This review paper aimed to comprehensively assess the ventilation methods and ventilation rates of livestock sheds, various livestock odor mitigation technologies, and the design flow rate of odor mitigation devices. The most efficient ventilation method for livestock odor control was found to be mechanical ventilation. When livestock odor is at its most severe during summer, ventilation systems are operated at the maximum ventilation rate, which is 5-25 times higher than the ventilation rate in winter. Therefore, the mitigation facilities of livestock odor must be designed while considering the maximum ventilation rate. There is a significant amount of research data on various livestock odor control technologies using various physical, chemical, biological, and complex technologies applied to livestock farms. Biofiltration and photocatalytic oxidation are considered the most promising methods due to their cost-effectiveness and simplicity. Biofiltration is effective for removing hydrophilic odors, but requires improvement for the efficient removal of hydrophobic odors and the control of accumulated excess biomass. The advantages of the photocatalytic oxidation method include its excellent hydrogen sulfide and ammonia removal rates and relatively low ozone emissions. However, it requires technology to reduce nitrous oxide emissions. Investment in installing and operating these odor mitigation technologies is only realistic for large-sized farms. Therefore, it is imperative for small and medium-sized livestock farms to develop odor mitigation technology that is inexpensive and has low installation, operation, and maintenance costs.

Thermal cutting processes that can be applied to dismantling nuclear power plants include oxygen cutting, plasma cutting, and laser cutting. According to the global trend, research projects are being carried out in various countries to upgrade laser cutting, and many studies are also being conducted in Korea with plans to apply laser cutting processes when dismantling nuclear power plants. However, with the current technology level of the laser cutting process, the maximum thickness that can be cut is limited to 250 mm. Therefore, in this study, a laser-oxygen hybrid cutting process was implemented by adding a laser heat source to the oxygen cutting process that can cut carbon steel with a thickness of 250 mm or more (RV, beam, column, beam, etc.) when dismantling the nuclear power plant. This has the advantage of improving the cutting speed and reducing the cutting width Kerf compared to conventional oxygen cutting. In this research, the laser-oxygen hybrid cutting process consisted of laser cutting to which Raycus’ 8 kW Fiber Laser power source was applied and oxygen cutting to which hydrogen was applied with Fuel Gas. The oxygen torch was placed perpendicular to the test piece, and the laser head was irradiated by tilting 35° to 70°. The effects of cutting directions on quality and performance were studied, and cutting paths were selected by comparing cutting results. Thereafter, it was confirmed that there is an optimal laser output power according to the cutting thickness by studying the effect on the cutting surface quality by changing only the laser output power under the same cutting conditions. The results of this study are expected to be helpful in the remote cutting process using laser-oxygen hybrid cutting when dismantling domestic nuclear power plants in the future.

Recently, carbon composites have been applied to various fields. However, carbon composites have not been applied to the fishing vessel field due to its structure standards centered on glass composites. In this study, a structural strength evaluation study was conducted for the application of carbon composites in the fishing vessel field. Hull minimum thickness verification test and hull joint verification test were conducted. Compared to glass composites, the verification was based on equivalent or better performance. The results show that carbon composites can reduce the weight by 20% compared to glass composites. For hull joints, it was necessary to increase the thickness of the joint seam by the thickness of the hull to apply carbon composite. Through this study, a standard for the application of carbon composites to fishing vessel can be established.

본 실험은 논 토양에서 호밀 재배시 화학비료와 발효 돈분 액 비 혼용 시용이 생육특성 및 영양성분에 미치는 영향을 조사하고 자 실시하였다. 실험설계는 화학비료 100% 처리구(C), 화학비료 70% +돈분액비 30% 처리구(T1), 화학비료 50% +돈분액비 50%처리구(T2), 화학비료 30% +돈분액비 70% 처리구(T3) 그리고 돈분액비 100% 처리구(T4)로 한, 5처리 3반복 난괴법으로 배치 하였다. 이때 돈분 액비 시용은 질소량만을 기준으로 하였다. 초 장은 처리구들 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이삭길이, 엽장 및 엽폭은 각각 C, T3 및 T2구에서 각각 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 경의 굵기는 T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > C구 순으로 돈분 액비 시용량이 높을수록 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 건물수량 및 TDN 수량은 T4구가 가장 높게 나타난 반면 C구가 가장 낮게 나 타났다(p<0.05). 조단백질, NDF, ADF 및 조섬유 함량에서는 처 리구들 간에 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 조지방 및 조회분 함량에 있어서는 각각 T2 및 T3구에서 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 총무기물 함량은 돈분액비 시용 비율이 증가할수록 유 의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 그러나 총 유리당 함량은 돈분액 비 시용 비율이 높았던 T3 및 T4구가 높게 나타난 반면 화학비료 처리구(C) 및 돈분액비 시용 비율이 낮은 구(T1)에서는 낮게 나 타났다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 수량성(건물수량, TDN수량)과 사일리지 품질에 영향을 미치는 유리당을 고려한다 면 화학비료와 돈분액비 혼용하거나 돈분액비를 시용하는 것도 효과적이라고 사료된다.

Korea depends almost entirely on imports for malt, the main ingredient in beer. However, the consumer market for domestic malt has not developed in Korea because of the prejudice that the quality of domestic malt is inferior to that of imported malt. This study aimed to analyze the quality of malt from Gwangmaeg (GM) and Hopum (HP), representative domestic beer barley varieties cultivated under varying nitrogen fertilizer application rates (standard fertilizer application, 50% increase in application, and 50% decrease in application), and use the findings as primary data to promote domestic malt consumption. GM’s crude protein and starch contents were significantly (Ρ<0.05) higher and lower, respectively, than those in HP. With decreased fertilizer application (GM: 14.0±0.8% and HP: 11.4±0.4%), the protein content was significantly lower than that with increased fertilizer application (GM: 15.5± 0.3% and HP: 13.1±1.3%). Although there was no difference in -glucan content, starch content tended to increase, indicating quality improvement. Acrospire length, yield, and enzyme titer, quality indicators of malt, increased with further fertilizer application, whereas friability and Kolbach index increased with decreased fertilizer application. For wort qualities, filtration time decreased from 36 to 34 minutes in GM and 55 to 42 minutes in HP, with the wort extraction rate increasing with decreased fertilizer application. These findings showed that decreased nitrogen fertilizer application improves the qualities of malt and wort.

본 연구는 고추 재배 시험을 통해서 발전소로부터 배출되는 저회 (BA, bottom ash)의 농업적 활용 가능성을 평가하고자 수행되었다. 저회의 시용수준은 5 (BA5), 10 (BA10), 15 (BA15) 및 20 (BA20) ton ha-1으로 조절하였으며, 대조구는 퇴비를 일반 기비로 사용한 관행처리 방법으로 하였다. 고추의 생육 특성은 퇴비 처리구가 저회 처리구에 비해 생육이 증가되었고, 저회 사용수준에 따른 고추의 생육은 전반적으로 BA15 ≓ BA10 > BA20 > BA5 처리구 순으로 증가되었다. 고추 재배 후 조사된 토양의 화학적 특성은 저회의 시용수준이 증가될수록 pH, EC, SOC, 그리고 CEC 함량이 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 특히, 작물의 생육과 관련이 깊은 pH, SOC 및 CEC의 지표는 저회 처리구가 대조구에 비해 각각 0.20~0.82, 1.16~8.92 g kg-1 및 0.29~0.74 cmolc kg-1 범위로 증가되어 저회가 토양 탄소 함량 증진을 포함한 토양 비옥도 개선에 효과적인 역할을 한 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 본 시험의 결과로 미루어 볼 때 저회의 시용은 관행처리에 비해 고추의 수확량은 적지만 토양환경을 개선하는데 효과적인 것으로 판단되어 토양개량제로서 저회의 농업적 활용은 가능하다고 판단된다.

살리실산은 식물의 생장 및 발달, 항산화 방어기작, 광합성 작용 그리고 생물적 및 비생물적 스트레스 조건에서 다양한 생리적 기능을 조절하는 물질로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 고온･건조 스트레스 조건에서 살리실산 경엽처리가 고추의 생육, 광합성 특성 및 항산화효소 활성에 미치는 영향을 구명 하고자 하였다. 광합성 특성 측정결과 광합성 속도, 기공전도 도 및 증산 속도가 증가하였고, 3회차 처리에서 가장 높았다. 세포내 MDA와 H2O2 함량은 살리실산 3회차 처리에서 현저 하게 감소하는 경향을 보였다. APX, CAT, POD 및 SOD 활 성이 현저하게 증가하였으며, 무처리 대비 최대 247, 318, 55 및 54% 증가하였다. 고추의 생육 특성은 무처리구와 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 상품 수량은 15% 정도 증가하였다. 이러한 결과들을 종합해 볼 때, 살리실산의 경엽처리는 고추 의 광합성 특성과 항산화효소 활성을 증진시켜 고온･건조 스트 레스에 의한 피해 경감에 긍정적 효과를 유발함을 확인하였다

NiMoS2 is a promising material for various functional applications and highly compatible with GO to make hybrid nanocomposites with excellent characteristics for supercapacitor electrode material. Deposition of NiMoS2 was achieved on the rGO(reduced Graphene Oxide) surface to form a NiMoS2− rGO nanocomposite by the method of the facile hydrothermal synthesis process. XRD pattern shows the crystalline nature of composites. Raman and EPMA result interpreting the composites formation and elements compositions, respectively. The sheet-like morphology of rGO was found in the composites by FESEM images. Particles distribution was confirmed by HR-TEM. The electrochemical properties of the pure NiMoS2 and NiMoS2– rGO composites have been studied by cyclic voltammetry analysis. The results revealed that the NiMoS2/ 5% rGO nanocomposites exhibit high specific capacitance compared to pure NiMoS2 due to the synergistic effects of NiMoS2 and rGO in the composite material. The photocatalytic behavior of the prepared nanocomposites for dye degradation was tested. The quantity of rGO has significantly improved the photocatalytic behavior of NiMoS2/ rGO composites. The studies on degradation mechanism, the N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, pore size distribution behavior and % of removal of MB reveal the enhanced photocatalytic performance of sysnthesised composites.

The decommissioning cost of a nuclear power plant (NPP) is largely composed of activitydependent costs, period-dependent costs, and collateral costs. And activity-dependent costs for each decommissioning activity are composed of five cost elements: Removal, decontamination, packaging, shipping and disposal. Among these, the removal cost elements are calculated by multiplying the appropriate inventory data element by the corresponding unit factors (UF), which are developed in terms of labor hours to perform an activity on a per unit basis. The labor hours included in UF is calculated under theoretical working conditions, which, after being multiplied by labor rates, composes unit cost factor (UCF) along with material cost. In the actual working conditions, there are number of factors that increase the time needed for performing a task. The effects of these factors are taken into consideration by means of work difficulty factor (WDF), expressed as a percentage of increase of the working time, comparing to an unimpeded working situation. WDF, by increasing the labor hours and consequential labor cost in UCF, makes it possible to calculate the actual removal cost. There are about five types of adjustment factors commonly used as WDF: Height, Respiratory protection, Radiation, Protective clothing, Work break. Considering the different working conditions, all of the five factors’ combination could be used theoretically, which results in the huge increase of the number of WDFs. For practical purpose, two representative WDF application methods has been used in the dismantling decommissioning cost evaluation program: A separate development of the UCFs, WDFs applied to the decommissioning area. In the first method, all of the UCFs, having different working environment, should be developed separately by the cost estimator. In the second method, UCFs are to be allocated to the relevant decommissioning areas where WDF sets are predefined by the cost estimator. In this study, the components of the decommissioning cost, the relation between UCF and WDF, and WDF application methods were reviewed. The result of review implies that WDF has a great influence on decommissioning cost. Additionally, since WDF application methods have somewhat limitations and complexity, their characteristics should be sufficiently examined by the user before being used.

본 연구에서는 비용매 유도 상분리법을 이용하여 폴리에테르이미드 계열의 중공사형 분리막을 제조하였다. 제조 된 중공사막의 모폴로지 조절을 위해 첨가제로는 THF, Ethanol, LiNO3를 사용하였다. 또한 높은 수소분리막의 개발을 위해 모폴로지와 기체투과성능을 특성평가를 통해 방사조건을 최적화하였다. 그 결과 THF의 함량이 증가할수록 수소/이산화탄소 선택도가 증가하였다. 하지만 trade-off 관계로 인하여 투과율은 감소하였다. Ethanol을 첨가하였을 때는 finger-like 구조를 나타냈고, LINO3를 첨가하였을 때 Sponge 구조를 보였다. 특히, PDMS 코팅층을 최적화한 중공사막의 경우, 투과율은 40 GPU, 수소/이산화탄소 선택도는 5.6을 나타냈다.

본 연구는 코로나-19 환경에서 소비자가 인식하는 골프 어플리케이션(App)특성이 몰입정도와 소비행동에 관하여 인과 관계(SEM)를 적용하여 골퍼들이 인식하는 어플리케이션 서비스를 탐색하고, COVID-19 이후 골프산업을 예측하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2021년 6월 1일 ~ 8월 10일까지 표본계획에 의해 모바일 서베이(URL)를 사용하여 총 235명을 분석에 사용했다. 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 어플리케이션의 이동성, 신뢰성 특성이 몰입증진에 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 가설이 채택되었다. 둘째, 몰입증진은 소비행동에 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 가설이 채택되었다. 마지막으로 어플리케이션의 정보성, 이동성 특성이 소비행동에 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 가설이 되었다.

Recently, various researches have been studied, such as water treatment, water reuse, and seawater desalination using CDI (Capacitive deionization) technology. Also, applications like MCDI (Membrane capacitive deionization), FCDI (Flow-capacitive deionization), and hybrid CDI have been actively studied. This study tried to investigate various factors by an experiment on the TDS (Total dissolved solids) removal characteristics using MCDI module in aqueous solution. As a result of the TDS concentration of feed water from 500 to 2,000 mg/L, the MCDI cell broke through faster when the higher TDS concentration. In the case of TDS concentration according to the various flow rate, 100 mL/min was stable. In addition, there was no significant difference in the desorption efficiency according to the TDS concentration and method of backwash water used for desorption. As a result of using concentrated water for desorption, stable adsorption efficiency was shown. In the case of the MCDI module, the ions of the bulk solution which is escaped from the MCDI cell to the spacer during the desorption process are more important than the concentration of ions during desorption. Therefore, the MCDI process can get a larger amount of treated water than the CDI process. Also, prepare a plan that can be operated insensitive to the TDS concentration of backwash water for desorption.

The degree and intensity of unpleasant and disgusting odors perceived through a person's sense of smell can vary depending on personal or social and cultural characteristics. In addition, it is not effective to manage odors solely on the basis of concentration levels because odors can be combined according to temperature, humidity, and frequency, so that they can be recognized differently even if the same person smells the same substance. The mobile odor application was developed to enable real time monitoring of odor characteristics reflecting the actual condition of the field. Accordingly, the Green Future Foundation, a civic group, conducted an environmental campaign to record and share the information of odors in school zone using the first version of the application. The real time monitoring of field odor was able to improve the problems of the current standard methods for the examination and assessment of odors. However, with regard to the first version of the application, the process and results of odor recording through odor measurement applied the direct olfactory method and were less relevant. Therefore, it was difficult to organize data due to duplicate selection. For that reason, this study was conducted to overcome the problems of the first version of the mobile application and to effectively and accurately reflect odors and personal characteristics. This odor application that has been developed is able to monitor and assess odors based on 5 features: classification, character, strength level, hedonic tone, and acceptability.

This study was carried out to study the effect of supplementary nitrogen fertilization application time according to regrowth date on growth date on growth characteristics, feed value, and productivity of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.; IRG) from 2019 to 2021 in Cheonan region. In order to determine the regrowth time, IRG was cut from experimental plots 3cm above soil level and the time when 1cm grew was judged as the regrowth time. The regrowth dates were February 15th and February 12th in 2020 and 2021 respectively. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were no fertilizer, immediately after the regrowth period, after 10 days of the regrowth period, and after 25 days of the regrowth period. Dry matter yield of IRG was significantly influenced by the supplementary N-fertilization application time. Dry matter yield was reduced for the delayed application time. The dry matter yield of immediately after the regrowth period was approximately 34.8 % higher than that no fertilizer application. In delaying the supplementary N-fertilization application time resulted in increased crude protein content. However, no significant statistical difference was neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber(p>0.05). After wintering, productivity of IRG reduced for the delayed application time. Therefore, it is essential to application N-fertilizer immediately after the regrowth period for high productivity of IRG.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of horse manure compost application on Italian ryegrass (IRG) yield and volcanic ash soil characteristics. Because the number of horses in Korea is growing, the amount of horse manure is growing. Jeju island, where about 55 % of the horses live, is composed of volcanic ash soil. This study was conducted for about 7 months. Sowing was conducted on October 2019. Harvesting was conducted at heading stage(2020.5.). Five treatments were established based on the horse manure compost composition. These were 100 % chemical fertilizer (CF), the combination of 50 % horse manure and 50 % chemical fertilizer (combination), horse manure with 50 % nitrogen (HM 50 %), horse manure with 100 % nitrogen (HM 100 %), and horse manure with 150 % nitrogen (HM 150 %). The plant height and dry matter yield were investigated to determine the forage yield and the soil characteristics of pH, total nitrogen, available phosphate, and organic matter were analyzed. The plant heights in the CF, combination, and HM 150 % treatments were 147.8 cm, 144.3 cm, and 147.1 cm respectively (Table 2). Dry matter yield in the CF treatment was about 23,807 kg/ha, which tended to be the highest dry matter yield. HM 150 % and the combination treatment were about 18,804 and 18,455 kg/ha, respectively, which tended to be the highest dry matter yield of the treatments amended with horse manure compost. The dry matter yield of the HM 100 % and HM 50 % treatments was about 15,801 kg/ha and 14,446 kg/ha, respectively (Table 2). The pH of the surface soil tended to increase after the experiment. The soil pH of the HM 150 % treatment was significantly higher than the soil pH of the other treatments. The pH was affected by the amount of horse manure compost, with a pH of 8.1. The available phosphate in the treatments in which horse manure compost was added was higher than the available phosphate in the CF treatment. And the available phosphate in the HM 150 % treatment was significantly higher than the available phosphate in the other treatments (p < 0.05)(Table 3). These results suggest that 50 % horse manure should be applied to IRG as the basal fertilizer and the remaining 50 % should be chemical fertilizer as the top fertilizer. This can provide the proper IRG dry matter yield with less effect on volcanic ash soil.

본 논문에서는 LNG 추진선박에서 발생하는 BOG(boil-off gas)를 이용하여 수소를 생산하고 수소 연료전지 시스템을 보조엔진으로 적용한 개질공정의 특성에 대한 연구를 수행했다. 연구를 위해 BOG 수증기 개질공정을 UniSim R410 프로그램을 이용해 공정설계하고, 개질기의 출구온도와 압력, SCR(steam carbon ratio)에 따른 생성물의 분율과 반응물의 소모량을 산출하였다. 연구 결과 개질온도가 890℃일 때 메탄의 반응률이 100 %였으며, 최대 수소 생산량을 보였다. 또한 개질압력이 낮을수록 반응 활성도가 높았다. 하지만 그 이상의 온도가 되면 역반응의 우세로 인해 수소의 생산량은 감소하게 되고, 물과 이산화탄소의 양은 증가했다. 또한 SCR이 증가할수록 수소 생산량도 증가했으나 요구되는 에너지 소비량도 비례하여 증가했다. SCR이 1.8일 때 수소분율이 가장 높았으나 코킹방지를 위해 SCR이 3에서 운전하는 것이 최적 운전범위임을 확인했다. 그리고 개질압력이 낮을수록 발생되는 이산화탄소의 양은 증가했으며, 냉각 및 액화를 위해서는 이산화탄소 발생량을 기준으로 42.5 %의 LNG 냉열이 요구됨을 알 수 있었다.

PURPOSES : This study analyzes the characteristics of nitrogen oxide concentration by applying titanium dioxide to existing roads in urban areas, using correlation analysis and a generalized linear model. METHODS : To analyze the characteristics of nitrogen oxide concentration with/without applying titanium dioxide to the urban road segment, data acquisition was conducted for nitrogen oxide concentration, weather information, and traffic information, etc., and a correlation analysis was conducted for each factor, with/without applying titanium dioxide to the roads. In addition, nitrogen oxide concentration generation models with/without the application of titanium dioxide to the roads were estimated using a generalized linear model. RESULTS : The results demonstrate that relative humidity and temperature were found to be slightly correlated with the nitrogen oxide concentration, both with and without the application of titanium dioxide to the roads; however, wind speed, solar radiation, and traffic volume were found to have somewhat low correlation according to the results of a correlation analysis. Moreover, relative humidity, temperature, solar radiation, and traffic volume were significant when titanium dioxide was applied to the roads, based on the estimated model from a generalized linear model, and the wind speed, solar radiation, and traffic volume were significant for the absence of titanium dioxide on the roads. CONCLUSIONS : Analytical results indicated that the characteristics of nitrogen oxide concentration vary depending on the application of titanium dioxide to the roads. In particular, when titanium dioxide was applied to the roads, the relative humidity and temperature were analyzed; according to both analyses, i.e., correlation analysis and a generalized linear model, the nitrogen oxide concentration was affected.