This study investigated the physical, thermal, rheological, and binding properties of faba bean protein concentrate (FBC) and FBC-anionic gum mixtures. The anionic gums used in this study were sodium alginate (NaA), low-methoxyl amidated pectin (LMA), l-carrageenan (lCA), and gellan gum (GLG). The study found that FBC successfully incorporated the minced textured vegetable protein (TVP), but the formed TVP block had a fragile and soft texture. The water absorption index decreased in FBC-NaA and FBC-LMA mixtures but increased in FBC-lCA and FBC-GLG mixtures. The water solubility index decreased by adding NaA, LMA, and lCA, excluding GLG, to FBC. Adding anionic gums to FBC decreased solubility, while the swelling power was reversed in FBC-anionic gum mixtures, except for the FBC-LMA mixture. The addition of anionic gums to FBC increased melting onset and peak temperatures compared to FBC. The G′ value of FBC and FBC-anionic gum mixtures increased with temperature, indicating their thermogelling characteristic. The hardness of hamburger patties prepared with minced TVP and FBC or FBC-anionic gum mixtures generally tended to increase upon reheating, refrigeration, and reheating after refrigeration. The study concluded that the FBC-anionic gum mixtures have significant potential for binding different types of TVPs, highlighting its practical application.

This study investigated the impact of hydrolyzed plant proteins on the physical, thermal, and rheological properties of rice flour (RF) for protein fortification for the elderly and general food systems. Faba bean protein concentrate and chickpea flour were first treated with polysaccharide hydrolyzed enzymes (control; CTFP and CTCF, respectively) and subsequentially with protease hydrolyzed enzymes (hydrolyzed protein material; HZFP and HZCF, respectively). The addition of CTFP and HZFP enhanced the swelling power of RF, whereas the CTCF and HZCF exhibited the opposite trends. Adding all controls and hydrolyzed protein materials to RF increased the solubility and gelatinization temperature and decreased the gelatinization enthalpy. The HZFP addition successfully developed the pasting viscosity of RF, whereas the others did not. The RF-HZFP mixture had a higher peak viscosity than RF but lower trough, breakdown, final, and setback viscosities. These findings suggest that the controls and hydrolyzed protein materials studied here could be used as sources for protein fortification of foods, particularly for the elderly, with minimal changes in textural and rheological characteristics, thereby contributing to the development of nutritious and palatable food products.

2023년 경상남도 함안 소재 재배중인 팥의 땅가 줄기에서 흰비단병 증상이 발생하였다. 병징은 팥의 땅가 줄기 아랫부분에 수침상 현상을 보이다가 이후 물러지고 부패되어 서서히 시들어 포기 전체가 말라 죽었다. 땅가 줄기에서 병반부와 토양 표면에 흰색의 곰팡이가 발생하였고 갈색의 작은 둥근 균핵이 많이 형성되었다. 순수 분리 및 배양을 통해 얻은 곰팡이는 감자한천배지에서 흰색을 띈 매끈한 비단결 균사를 잘 뻗었고 균총 위에 갈색의 작은 둥근 균핵을 많이 형성하였다. 균핵의 크기는 1-3 mm이고 균사의 폭은 4-9 μm였다. 또한 균사에서 clamp connection이 관찰되었다. 병원성 검정을 통해 최초 포장에서 발견한 동일한 병징이 발달하였고 코흐의 가설에 근거한 재분리를 수행하였다. 곰팡이를 처리하지 않은 팥에서는 병징이 발달하지 않았다. 원인 곰팡이의 동정을 명확하게 위해 ITS rRNA 영역 염기서열 및 유전적 유연관계를 분석하였다. 또한 종-특이적 PCR 검정을 수행하여 팥에 발생한 흰비단병 증상의 원인 곰팡이를 Athelia rolfsii로 동정하였다. 본 연구는 국내 팥 흰비단병의 최초 보고이다. 또한, 흰비단병의 발생은 국내 팥 생산에 큰 위협이 될 수 있을 것이고 본 연구는 향후 팥 흰비단병 방제를 위한 전략 수립에 기초자료로 사용되리라 여겨진다.

This study examined the quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of sword bean tea available in domestic markets. Each product of sword bean tea had distinct appearance characteristics. The color, pH, brownness, and turbidity of the tea varied significantly across different products, with tea bags showing higher levels of brownness and turbidity. The total polyphenol content of hot water extraction ranged from 165.13 to 517.69 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g sample for pod tea, 999.36 to 2,054.74 mg GAE/100 g sample for tea bag tea, and 74.62 to 275.00 mg GAE/100 g sample for grain tea, respectively. Similarly, the total flavonoid content, measured in terms of catechin equivalents (CE), ranged from 39.51 to 65.00 mg CE/100 g sample for pod tea, 86.57 to 253.63 mg CE/100 g sample for tea bag tea, and 32.94 to 38.63 mg CE/100 g sample for grain tea, for hot water extraction. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of pod tea were 95.68 to 276.19 mg TE/100 g sample and 270.87 to 804.21 mg trolox equivalents/100 g sample, respectively, for hot water extraction. These results suggest the need to establish quality standards to ensure consistent quality of sword bean tea.

This study investigated the physicochemical properties of protein-fortified rice flour by mixing rice flour (RF) with untreated and fermented plant proteins. Fermented faba bean protein concentrate (FMFP) and chickpea flour (FMCF) were prepared by solid-state fermentation of faba bean protein concentrate (UTFP) and chickpea flour (UTCF) using Bacillus subtilis. FMFP and FMCF exhibited higher crude protein, reducing sugar and starch contents more than their counterparts. The increased rate of essential and branched-chain amino acids in FMFP and FMCF exceeded that of crude protein. Adding plant proteins to RF decreased swelling power (SP) and increased solubility in RF-UTFP and RF-FMFP mixtures, while SP and solubility increased in RF-UTCF and RF-FMCF mixtures. All RF-plant protein mixtures showed higher gelatinization temperature and lower gelatinization enthalpy than RF. Thermal gelation was found in all RF-plant protein mixtures, but the RF-FMCF mixture may form weak and unstable gel structures. The increase in pasting viscosity was minimal for the RF-UTFP and RF-FMFP mixtures but more pronounced for the RF-UTCF and RF-FMCF mixtures. Overall, FMFP may be a potential protein source to supplement the protein deficiency in RF with minimal changes in RF-based foods’ rheological and textural properties.

Milky white spots appeared on red bean leaves in a red bean cultivation area located in Jangyeon-myeon, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk Province. After culturing the pathogen in PDA medium, their morphology was observed, and their genes were BLAST-searched in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The pathogen was identified as a fungus called Rhizopus arrhizus. As a result of reinoculating the isolated pathogen on red beans, the same symptoms as those in the isolated leaves occurred. Characteristic colonies of R. arrhizuson PDA medium initially showed a bright color and then changed to dark gray over time, with mostly spherical sporangia. The sporangiospores were spherical or elliptical, mostly irregular, and small in size. Therefore, based on these results, this disease has not yet been reported in red beans and was called red bean brown leaf blight caused by Rhizopus arrhizus A. Fisch (syn. R. oryzae).

기후변화 대응과 새로운 소득작물로 아열대작물이 도입되어 재배면적이 증가하고 있다. 그린빈은 아메리카 중남부가 원산지인 콩과 작물로 미성숙 꼬투리를 다양한 요리에 이용하는데 최근 수요가 증가하면서 재배면적 이 확대되고 있다. 새로운 작물이 도입됨에 따라 안정재배를 위한 방제 대상 해충을 설정하기 위하여 재배시기별 해충 종류와 피해정도를 조사하였다. 4월 중순에 파종한 그린빈에서는 생육초기부터 총채벌레 발생이 많았으 며, 5월 하순 이후 발생밀도가 급격하게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 7월 상순에 파종한 그린빈에서는 8월 하순부터 아메리카잎굴파리 피해가 증가하여 9월 상순에 피해엽률이 50% 이상으로 발생이 심하였으며, 응애류와 총채벌 레류 발생이 많은 경향이었다.

Nutrient acquisition by insect herbivores affect all aspect of the the lifespan of individauls. For seed-sucking insect herbivores, they face challenges with nutrient acquisition due to requirement for extra-oral digestion of seed contents into a readily-ingestible state. In this study, we demonstrated environmentally-transmitted Caballeronia insecticola allow seed-sucking R. pedestris to overcome challenges with extra-oral digestion. Through the evaluation, first, we found symbiotic insects exhibited enhanced feeding efficiency by consuming significantly larger amount of food per feeding attempt compared to apo-symbiotic insects (P<0.05). Then, we observed feeding behavior modification in the symbiotic insects from the behavior tracking evaluation. Symbiotic insects displayed dichotomic behavior which can be generally divided into early focused feeding and later subdued resting periods. By contrast, apo-symbiotic insects displayed unordered behavior by frequent switches between feeding and walking behavior.

In this study, the growth characteristics of Lentinula edodes were confirmed by bean sprout waste(BW) as an alternative raw material for rice bran. The mycelium growth of Sanjo701, a major cultivation variety of L. edodes, was compared between a medium mixed with 8:2(v/v) of oak sawdust and a medium mixed with BW 50% and BW 100%. The mycelium growth in BW 50% was 13.5 cm. Compared to the control, BW 50% increased the diameter of the pileus by 1.6 cm. Additionally, the length of the pileus decreased by 0.4 cm when comparing the growth of the fruit body. In contrast, at BW 50%, the diameter of the pileus decreased by 9.6 cm and the length of the stipe decreased by 1.4 cm. According to analysis of the constituent amino acids, BW 50% showed a lower overall nutritional content than the control, whereas BW 100% had a lower amino acid content than the control. However, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, which are flavor-enhancing ingredients, were observed at levels of 3.954 mg/g and 1.436 mg/g, respectively, in BW 100%. Therefore, if bean sprout by-products are efficiently processed and utilized, it is believed that they will be beneficial to farmers as a substitute for rice bran and reduce the cost of manufacturing substrate

Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) is a species in the genus Fabavirus and family Secoviridae, which is transmitted by aphids and has a wide host range. The BBWV2 genome is composed of two single-stranded, positive-sense RNAs, RNA-1 and RNA-2. The representative symptoms of BBWV2 are mosaic, mottle, vein clearing, wilt, and stunting on leaves, and these symptoms cause economic damage to various crops. In 2019, Perilla fructescens leaves with mosaic and yellowing symptoms were found in Geumsan, South Korea. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) was performed with specific primers for 10 reported viruses, including BBWV2, to identify the causal virus, and the results were positive for BBWV2. To characterize a BBWV2 isolate (BBWV2-GS-PF) from symptomatic P. fructescens, genetic analysis and pathogenicity tests were performed. The complete genomic sequences of RNA-1 and RNA-2 of BBWV2-GS-PF were phylogenetically distant to the previously reported BBWV2 isolates, with relatively low nucleotide sequence similarities of 76-80%. In the pathogenicity test, unlike most BBWV2 isolates with mild mosaic or mosaic symptoms in peppers, the BBWV2-GS-PF isolate showed typical ring spot symptoms. Considering these results, the BBWV2-GS-PF isolate from P. fructescens could be classified as a new strain of BBWV2.

Since soil salinization imposes various adverse effects on plants, research on how to relieve salt stress from plants is extremely urgent. We synthesized a new type of cerium-doped carbon quantum dots by a hydrothermal synthesis method. Characterization shows that the carbon quantum dots have a small and uniform particle size, high stability, high water solubility and biocompatibility. Mung bean seeds were soaked in CDs:Ce solutions under a concentration gradient (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 mg/ mL) and germinated under salt stress (150 mM NaCl). Compared with salt stress, the addition of CDs solutions effectively enhanced the ability of plants to relieve salt stress. The relieving effect on mung bean plants was the most significant after treatment with 2 mg/mL CDs:Ce, and the main root length, plant height and leaf length in comparison with the case of salt stress increased by 83%, 80%, and 60%, respectively. Chlorophyll content, peroxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity and catalase activity, total protein content increased by 90%, 77%, 76%, 77% and 76%, respectively, malondialdehyde and proline The content decreased by 83% and 77%. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy proved mung bean plants absorbed CDs:Ce, but the absorption of NaCl decreased by 21.8%. Fluorescence imaging showed CDs:Ce was absorbed by roots, and transferred from the vascular system and apoplastic pathways to stems and leaf veins, and mainly aggregated in intercellular gaps, the vascular system, leaf veins, cilia and stomata. Stereomicroscopy showed that CDs:Ce induction increased the stomatal opening by 15.7%, and improved metabolic efficiency and NaCl excretion from the plants. Hence, CDs:Ce shows great potential in protecting crops from abiotic stress.

본 연구의 목적은 5% 녹두(Phaseolus aureus L.)의 급여가 고지혈증 유발 Sprague-Dawley (SD)계 흰쥐의 혈청 blood urea nitrogen(BUN), creatinine 및 요산(uric acid)의 농도와 aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), amylase, lipase 및 catalase 활성에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 시행하였다. 연구 결과 녹두는 고지혈증으로 유발된 흰쥐의 혈청 BUN, creatinine, 요산 농도 및 AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, amylase, lipase의 활성 감소와 catalase 활성을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 녹두는 신장과 간 등의 기능 개선과 예방에 효과적일 것으로 판단되어 기능성 소재로서의 이용 가능성이 있을 것으로 기 대된다.

This study compared the antioxidant and mineral properties of the leaves and seeds of fifteen Korean adzuki bean (Vigna angularis L.) breeding lines. This study was conducted in an attempt to expand the use of Korean adzuki bean leaves. The potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium contents of the leaves were significantly higher than the seeds, in particularly, the potassium content. The leaves had approximately 3.3 times higher potassium content than the seeds. For instance, the potassium content of YA1317 leaves was 21% higher than that of Arari. The total polyphenol content and ABTS activity of Adzuki bean leaves were significantly higher than the seeds, as opposed to the total flavonoid content and DPPH scavenging activity. Among the 15 breeding lines, YA1402 had 1.2~3.2 times higher antioxidant content and activity as compared to the Arari variety. It was concluded that adzuki bean leaves had higher mineral content, antioxidant component and activity as compared to the seeds. Therefore, adzuki bean leaves could be used an ingredient for dishes and as a medicine.