using UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS. Results revealed that 6-O-feruloylsurose was the major component with 3'-O-sinapoylsucorse being tentatively identified in Oryza sativa L. for the first time as a new hydroxycinnamoyl derivative in rice grains. In our study, raw brown rice had the highest phenolic acid contents with Samkwang showing higher phenolic acid content than Saeilmi and Sindongjin (12.41 vs. 7.89 and 3.10 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively). Of all varieties, brown rice had higher phenolic acid contents than white rice. These contents decreased considerably when rice was steamed whereas, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid contents were increased. Additionally, contents of rice (raw and steamed) can be used as a fundamental report for new rice varieties.

나리(Lilium spp.)는 절화, 정원 식물 및 화분 식물과 같은 관상용 가치로 인해 가장 중요한 화훼 작물 중 하나이다. 나 리는 연작으로 인한 환경 스트레스에 민감하며, 환경 스트레 스의 원인 중 하나로는 염 스트레스가 있다. 본 연구는 분홍 색 오리엔탈 나리 'Medusa', 'Lake Carey', 'Ovada'의 생 육 시기별 염스트레스에 따른 표현형 및 색 관련 화합물 함 량 변화를 조사하였다. 염 처리는 생육 시기에 따라 다양한 처리기간(무처리, 발아 전, 발아 후, 전체 생육기간)에 주 1 회 염(8dS･m-1)처리를 실시하였다. 생육 시기별 염스트레스 에 의한 개화의 차이가 있었지만, 전체 생육기간동안 염 스 트레스 처리시 모든 품종에서 개화가 이루어지지 않았다. 염 스트레스 처리 시기에 따라 초장과 꽃의 크기가 감소율이 달 랐으며 'Medusa', 'Lake Carey'는 발아 후 염 처리에서 정 상 개화하였다. 또한, 염스트레스는 꽃과 같은 식물에서 생성 되는 색 관련 화합물인 페놀과 플라보노이드 함량도 시기별 로 차이가 있었다. 품종마다 차이는 있지만, 발아 전이 발아 후 염 처리보다 총 페놀과 총 플라보노이드 함량이 더 낮은 것을 확인하였다. 이 결과는 생육 시기에 따라 염 스트레스 에 의한 나리의 표현형과 화색 관련 화합물의 함량의 변화에 차이가 있었으며 생육초기 염스트레스에 의한 피해가 높은 것으로 판단된다.

This study aimed to investigate the growth and phenol content changes of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under five different light intensities and photoperiods, maintaining the same Daily Light Integral (DLI) conditions in a plant factory. Basil seeds were sown on a rockwool medium for four weeks and then transplanted. To maintain a DLI 17mol·m-2·d-1, light intensity and photoperiod were set at 16h-295, 18h-260, 20h-235, 22h-215, and 24h-200μ mol·m-2·s-1 and cultivated for four weeks. The harvested results showed that basil plant height, number of lateral branches, and leaf number tended to decrease from the 16h-295 treatment to the 24h-200 treatment. Shoot fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, leaf width, and leaf length were significantly higher in the 18 h-260 treatment. The total phenolic contents in the 18h-260 treatment was significantly higher by 51.3%, 172.7%, 111%, and 119.7% compared to the 16h-295, 20h-235, 22h-215, and 24h-200 treatments, respectively. Therefore, it is anticipated that cultivating basil under the condition of 18h-260 treatment could yield enhanced growth quality and an increase in total phenolic contents.

Ultra-violet (UV) light is one of abiotic stress factors and causes oxidative stress in plants, but a suitable level of UV radiation can be used to enhance the phytochemical content of plants. The accumulation of antioxidant phenolic compounds in UV-exposed plants may vary depending on the conditions of plant (species, cultivar, age, etc.) and UV (wavelength, energy, irradiation period, etc.). To date, however, little research has been conducted on how leaf thickness affects the pattern of phytochemical accumulation. In this study, we conducted an experiment to find out how the antioxidant phenolic content of kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) leaves with different thicknesses react to UV-A light. Kale seedlings were grown in a controlled growth chamber for four weeks under the following conditions: 20°C temperature, 60% relative humidity, 12-hour photoperiod, light source (fluorescent lamp), and photosynthetic photon flux density of 121±10 μmol m-2 s-1. The kale plants were then transferred to two chambers with different CO2 concentrations (382±3.2 and 1,027±11.7 μmol mol-1), and grown for 10 days. After then, each group of kale plants were subjected to UV-A LED (275+285 nm at peak wavelength) light of 25.4 W m-2 for 5 days. As a result, when kale plants with thickened leaves from treatment with high CO2 were exposed to UV-A, they had lower UV sensitivity than thinner leaves. The Fv/Fm (maximum quantum yield on photosystem II) in the leaves of kale exposed to UV-A in a low-concentration CO2 environment decreased abruptly and significantly immediately after UV treatment, but not in kale leaves exposed to UV-A in a high-concentration CO2 environment. The accumulation pattern of total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and individual phenolic compounds varied according to leaf thickness. In conclusion, this experiment suggests that the UV intensity should vary based on the leaf thickness (age etc.) during UV treatment for phytochemical enhancement.

Aster koraiensis Nakai (A. koraiensis) which has been used as a food and medicinal plant in the past, is valuable as functional food material. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant properties and major phenolics of A. koraiensis extracts with different ethanol concentrations (0, 50, 70, and 100% aqueous ethanol solution). When ethanol concentration in the extraction solvent was increased, extraction yield decreased; 34.2, 23.2, 21.0, and 5.5% in 0, 50, 70, and 100% ethanolic extracts, respectively. Total phenolics content and antioxidant activities of extracts were increased in an ethanol concentration-dependant manner. The major phenolics in the extracts were chlorogenic acid (21.264~58.666 mg/g), isochlorogenic acid A (10.432~145.353 mg/g), and isochlorogenic acid C(0.239~13.148 mg/g), and these phenolic contents were higher in 70 and 100% ethanolic extracts than other extracts. Significant correlations were observed between ethanol concentration of extraction solvent, antioxidant properties, and major phenolics. These results indicated that the optimal ethanol concentration for extraction was 70%.

The aim of study to investigate the phytochemicals and biological activities the bark of Betula schmidtii. The studies consisted of the solvent extraction, followed by the isolation of phenolic components 1~3 from ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of Betula schmidtii Bark. Their chemical structures were identified as arbutin (1), ρ-coumaric acid (2) and ferulic acid (3) using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometer, Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) (negative ion mode), 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), 13C-NMR, 1H-1H Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) and 1H-13C Hetero Nuclear Multiple Quantum Correlation (HMQC) spectral data. Compounds 1~3 shows the anti-oxidant effect with IC50 values of 29.74±1.52, 21.32±1.07 and 34.41±1.24 in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, respectively. Also, compounds 1~3 exhibited mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 31.14±1.07, 42.54±1.46 and 69.22±1.43 μM, respectively.

Lac 색소의 열수와 메탄올 추출물의 일부 유리아미노산과 그 유도체의 조성 및 함량, phenolic acid와 flavonoid의 조성 및 함량을 분석하고, 일부 피부미용 화장품 생리활성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 유리아미노산은 열수와 메탄올 추출물에서 각각 검출되지 않았으며, 단백질 비구성 아미노산 유도체는 열수 추출물에서 2종, 메탄올 추출물에서는 3종이 검출되었다. Phenolic acid와 flavonoids의 조성 및 함량분석에서, phenolic acid의 경우 열수 추출물에서 2종, 메탄올 추출물에서 5종이 검출되었다. 또한 flavonoids의 경우 열수 추출물에서는 검출되지 않았으나, 메탄올 추출물에서는 rutin과 taxifolin이 약간 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. DPPH radical 소거 활성은 메탄올 추출물이 40.43 ± 0.21%로 열수 추출물에서보다 약간 높게 나타났고, Tyrosinase 저해 활성은 메탄올 추출물이 열수 추출물에서 보다 약 2배 정도 높은 것으로 나타났다. HaCaT 세포주에 대한 세포독성은 모든 처리 농도에서 나타나지 않았으며, 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 세포 생장이 증가하는 경향이었다.

본 연구에서는 플라즈마 발생장치를 수경재배 시스템과 결 합하여 재배 기간 동안 처리 시 상추의 생육 및 기능성 물질 함량 변화를 살펴보기 위해 실시하였다. 3주 동안 육묘하여 균일 한 크기의 상추 묘를 semi-DFT에 정식하였으며, 플라즈마 공정 장치를 결합하여 4주 동안 8시간 주기로 1시간씩 수중에서 간헐적으로 작동시켰다. 양액(대조구), 플라즈마 활성수 (4.2kV, 5.7kV)를 사용하여 온실에서 재배하였으며 이후 수확하여 생육조사 및 기능성 물질 분석을 실시하였다. 플라즈마 활성수 처리 기간 동안 발생되는 활성산소종 중에서 O3로 인하여 플라즈마 발생 장치에 근접한 개체일수록 갈색 반점 및 괴사현상이 나타났으며, 생육조사를 실시한 결과 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 기능성 물질 분석 결과 상추 지상부의 rutin과 총 페놀 함량은 플라즈마수보다 높았지만, epicatechin 의 경우 플라즈마수 처리에서 함량이 더 많았다. 근권부에서 측정된 이차대사산물인 rutin, epicatechin, quercetin 및 총 페놀 함량은 대조구보다 플라즈마수 처리구에서 유의하게 높았다. 이러한 결과는 플라즈마수 처리 시간동안 수중에 오존과 같은 활성산소종으로 인해 지상부 생육이 잘 이루어지지 못했으나, 근권 영역에서는 이차대사산물이 크게 증가하였다. 향후 간헐적인 플라즈마 활성수 생성에 따른 생리 장해를 극복 하고 뿌리채소의 수경재배 시스템에 적용하여 이차대사산물 을 증가시키기 위한 본 기술의 도입이 필요하다.

This study investigated the degradation characteristics and biodegradability of phenol, refractory organic matters, by injecting MgO and CaO-known to be catalyst materials for the ozonation process-into a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma. MgO and CaO were injected at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2 g/L, and the pH was not adjusted separately to examine the optimal injection amounts of MgO and CaO. When MgO and CaO were injected, the phenol decomposition rate was increased, and the reaction time was found to decrease by 2.1 to 2.6 times. In addition, during CaO injection, intermediate products combined with Ca2+ to cause precipitation, which increased the COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal rate by approximately 2.4 times. The biodegradability of plasma treated water increased with increase in the phenol decomposition rate and increased as the amount of the generated intermediate products increased. The biodegradability was the highest in the plasma reaction with MgO injection as compared to when the DBD plasma pH was adjusted. Thus, it was found that a DBD plasma can degrade non-biodegradable phenols and increase biodegradability.

The chemical informs about 70 individual phenolic compounds were constructed from various lettuce samples based on literature sources and analytical data. A total of 30 phenolic compounds including quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, quercetin 3-O-(6''-O- malonyl) glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-(6''-O-malonyl)glucoside, chlorogenic acid and chicoric acid as major components were identified in 6 lettuce samples from Korea using UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS on the basis of constructed library. Among these, quercetin 3,7-di-O-glucoside(m/z 627 [M+H]+), quercetin 3-O-(2''-O-malonyl)glucoside(morkotin C, m/z 551 [M+H]+), quercetin 3-O-(6''- O-malonyl)glucoside methyl ester(m/z 565 [M+H]+), 5-O-cis-p-coumaroylquinic acid(m/z 339 [M+H]+) and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester(m/z 369 [M+H]+) were newly confirmed from the lettuce samples. In total content of phenolic compounds, 4 red lettuce samples(2,947.7~7,535.6 mg/100 g, dry weight) showed higher than green lettuce(2,687.3 mg) and head lettuce(320.1 mg).

Macro-porous carbon foams are fabricated using cured spherical phenolic resin particles as a matrix and furfuryl alcohol as a binder through a simple casting molding. Different sizes of the phenolic resin particles from 100– 450 μm are used to control the pore size and structure. Ethylene glycol is additionally added as a pore-forming agent and oxalic acid is used as an initiator for polymerization of furfuryl alcohol. The polymerization is performed in two steps; at 80oC and 200oC in an ambient atmosphere. The carbonization of the cured body is performed under Nitrogen gas flow (0.8 L/min) at 800oC for 1 h. Shrinkage rate and residual carbon content are measured by size and weight change after carbonization. The pore structures are observed by both electron and optical microscope and compared with the porosity results achieved by the Archimedes method. The porosity is similar regardless of the size of the phenolic resin particles. On the other hand, the pore size increases in proportion to the phenol resin size, which indicates that the pore structure can be controlled by changing the raw material particle size.

This objective of this study was to investigate the degradation characteristics of phenol, a refractory substance, by using a submerged dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor. To indirectly determine the concentration of active species produced in the DBD plasma, the dissolved ozone was measured. To investigate the phenol degradation characteristics, the phenol and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations were evaluated based on pH and the discharge power. The dissolved ozone was measured based on the air flow rate and power discharged. The highest dissolved ozone concentration was recorded when the injected air flow rate was 5 L/min. At a discharge power of 40W as compared to 70W, the dissolved ozone was approximately 2.7 – 6.5 times higher. In regards to phenol degradation, the final degradation rate was highest at about 74.06%, when the initial pH was 10. At a discharged power of 40W, the rate of phenol decomposition was observed to be approximately 1.25 times higher compared to when the discharged power was 70W. It was established that the phenol degradation reaction was a primary reaction, and when the discharge power was 40W as opposed to 70W, the reaction rate constant(k) was approximately 1.72 times higher.