국내 음식물류폐기물의 1일 발생량은 14,143 톤으로 약 30%는 퇴비로 재활용하고 있으며, 그중 석회안정화공법을 통해 제조된 석회처리비료는 작물의 수량 증가, 산성 토양 개량 및 유기물 공급 등의 효과가 있다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 석회처리비료 시용량에 따른 작물 생육 및 토양의 화학적 특성에 대한 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 처리구는 무처리구(CT), NPK 처리구(NPK). NPK+소석회 처리구(CH), NPK+석회처리비료 처리구 1, 2, 4, 8 및 16배(LTF1, 2, 4, 8 및 16)로 설정하였다. 석회처리비료는 석회소요량 기준으로 처리를 하여 상추 포트 재배실험을 진행하였다. 상추의 생육조사 결과 전반적으로 LTF1 처리구의 생육(수량 5,050 kg ha-1)이 가장 좋았던 반면, 석회처리비료 시용량이 증가할수록 생육이 저하되는 경향이었으며 수량도 LTF16 처리구(1,600 kg ha-1)에서 유의한 수준으로 감소하였다. 시험 후 토양의 pH, EC, OM, 교환성 양이온은 모두 시험 전보다 상승하였고 석회처리비료의 시용량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 상추의 질소, 인산 및 칼륨의 양분흡수량은 LTF1 처리구에서 NPK 처리구 대비 각각 6.1, 0.5 및 4.0 kg ha-1 증가했으나, 석회처리비료 시용량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향이었다. 이를 통해 석회처리비료는 석회소요량 기준 2배량 이하로 시용하는 것이 적합하다고 판단되나 석회처리비료의 적정사용량 설정을 위해 연용 포장실험을 통한 추가적인 모니터링이 필요하다고 사료된다.

시설재배지 고추를 가해하는 꽃노랑총채벌레(Frankliniella occidentalis)를 대상으로 미끌애꽃노린재(Orius laevigatus)를 이용한 생물적 방 제가 검토되고 있다. 그러나 대상 해충의 빠른 집단 성장은 화학 살충제의 투입이 때에 따라 요구된다. 본 연구는 화학 살충제와 천적의 이상적 종합 방제를 구현하기 위한 목적으로 선택성이 높은 살충제 선발 및 이들 살충제 처리 이후 미끌애꽃노린재의 안전한 재투입 시기를 결정하기 위해 수행 되었다. 첫째로 꽃노랑총채벌레에 방제 효과가 높은 상용 살충제가 선발되었다. 총 17종류의 상용 살충제 가운데 5종류(pyriproxyfen+ spinetoram, abamectin, spinosad, acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos) 주성분을 갖는 상용 살충제가 꽃노랑총채벌레에 우수한 방제효과를 주는 약제로 선발되었다. 이들 5종류의 살충제에 대해서 미끌애꽃노린재의 감수성 반응은 꽃노랑총채벌레와 상이하였다. 특별히 아바멕틴과 스피네토람이 유 기인계 또는 네오니코티노이드에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 독성을 보였다. 이들 5종류의 살충제 처리 이후 잔류 독성을 미끌애꽃노린재를 이용하여 생물검정한 결과 유기인계 및 네오니코티노이드 약제는 비교적 오랜 기간 독성을 유지하지만, 아바멕틴과 스피네토람 약제의 경우 3일 이후에는 대상 천적에 피해를 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 잔류독성결과는 LC-MS/MS를 이용한 농약 잔류량 화학분석을 통해 뒷받침되었다. 이상 의 결과는 높은 밀도로 증가한 꽃노랑총채벌레에 대해서 이 해충에 살충성이 높은 아바멕틴 또는 스피네토람의 약제를 살포하고 이후 3일 지나 미 끌애꽃노린재의 투입을 통해 대상 해충의 평균 밀도를 경제적피해수준 이하로 유지할 수 있다는 종합방제 기술을 제시하고 있다.

높은 안전성과 견고한 기계적 특성을 가진 고체상 슈퍼커패시터는 차세대 에너지 저장 장치로서 세계적 관심을 끌고 있다. 슈퍼커패시터의 전극으로서 경제적인 탄소 기반 전극이 많이 사용되는데 수계 전해질을 도입하는 경우 소수성 표 면을 가진 탄소 기반 전극과의 계면 상호성이 좋지 않아 저항이 증가한다. 이와 관련하여 본 연구에서는 전극 표면에 산소 플라즈마 처리를 하여 친수화된 전극과 수계 전해질 사이의 향상된 계면 성질을 기반으로 더 높은 전기화학적 성능을 얻는 방법을 제시한다. 풍부해진 산소 작용기들로 인한 표면 친수화 효과는 접촉각 측정을 통해 확인하였으며, 전력과 지속시간을 조절함으로써 친수화 정도를 손쉽게 조절할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 수계 전해질로 PVA/H3PO4 고체상 고분자 전해질막을 사 용하였으며 프레싱하여 전극에 도입하였다. 15 W의 낮은 전력으로 5초간 산소 플라즈마 처리를 시행하는 것이 최적 조건이 었으며 슈퍼커패시터의 에너지 밀도가 약 8% 증가하였다.

A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing commonly used effective microorganisms on the chemical properties of swine liquid manure. Effective microorganisms used in this study were Bacillus subtilis (1.3×109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml), Enterococcus faecium (1.9×1010 CFU/ml), Aspergillus oryzae (2.0×109 CFU/ml), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (6.4×109 CFU/ml), Rhodobacter sphaeroides (1.2×108 CFU/ml), and Streptomyces griseus (6.2×108 CFU/ml). Swine liquid manure collected and decanted from a swine farm was used in this study. Treatments included control (distilled water supplementation), Treatment 1 (T1) (mixed microbes, 109 CFU/ml), and Treatment 2 (T2) (mixed microbes, 107 CFU/ml). Microbial mix was supplemented every 3.5 days and aerated six times (15 min each) a day to facilitate compositing. Ten ml of sample was collected at 2-, 4-, 6-, and 7-week intervals for the measurement of pH, ammonia-N, volatile fatty acid (VFA), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium. At seven weeks, samples were further collected to analyze biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Ammonia-N was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in T1 and T2 by 36% and 30%, respectively, compared with control (23%). VFAs including butyrate, iso-butyrate, valerate, iso-valerate, and caproate were not detected in T1 from the four-week aerated sample. The BOD and COD were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in T1 by 96% and 58%, respectively. In conclusion, ammonia-N, VFA, BOD, and COD, known as odor indicators, were decreased in T1 and T2 compared with control, suggesting that effective microorganisms are useful for compositing swine liquid manure

Using lanthanum zinc oxide (LZO) film with the ion-beam irradiation, uniform and homogeneous liquid crystal (LC) alignment was achieved. To fabricate the LZO thin film on glass substrate, solution process was conducted as a deposition method. Cross-polarized optical microscopy (POM) and the crystal rotation method reveal the state of LC alignment on the ion-beam irradiated LZO film. Between orthogonally placed polarizers, POM image showed constant black color with regular transmittance. Furthermore, collected incidence angle versus transmittance curve from the crystal rotation method revealed that the LC molecules on the ion-beam irradiated LZO film were aligned homogeneously. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were conducted to reveal the relationship between the ion-beam irradiation and the LC alignment. The ion-beam irradiation changed the LZO film surface to rougher than before by etching effect. Numerical roughness values from AFM analysis supported this phenomenon specifically. XPS analysis showed the chemical composition change due to the ion-beam irradiation by investigation of O 1s, La 3d and Zn 2p spectra. The ion-beam irradiation induced the breakage of chemical bonds in the LZO film surface and this occurred surface chemical anisotropic characteristics for uniform LC alignment.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of storage temperature and pressure plate treatment on chemical composition in Prunus mume sugar extracts (PSEs). Green Prunus mume fruit was mixed with an equal amount of commercial sugar and stored at 4 or 25oC for 9 mon with or without a pressure plate. The alcohol contents in PSEs stored at 4oC were lower than those stored at 25oC. The amygdalin contents in PSEs stored at 25oC with pressure plate were significantly low. The sucrose in PSEs was converted into glucose and fructose during storage. The glucose, fructose and total phenol contents in PSEs stored at 25oC were higher compared with those at 4oC. The total soluble solid and polyphenol contents in PSEs were increased at 25oC until 90 d and 4oC until 150 d and then the contents were constant. The total acidity in PSEs stored at 4oC were higher than those at 25oC. These results indicate that storage temperature plays an important role in controlling the alcohol, amygdalin and sucrose contents in Prunus mume sugar extracts (PSEs).

The removal of organic carbon and nutrients (i.e. N and P) from wastewater is essential for the protection of the water environment. Especially, nitrogen compounds cause eutrophication in the water environment, resulting in bad water quality. Conventional nitrogen removal systems require high aeration costs and additional organic carbon. Microbial electrochemical system (MES) is a sustainable environmental system that treats wastewater and produces energy or valuable chemicals by using microbial electrochemical reaction. Innovative and cost-effective nitrogen removal is feasible by using MESs and increasing attention has been given to the MES development. In this review, recent trends of MESs for nitrogen removal and their mechanism were conclusively reviewed and future research outlooks were also introduced.

전기화학적 처리를 통해 합성폐수 내의 질산성 질소, 인을 제거하는 새로운 폐수처리 공정 시스템 개발을 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 전류밀도에 따른 제거율은 전류밀도가 높아질수록 질산성 질소의 높은 제거효율을 얻었고, 전극 스위칭시간에 따른 N03-제거율은 스위칭 간격이 1 min일 때 높은 질산성 질소 제거효율을 얻었다. 전류밀도에 따른 총인 제거율은 전류밀도와 간격의 변화에 크게 영향을 받지 않으면서 90%이상 처리되는 것으로 나타났고, 스위칭시간(1 min간격)의 증가에 따른 총인 제거율은 증가 한 것으로 나타났다. 반면 COD의 경우는 전기화학적 처리를 통해서는 처리되지 않는 것으로 나타났으며 오히려 전극이 용출되면서 증가하는 결과를 얻었다. 또한, 전극의 소모율은 스위칭 간격이 짧을수록 적은 것으로 나타났다. 최종적으로 전기화학적 처리(전류밀도 50 mA/cm2, 스위칭 간격 1 min, 유량 540 mL/min)를 통해 질소 98.1%, 인 90% 이상의 제거 효율을 얻을 수 있었다.

The effect of physical and chemical treatments to reduce staphylococcal phages was investigated. To determine impact of physical treatment on viability of phages, two staphylococcal phages (SAP84 and SAP89) were treated with multiple heat (55oC and 60oC) and pH (pH4, 7, 10) conditions. Viability of SAP 84 was dramatically reduced at 60C and SAP 89 was completely inactivated at 60C within 25 min. Overall, the two phages were stable under all the pH conditions tested except for the SAP 89 at pH 10. Treatments, a 10% FAS (Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate) solution and various density of ethanol and sodium hypochlorite were used to reduce the two phages. SAP 84 was unstable in 50% and 70% ethanol. However, SAP 84 and SAP 89 showed high tolerance after exposure to 100 ppm of sodium hypochlorite which is known as an effective sterilizer. As soon as the two phages were treated with 10% FAS, which is used as a virucidal agent, they were inactivated and did not form any plaque. The result of this study provides additional evidence that staphylococcal phages can be controlled by various physicochemical treatments.

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are toxic carcinogenic compounds found in wastewater. VOCs require rapid removal because they are easily volatilized during wastewater treatment. Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes(EAOPs) are considered efficient for VOC removal, based on their fast and versatile anodic electrochemical oxidation of pollutants. Many studies have reported the efficiency of removal of various types of pollutants using different anodes, but few studies have examined volatilization of VOCs during EAOPs. This study examined the removal efficiency for VOCs (chloroform, benzene, trichloroethylene and toluene) by oxidization and volatilization under a static stirred, aerated condition and an EAOP to compare the volatility of each compound. The removal efficiency of the optimum anode was determined by comparing the smallest volatilization ratio and the largest oxidization ratio for four different dimensionally stable anodes(DSA): Pt/Ti, IrO2/Ti, IrO2/Ti, and IrO2-Ru-Pd/Ti. EAOP was operated under same current density (25 mA/cm2) and electrolyte concentration (0.05 M, as NaCl). The high volatility of the VOCs resulted in removal of more than 90% within 30 min under aerated conditions. For EAOP, the IrO2-Ru/Ti anode exhibited the highest VOC removal efficiency, at over 98% in 1 h, and the lowest VOC volatilization (less than 5%). Chloroform was the most recalcitrant VOC due to its high volatility and chemical stability, but it was oxidized 99.2% by IrO2-Ru/Ti, 90.2% by IrO2-Ru-Pd/Ti, 78% by IrO2/Ti, and 75.4% by Pt/Ti anodes The oxidation and volatilization ratios of the VOCs indicate that the IrO2-Ru/Ti anode has superior electrochemical properties for VOC treatment due to its rapid oxidation process and its prevention of bubbling and volatilization of VOCs.

Indirect oxidation using chlorine species oxidizing agents is often effective in wastewater treatment using an electrochemical oxidation process. When chlorine ions are contained in the wastewater, oxidizing agents of various chlorine species are produced during electrolysis. In a ballast water management system, it is also used to treat ballast water by electrolyzing seawater to produce a chlorine species oxidizer. However, ballast water in the brackish zone and some wastewater has a low chlorine ion concentration. Therefore, it is necessary to study the chlorine generation current efficiency at various chlorine concentration conditions. In this study, the chlorine generating current efficiency of a boron-doped diamond(BDD) electrode and insoluble electrodes are compared with various chloride ion concentrations. The results of this study show that the current efficiency of the BDD electrode is better than that of the insoluble electrodes. The chlorine generation current efficiency is better in the order of BDD, MMO(mixed metal oxide), Ti/RuO2, and Ti/IrO2 electrodes. In particular, when the concentration of sodium chloride is 10 g/L or less, the current efficiency of the BDD electrode is excellent.

하⋅폐수처리 MBR 공정을 운영함에 있어서 특정 오염물에 따른 멤브레인 회복률 저하를 자주 경험하게 되며, 이에 따른 화학세정 시 막오염 물질 제거에 필요한 약품선택에 많은 어려움을 겪는다. 본 연구의 목적은 하폐수 성상의 MBR 처리 시 발생할 수 있는 Ca 막오염에 대해서 다양한 세정약품 적용을 통한 멤브레인의 회복률 증대 방안을 찾고자 하는 것에 있다. 본 연구는 K 폐수처리시설에서 1년간 운영한 (주)에코니티의 분리막을 샘플링하여 투과도 측정 및 막표면 분석 후 막오염 물질을 우선적으로 확인하였으며, 이에 따른 각종 화학약품의 적용실험을 통하여 최적약품 도출 및 적용성을 평가하고자 하였다.

In water treatment process using microfiltration membranes, manganese is a substance that causes inorganic membrane fouling. As a result of analysis on the operation data taken from I WTP(Water Treatment Plant), it was confirmed that the increase of TMP was very severe during the period of manganese inflow. The membrane fouling fastened the increase of TMP and shortened the service time of filtration or the cleaning cycle. The TMP of the membrane increased to the maximum of 2.13 kgf/cm2, but it was recovered to the initial level (0.17 kgf/cm2) by the 1st acid cleaning step. It was obvious that the main membrane fouling contaminants are due to inorganic substances. As a result of the analysis on the chemical waste, the concentrations of aluminum(146-164 mg/L) and manganese(110-126 mg/L) were very high. It is considered that aluminum was due to the residual unreacted during coagulation step as a pretreatment process. And manganese is thought to be due to the adsorption on the membrane surface as an adsorbate in feed water component during filtration step. For the efficient maintenance of the membrane filtration facilities, optimization of chemical concentration and CIP conditions is very important when finding the abnormal level of influent including foulants such as manganese.