􋺷그림자 드리워진 바다􋺸는 예이츠의 선원이 콜리지의 선원처럼 초자연 적인 바다 여행을 떠나고, 그 여행에서 다시는 돌아올 수 없다는 점에서 􋺷늙은 선원 의 노래􋺸와 유사하다. 예이츠의 선원은 모든 것이 영원히 지속되는 미지의 세계를 찾 고 싶어 하지만, 문자 그대로의 의미에서 자신의 여행에서 결코 돌아올 수 없다는 것 을 알고 있다. 콜리지의 선원은 자신의 끔찍한 여행이 끝나기를 간절히 바라지만, 은유적으로는 결코 돌아올 수 없으며, 자신의 죄에 대한 처벌로 이야기를 계속해서 반복 해야 함으로써 그 기억을 영속시킨다. 그러나 저자들은 낭만주의적 속성의 사용에 대 해 완전히 다른 태도를 가지고 있다. 예이츠가 모더니스트 작가로 여겨지는 경향에도 불구하고, 낭만주의의 진정한 의미는 􋺷늙은 선원의 노래􋺸보다 􋺷그림자 드리워진 바다􋺸 에서 더 많이 찾을 수 있다.

본 연구는 西遊記를 대상으로 지리정보시스템 기반 전자문화지도를 활용하는 방 법을 모색하고자 하였다. 문헌 속 공간 정보와 실제 지형을 결합함으로써, 기존의 텍 스트 중심 연구에서 한 걸음 나아가 문화·역사적 함의를 보다 입체적으로 해석할 가 능성을 탐색하였다. 전자문화지도는 허구적 지명과 실제 지명의 연관성을 규명하고, 西遊記의 공간적 구성과 역사적 배경을 보다 체계적으로 분석하는 데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 또한, 학술 및 교육 분야에서 텍스트 중심 연구를 보완하는 시각적 자료로 활용될 수 있으며, 아울러, 전자문화지도의 축적된 데이터를 바탕으로 관광·게임·영화 등 문화산업과의 연계 가능성도 열려 있다. 본 연구는 GIS와 디지털 기술을 활용한 전자문화지도가 중국고전문학 연구에 새로운 접근법을 제시할 수 있 다는 가능성을 제시한다.

Digital restoration of non-verbal expressions is difficult to trust unless the documentation. The purpose of this study is a new documentation methodology that can intuitively confirm the basis for restoration. The technical method utilized the BIM program function by referring to Italia's VRIM and Korea's HBIM cases. And the direction of documentation distinguishes between 'positivism' based on archaeological data and 'interpretivism' based on hypotheses. Specifically, it was applied to the 'Mireuksa Restoration Project' and tried to document it experimentally. This documentation proposed a framework for recording evidence according to sources based on the context of regions. Technically, the data organized in the Excel DB were directly input into the 3D model using the BIM program function. So, the user was able to intuitively review by matching the absence of the model and document information. The documenting method of this study is flexible to modify the restoration information whenever new evidence is found. And it has the advantage of being able to easily inform by converting it to IFC format.

한반도의 풍수 유래는 신라 말과 고려 초 시기에 걸쳐 도선이 중국의 풍수 를 한반도에 전했다는 설이 지배적이다. 그러나 여러 기록들에 따르면 중국에 서 풍수가 전해지기 전에도 한반도에는 고대로부터 전해 내려온 고유의 자생 풍수가 있었다고 한다. 경주분지 일대는 한반도 고대국가 진한(辰韓, BC 1~AD 3) 소국(小國)의 하나로 신라(新羅)의 기원이 되는 사로국(斯盧國)이 자리하였던 곳으로, 이어 신라가 천년왕국을 유지하는 데에 경주의 자연 지리적 환경이 큰 영향을 미 쳤다고 할 수 있다. 때문에 경주분지와 주변에는 풍수의 원형으로 볼 수 있는 고대인들이 자연을 영위한 유적을 많이 찾아 볼 수 있다. 따라서 이 논문은 신라의 수도 경주에 남겨진 한반도 고유의 풍수적 유산 을 살펴보면서, 중국 풍수 이전에도 풍수적 요소가 한반도 고대인의 삶에 반 영되었으며, 신라왕국의 변천, 발전에도 많은 영향을 주었다는 점을 논증하기 위한 것이다.

This paper discusses the ancient phonetic loanword “grapes” in Chinese Buddhist scriptures, examining the relationship between the phonetic translations in the scriptures and the collation notes, and considering the cognitive recognition of phonetic loanwords by Chinese users and the influence of characters on the Sinicization of phonetic loanwords. In the translation of Buddhist scriptures, ancient phonetic loanwords not only accept the phonetic translations of foreign terms into Chinese but also undergo further Sinicization, making them more acceptable to Chinese users. For example, the use of the word “grapes” in Buddhist scriptures not only retains its original phonetics but also integrates into the Chinese writing system, allowing it to be transmitted and used in Chinese. This study summarizes the usage of ancient phonetic loanwords in Chinese Buddhist scriptures, analyzing their role in language contact and cultural exchange. Ancient phonetic loanwords are not just products of language contact; they are also witnesses to cultural fusion.

The Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi recorded a wide range of dictionaries in Han Dynasty, only Cang Jie, Ji Jiu and Analytical Dictionary of Characters had been passed down. Apart from these, scholars of the Qing Dynasty collected the lost content of Fan Jiang, Xun Zuan, Cang Jie Xun Gu, Quan Xue, which can help us to recognize and deepen the understanding of the Han Dynasty dictionaries. There are eleven kinds of books of them, reflecting the strict paradigm of editing in the Qing Dynasty. Among them, Ma Guohan’s edition contains the largest number of articles, with the strengths of detailed evidence and fine proofreading. His weakness is that it mistakenly compiles character sequences of anonymous texts as sequences of Analytical Dictionary of Characters. The disagreement among the people is whether the references to Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong in Analytical Dictionary of Characters claim should be subsumed in Fan Jiang and Xun Zuan. The second difference lies in the collection of scattered writing style of the exegesis of Fan Jiang, Xun Zuan, Cang Jie Xun Gu, Quan Xue.

Parotid gland ancient schwannoma is an extremely rare entity, with only 6 cases reported to date. Ancient schwannoma present degenerative alteration, including cystic changes, hyalinizing stroma, hemorrhages, infiltration of macrophages, and cellular atypia with hyperchromatic nuclei. These factors have the potential to mimic malignant tumors, resulting in an overestimation of diagnosis and subsequent inappropriate management. In the present case, we report a case of parotid gland ancient schwannoma, which developed relatively fast degenerative alteration without a large-sized mass. We reviewed all the cases of parotid ancient schwannoma, and suggest that the character of parotid gland tissue can deceive the change of tumor growth size. We also suspect that pre-surgical manipulation, such as FNAB or CNB, can cause degenerative changes in a relative short period. It is important to consider reactive degenerative alteration of schwannoma, and not to misinterpret as a malignant entities, notably when needle biopsy history is present.

The Tay people are the ethnic minority with the largest population in Viet Nam. Over the long history of their development, along with the development and improvement of their language, the Tay people have gradually created a type of writing system using the graphic, phonetic, and semantic elements of Chinese characters in combination with indigenous phonetic and linguistic elements, to create the system that is called the Nom-Tay script or the Nom script of the Tay ethnic group. Traditional Tay literature is mainly recorded in this Nom - Tay script. The article is based on the text of the work “Han vuong Luu Bang” written in Nom - Tay script currently archived at the Institute of Sino Nom Studies (Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences) to survey and analyze types of writing and understand the “caodian fuhao” ( ) used to write Chinese and Nom characters in these documents. Thereby, the article tries to affirm the important role and rich appearance of Chinese characters and Chinese character units in Vietnamese Nom-Tay texts.

When examining the characteristics of ancient local chronicles compilation, it is evident that subsequent chronicles are often compiled on the basis of their predecessors, leading to a phenomenon of imitation. Therefore, a cautious approach should be taken towards the dialectal and colloquial materials recorded within them. Indeed, from the perspective of exploring the evolution of phonetics and vocabulary, the dialectal materials provided by ancient local chronicles do have certain limitations, and researchers need to adopt an attitude of “careful caution, to remove the dross and retain the essence, to verify and correct errors.” However, from the viewpoint of modern Chinese character research, the continuation of later chronicles from earlier ones is not merely simple copying. On the contrary, there are often differences in character usage, and these variant characters actually contain rich linguistic and textual information, which is also valuable for the revision of large-scale linguistic dictionaries. However, there is currently less attention given to the value of variant characters in ancient local chronicles. This paper examines two cases of dialect vocabulary variants in the old chronicles of Zaoyang, Hubei, including the “汆壺廬” from the 1853 edition of the chronicles during the Xianfeng era and the “氼壺盧” from the 1854 edition. Additionally, it discusses the two types of chronicles from the Xianfeng era, “ 黍” and the “萄黍” from the 1923 edition of the chronicles, exploring the reasons for the emergence of these variants and seeking insights from experts in the field.

Cefu Yuangui (冊府元龜) extensively quotes texts from the Book of the Later Han (後漢書), containing numerous variant readings. By employing computer technology to digitize various paper versions of Cefu Yuangui and Book of the Later Han, and through programming comparisons supplemented with manual proofreading, a database of variant readings where Cefu Yuangui cites the Book of the Later Han was established. From this database, 75 sets of ancient and modern characters were sorted out. The majority of these cases involve the use of ancient characters in the Book of the Later Han and modern characters in Cefu Yuangui, with a few instances in reverse, but there are also cases where both texts use a mix of ancient and modern characters. This reveals the characteristics of the times of the emergence and use of ancient and modern characters during the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, as well as the Two Song Dynasties. Some conclusions drawn from this study can provide references and insights for further improvements of the revised version of Cefu Yuangui.

This research explores the complex interdependencies and dynamic interactions governing the adaptation of species co-evolving within the framework of Eco-Evo-Neuro-Devo, using the fascinating fig-wasp mutualism as a model system. Figs, which have many flowers blooming inside the fruit, are completely dependent on fig wasps as pollinators. The fig-wasp mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where fig trees provide a habitat and food source for specific wasp species, while the wasps, in turn, facilitate pollination and seed dispersal for the fig tree. The fig wasp is born and grows inside the fig fruit and becomes an adult. After mating, the female fig wasp is covered with pollen and enters another fruit, pollinates it and lays eggs there. In addition to the fig-wasp mutualism, additional interactions among hyperparasitic wasps, called non-pollinating fig wasp (NPFW), and flies, nematodes are frequently observed, shaping the co-evolution of the symbionts in the fig community. This study aims to identify the symbionts that make up the symbiotic system, their ecological interactions and genome evolution, and build a model to explore the mechanisms of symbiotic evolution at the molecular level. Sampling and identifying figs and fig-related insects through fieldwork in Korea, various techniques including GC-MS, in situ staining, electrophysiology, and diverse omics tools including WGS, RNA-seq will be implemented to investigate how chemical ecologies of the fig community shape the chemosensory systems of species. Additionally, we will build a cross-platform with Drosophila to narrow the distance between model species and non-model species, facilitating comparative studies across different model organism systems.

Before the unification of China during the Qin Dynasty, there had already been exchanges and contacts between China and Japan through the ancient Maritime Silk Road, leading to increasingly close and frequent connections between the two nations. Maritime exchanges between China and Japan began as early as the Qin Dynasty, with the establishment of the Silk Road during the Han Dynasty. During this period, Sino-Japanese interactions were characterized by their occasional nature. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, these interactions entered a developmental stage marked by noticeable diversity. By the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Sino-Japanese relations gradually reached their zenith, with a heightened political significance. However, these interactions began to decline during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with a stronger emphasis on bilateral exchanges. The historical and contemporary relevance of Sino-Japanese interactions within the framework of the ancient Maritime Silk Road has played a crucial role in promoting trade, cultural integration, and national development between China and Japan, providing a solid historical foundation for contemporary efforts to enhance exchanges and cooperation in the Northeast Asia region.

본 논문은 한·중·일 고전 문학 속에 등장하는 음식을 만드는 여성들의 모습을 살 펴보고자 하였다. 여성이 음식을 만드는 행위는 사랑과 정성의 실천이자, 누군가를 치유하는 수단이 되기도 하였다. 그리고 이러한 여성들의 음식 만드는 행위는 신을 감동하게 하여 복을 받거나 기적을 이루는 통로가 되기도 하였다. 한편 여성이 어떤 음식을 만들고 먹는가에 따라 자신의 전통적 신분과 사회적 지위가 드러나기도 하였 으며, 일부 낭만과 운치를 아는 여성들은 음식을 만드는 행위를 자연과 조화를 이루 는 예술, 새로운 창조의 경지로까지 승화시키기도 하였다. 마지막으로 봉건적 가부장 사회에서 여성이 음식을 만드는 행위는 단순히 음식을 만든다는 것을 넘어 현모양처 의 기준이었고, 여성의 정체성을 보여주는 척도가 되거나, 여성존재의 이유가 되기도 하였다. 이처럼 한·중·일 고전문학 작품 속에서 여성들이 만든 음식은 사랑하는 가족 을 먹여 살리고, 공동체와 사회를 키워냈으며, 자신을 치유하기도 하며, 죽은 이에게 는 최고의 봉양이며, 신에게 헌신으로 바치는 고귀한 제물이었다. 인간은 누구나 이 세상에 태어나서 엄마의 가슴에 안겨 먹는 젖으로부터, 사후 귀신이 되어 먹는 제사 음식에 이르는 기나긴 인생의 여정을 어머니, 아내, 그리고 딸과 며느리가 만든 음식 을 먹으며, 그녀들의 손을 잡고 함께 걸어갔던 것이었다.

說文解字卷七下 ｢疒｣부에 나타난 질병과 관련 있는 글자는 모두 103개 글자로 다수가 질병과 유관한 글자로 “고대 중국인의 질병 발생의 근본 원인과 질병관, 질병의 종류와 증상, 질병의 쾌유”에 대하여 기술하고 있다. 본 연구는 說文解字｢疒｣부에서 22개의 글자를 통해 ‘고대 중국인의 질병 발생의 원인’을 6가지로 나누어서 기술하였다. 첫째, 氣의 과다로 인한 질병. 둘째, 외상으로 인한 질병. 셋째, 악물 오용으로 인한 질병. 넷째, 역병으로 인한 질병. 다섯째, 과로로 인한 질병. 여섯째로 선천적인 장애로 인한 질병으로 說文解字의 ｢疒｣부의 글자들을 통해 고대 중국인의 질병 발생의 원인을 살펴보았다. 그 외 說文解字에서 기술된 뜻을 좀 더 명확하게 서술하고자 출토문자들과 대조해 보고, 방증으로 중국 고대 자서와 의 학에 관한 문헌을 참고하여 “고대 중국인의 질병 발생의 원인”을 탐구하며 전개하였다.

This article delves into the development of Japanese Chinese character variations, and how they fit into the broader study of Chinese characters. By examining the differences between early Japanese kanji and modern Japanese writing systems, as well as the varying approaches of Chinese and Japanese scholars in studying Japanese kanji, we can propose a more fitting classification and naming method better suited to studying Chinese characters. To that end, we take the Wamyō Ruiju Shō (倭名類聚抄) as an example, exhaustively sorting out the situation of variant characters in the manuscript across different eras, and referring to other ancient Chinese dictionaries from the same period. This article introduces concepts like “inherited variants” and “Japan saved variants” to make studying these characters more comprehensive.

There are several print types of original East Asian books, such as woodcut, movable type, and manuscripts by hands. Especially in woodcuts and manuscripts by hands is the possibility of errors caused by misprints and hand writing’s errors is higher. The current method of publishing is also the same problem, but at mid-age everything print or copy was done by hand, so the possiblity of error would be high than now. Therefore, proofreading was a very important and difficult task in the East Asian books. In Korea, the importance of proofreading has recently been emphasized, and there have been several discuss at seminars and several specialized books on proofreading have been published. However, there has not been a rigorous national rule, and the issue of Han-character processing in particular has not been discussed. In this article, I discuss in detail the principles of proofreading prevailing in Korea, and hope find develop solutions.

Chinese ancient wordbook of standard characters is a type of character book that establishes a standard style for the writing of Chinese characters. This article selects seven types of character books, including the Tang Dynasty’s Ganlu Zishu, Wujing Wenzi, Xinjia Jiujing Ziyang, the Song Dynasty’s Fugu Bian, the Yuan Dynasty’s Zi Jian, the Ming Dynasty’s Sushu Kanwu, and the Qing Dynasty’s Zengguang Zixue Juyu. Through a review and analysis of their research status, it is determined that the style of character books is mainly explored from three aspects: character collection, bibliography, and arrangement style. Chinese ancient wordbook of standard characters has the characteristics of small volume and stable quantity in the collection of characters. In terms of typography, the form of the prefix has gone through a process of typography, from typography to typography, and gradually fixed to typography; Except for the “Fugu Bian”, all fonts are in regular script and stand out; Except for the “Ganlu Zishu”, all prefix categories are listed in regular script. In terms of arrangement style, the Ganlu Zishu has had a profound impact on future generations of character books. More character books use phonetic order, and are all based on four tones, with rhyme as the main focus. The use of radical method in the “Wujing Wenzi” and “Xinjia Jiujing Ziyang” is different from the radical in the “Shuowen Jiezi” in terms of the number, form, and order of radicals, mainly reflecting the trend of radical function transformation from structure to character inspection.

This paper investigates the vestiges of bear worship in ancient Chinese characters. It analyzes the emergence and significance of characters symbolizing bears, such as “能” (néng) and “熊” (xióng), to elucidate their connection with the tradition of bear worship. “能” is identified as a pictogram representing the bear’s body, and it is argued that the character “羽 /能” (yī) used in the bamboo texts of the Chu state is related to bear birth mythology. Additionally, the study reveals that the ancestral surname “嬴” (Yíng) of the Qin dynasty encapsulates meanings related to the bear. The research explores the potential links between the bear worship totem of the Hongshan culture and the ethnic groups of the Qin and Chu states, supporting the polygenetic theory of the formation of the Chinese nation. It particularly emphasizes the significance of the Northeast Asian civilizations beyond the monocentric theory centered around the Yellow River or the dualistic theory of the Yangshao-Liangzhu cultures. The study also contributes to understanding the cultural connections between Gojoseon’s Dangun mythology, the formation of the Korean ethnic group, and further cultural linkages with Japan. This study comprehensively illuminates the impact of bear worship on the formation of Chinese and Northeast Asian cultures and is expected to lay a crucial theoretical foundation for constructing the methodology of “Chinese character archaeology” that integrates studies of ancient characters with ethnology, archaeology, and philology. Through this, it aims to provide deep insights into how various ethnicities and cultures have interacted to shape Chinese civilization.

고문읽기와 쓰기는 우수한 중국 전통 문화의 계승과 발전을 위한 기초 능력이다. 현재 고문 교육은 학습 효율이 낮고, 문턱이 높으며, 목적성이 부족하다는 세 가지 문제점이 존재한다. 고문읽기와 고문자에 대한 두려움은 많은 청소년들이 맞닥뜨리고 있는 실제 문제이다. 본 연구는 고대 중국어 교육의 특징과 실제에 근거하여 대규모 고적 코퍼스의 통계 작업을 통해 1,000개의 한자를 선정하였다. 한자의 자형, 자음, 자의, 용자 네 가지 측면에서 각 등급별 기준을 설정하고, 한자 학습의 우선순위를 반영하여 ｢고적한자등급자표古籍汉字分级字表｣를 개발하였다. 이 표 에는 1급 105자, 2급 340자, 3급 555자를 수록되어 있다. 청소년에게 고문 학습을 위해 한자학습 자료를 제공하는 것은 고적 한자의 점진적 학습을 도울 뿐 아니라 청소년이 가지고 있는 고문 학습에 대한 부담감을 줄여주고 고문 읽기 능력을 향상시켜 줄 것이다. 더 나아가 중국의 우수한 전통 문화를 계승하고 발전시키는 데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.