This study introduces an anlytical model for estimating shear strengths of reinforced concrete (RC) members with corroded tensile reinforcing bars. The bond strength model for corroded reinforcing bars developed in the previous study was extended for shear analysis. A force equilibrium condition between adjacent cracks was established considering the bond mechanism of reinforcing bars, through which the shear contributions of aggregate interlock in cracked tension zone and uncracked concrete in compression zone were quatitatively determined. In addition, a bond failure criterion was introduced in the shear analysis model, such that bond failure owing to insufficient bond strength caused by corrosion can be reflected. The proposed model was verified in detail through comprehensive comparison with existing shear test results of corroded RC beams. Consequently, it appeared that the proposed model closely captured the change in shear capacity with respect to the degree of corrosion with a good accuracy.

Background: Comfortable gait speed after stroke is key to community ambulation, but the roles of step/stride-length mechanics, balance capacity, and balance confidence remain uncertain. Objects: To identify independent determinants of comfortable gait speed in ambulatory adults with chronic stroke and to clarify the roles of spatiotemporal gait mechanics and clinical balance measures. Methods: A cross-sectional secondary analysis was conducted in 40 inpatients classified as Functional Ambulation Category level 4. Comfortable overground speed from the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) was the outcome. Candidate determinants were stride length, paretic step length, paretic single-limb support, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), limits-of-stability (LOS) area, center of pressure (COP) sway velocity, and Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC). Pearson correlations with Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate control were primary; Spearman’s ρ and partial correlations (adjusting for stride and paretic step length) tested robustness. Results: Speed was strongly correlated with stride length (r = 0.954) and paretic step length (r = 0.941), with balance capacity (BBS r = 0.916; LOS r = 0.868), and fell as sway increased (COP r = −0.878; all q < 0.001). Single-limb support showed a moderate link (r = 0.734), while ABC was essentially null. After accounting for stride and paretic step length, BBS, LOS, and COP still mattered; single-limb support and ABC did not. A sensitivity analysis using 10MWT time (s) as the outcome produced associations of similar magnitude: stride length and BBS, which were positively associated with gait speed, were negatively associated with time, whereas COP sway, which was negatively associated with gait speed, was positively associated with time. Conclusion: In ambulatory adults with chronic stroke, comfortable gait speed appears to be driven primarily by step/stride-length mechanics and objective balance capacity, whereas balance confidence did not add explanatory value in this cohort. Speed-focused rehabilitation may need to prioritize both step-length mechanics and balance capacity, while the role of confidence appears limited in this dataset.

목적 : 장애 노인의 내적 능력(intrinsic capacity)이 일상생활활동과 사회적 참여에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 주거 및 지 역사회 환경 요인의 조절효과를 분석하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 2023년도 노인실태조사 자료를 활용한 2차 자료 분석 연구로 장애를 가진 65세 이상 노인 437명의 데이터를 활용하였다. 독립변수는 내적 능력으로 감각기능, 인지기능, 정신건강, 신체기능, 영양, 사회적 관계의 6개 영역을 활용하 여 구성하였다. 조절변수는 환경 요인으로 주거환경 개조, 지역 접근성, 지역 이용편의성을 활용하였다. 종속변수는 기본 적 일상생활활동(Basic Activities of Daily Living, BADL), 수단적 일상생활활동(Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, IADL), 사회적 참여로 설정하였다. 자료 분석은 Mplus 8.9를 이용한 조절 다중회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 조절효 과가 확인된 변수는 Johnson–Neyman 분석을 통해 유의 구간을 확인하였다. 결과 : 내적 능력은 BADL(β =.38, p<.001), IADL(β =.50, p<.001), 사회적 참여(β =.40, p<.001)에 유의한 정적 영향을 보였다. 사회적 참여에서는 주거환경 개조가 정적 영향(β =.11, p<.05), 지역 접근성은 부적 영향을 보였다(β =−.15, p<.01). 지역 접근성과 이용편의성은 내적 능력과 일상생활활동 간 관계에서 각각 부적(β =−.11, p<.05; β =−.08, p<.05) 및 정적 조절효과(β =.29, p<.05; β =.25, p<.01)를 보였다. 결론 : 장애 노인의 일상생활활동과 사회적 참여가 개인의 내적 능력뿐 아니라 환경 조건과의 상호작용 속에서 형성될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이는 장애 노인의 기능 유지와 사회적 참여를 위해 개인의 건강 역량과 지역사회 환경 조건을 함께 고려한 통합적 지원 전략이 필요함을 시사한다.

This study reviewed previous research on livestock manure application in forage crop fields, with a focus on forage productivity, forage quality, and Hanwoo carrying capacity per unit area. This work was conducted as a narrative review, not as a systematic review or meta-analysis. Studies published between 2000 and 2025 were collected from the Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), the Korean Citation Index (KCI), DBpia, and Google Scholar. Many studies reported that manure application increased dry matter yield and improved forage nutritional components such as crude protein and total digestible nutrients. However, the size of these effects differed depending on crop type, soil condition, weather, and application rate. In several cases, nutrient use efficiency was lower under high rainfall or unstable temperature conditions, especially when liquid manure was applied. Carrying capacity was estimated using assumed animal body weight and forage contribution. When different assumptions were applied, the calculated values changed. This shows that carrying capacity is not a fixed number but a relative measure, and the results should not be used directly without considering farm management conditions. Livestock manure application increased forage production and helped nutrient movement in crop–livestock systems. However, similar results cannot be expected in all environments. Future studies should consider soil characteristics, forage productivity, forage use, and livestock performance together.

본 연구는 2024년 개정된 「어선원안전조업 및 어선원의 안전·보건 증진 등에 관한 법률」에 따라 도입된 어선원안전감독 관 제도를 대상으로, 제도의 정착 가능성과 실행력을 법제–운영–현장 간 연계 구조를 중심으로 검토하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 법 령과 정책자료 및 선행연구 분석을 통해 제도의 법제적 구조와 운영 특성을 검토하였으며, 해사안전감독관과 근로감독관 등 유사 감 독 제도와의 비교·검토를 통해 어선원안전감독관 제도의 제도적 위치와 성격을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 어선원안전감독관 제도의 성 과와 한계는 개별 제도의 미비라기보다는, 각 단계가 상호 연계되지 못한 채 분절적으로 작동하는 구조적 문제에서 기인하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 분석을 토대로 제도의 안정적 정착을 위해 감독관 권한 구조의 단계적 정비, 인력 확충과 전문성 강화를 중심으 로 한 운영체계 정비, 교육 대상과 방식의 재설정을 통한 현장 적용성 제고, 자발적 안전관리 참여를 유도하는 안전문화 형성이라는 네 가지 개선 방향을 제시하였다.

As domestic traffic policies have shifted from vehicle-centric approaches to a ‘Safe Speed’ paradigm, the installation of roundabouts has surged. However, existing studies based on linear statistical models have failed to identify the complex non-linear interactions between geometric features and accident severity, limiting their ability to provide concrete design thresholds. To overcome the lack of traffic volume data, this study developed a geometry-based Design Capacity Index (DCI) and proposed a new analytical framework using the Equivalent Property Damage Only (EPDO) rate per unit capacity as the dependent variable. Utilizing a dataset of nationwide roundabouts (2007–2020), a grid search-optimized eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model and SHAP analysis were applied, achieving a 40.5 % performance improvement over linear baselines. The results revealed that circulatory roadway width was a dominant factor; contrary to the 'Road Diet' theory, ensuring 'Geometric Sufficiency' (wider lanes) proved more effective for safety in medium-to-large roundabouts. Furthermore, a 'Broad Optimal Zone' was identified within an inscribed circle diameter (ICD) of 35–70 m, while a 'Paradox of Scale' emerged beyond 70 m where safety benefits plateaued. Additionally, raised crosswalks served as essential offset measures, consistently reducing accident costs regardless of the intersection size. Based on these findings, this study provides empirical evidence for revising design guidelines to prioritize the 35–70 m ICD range and advocates for the mandatory installation of physical calming measures in oversized roundabouts.

본 연구는 교육부에서 주관하고(법무부와 연계) 한국연구재단이 운영하는 교육국제화역량 인증제(IEQAS) 4주기 평가지표를 대상으로, 지표 체계가 고등교육기관의 외국인 유학생 유치·관리 역량을 타당하게 검증하는지 진단하고 개선 방향을 제시한다. 분석틀은 국제화(Knight), 품질 개념(Harvey & Green), 정책평가·형평성(Dunn), 구조–과정–성과(Donabedian)의 논 의를 토대로 품질보증(QA), 형평성(수평/수직), 성과사슬(구조–과정–성과), 행정부담·표준화의 네 관점으로 구성하였다. 연구 방법은 질적 문서분석 으로, 2011년 시범도입 이후 주기별 편람과 2025년 4주기 IEQAS 편람, 정책문서·선행연구, 2023년부터 2025년까지 언론 보도를 검토하였다. 분 석 결과, 4주기 IEQAS 평가는 산식 합리화와 고등직업교육 트랙 신설 등 개선이 있었으나 지역·유형 격차 반영의 한계, 성과 지표 편중, 지표 별 기준 시점·집계기간 불일치, 어학연수 교원·고용구조 평가 공백이 확 인되었다. 이에 수도권/비수도권 분리 평가, 단계형 사후관리, 온라인·혼 합수업의 과정 품질지표 보강, 기준시점·집계기간·산식 표준화, 어학연수 교원·고용지표 도입을 제안한다. 이를 통해 IEQAS가 국제화·유학생 정책 의 핵심 품질보증 인프라로 기능하도록 개선 방향을 제시하고자 한다.

Bimetallic sulfides, as high-performance anode materials, exhibit high theoretical capacity. However, their practical application is hindered by inherent limitations, such as low electrical conductivity, sluggish charge transfer kinetics, and severe volume expansion. Interface-engineered heterostructures have emerged as a universal strategy to synergistically enhance conductive networks and suppress mechanical degradation. Carbon-based composites serve as optimal substrates due to their high conductivity and structural flexibility. In this study, we leverage the hierarchical porous architecture of expanded graphite (EG) to confine the self-assembly of Zn/Co precursors via a thiourea-assisted hydrothermal method, enabling in situ growth of Zn0.76Co0.24S nanoparticles within EG interlayers. Interfacial S–C covalent bonding, induced by π–π conjugation, establishes robust nanoscale coupling between Zn0.76Co0.24S and the carbon framework. The resulting “sandwich” heterostructure demonstrates exceptional cyclability (1086.9 mAh·g−1 after 500 cycles at 1.0 A·g−1) and rate capability (541.7 mAh·g−1 at 2.0 A·g−1). This work provides a generalizable design paradigm for high-performance multimetallic sulfide anodes through atomic-scale interface engineering.

为破解应急管理能力评价领域研究碎片化、分散化难题，明晰其知识结构与发展规 律，本文以2002—2025年中国知网（CNKI）351篇中文文献及Web of Science（WOS）76篇 英文文献为研究样本，运用CiteSpace工具开展知识图谱分析。研究表明，文献产出层 面，中国发文量呈阶段性爆发增长（2023年达峰值41篇），核心作者以吴浩（24篇）、武 潭（20篇）为代表，但学术合作网络整体分散；国际发文量规模较小，却形成关联更紧密 的关键词共现网络（密度0.0226，高于国内0.0099）。研究热点上，中国构建“理论-体 系-方法-多场景”成熟研究网络，聚焦安全生产、化工园区等细分场景，及熵权法、云模 型等多元量化方法创新；国际侧重评价模型构建、应急疏散场景研究，以层次分析法（AH P）等经典方法应用为核心。未来该领域将向智能化技术深度融合、场景精准拓展、多主 体协同治理升级方向演进。本文为领域研究方向优化与应急管理能力评价政策制定提供数据支撑，助力应急管理体系现代化建设

본 연구는 2013년부터 2023년까지 강원도 18개 기초자치단체의 패널 데이터를 활용하여 지방정부의 역량, 산업구조, 인구 및 사회·환경 요인 이 지역경제 성장에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 하우스만 검 정 결과 고정효과모형이 적합한 것으로 나타났으며 분석 결과 지방정부 의 재정역량은 지역경제 성장에 통계적으로 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤 으나 인적역량은 유의하지 않았다. 산업구조 측면에서는 제조업이 성장 에 긍정적 영향을 보였지만 과학기술 및 예술·스포츠 산업은 단기적으로 음(-)의 관계를 나타냈다. 인구구조 요인 중 노령인구비율은 음(-)의, 등 록외국인 수는 정(+)의 영향을 보여 다양성과 개방성이 지역경제 활성화 에 기여함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 지방정부의 재정역량 강화, 산업 구조의 고도화, 인적자원의 질적 제고, 그리고 개방적·포용적 지역사회 조성이 지속가능한 지역경제 성장의 핵심 전략임을 시사한다.

Akaganeite (β-FeOOH) and hybrid active materials (akaganeite/maghemite (γ-Fe2O3)) containing carbon nanoparticles have been successfully developed through hydrothermal process using oxidation debris of graphene oxide and iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate. The obtained akaganeite sample and the hybrid material containing 29% akaganeite and 71% maghemite were confirmed using Mӧssbauer analysis. Two types of cathode made of akaganeite (β-FeOOH) and hybrid active materials supported on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) for RGO/AKA-100 and RGO/AKA-29 were taken as the main air electrode. The full-cell zinc–air battery prototypes (with 6 M KOH electrolyte) were tested for 500 cycles at room temperature. The result showed that the discharge capacity was achieved as high as 131.05 mAh/cm2 for RGO/AKA-100 and 137.26 mAh/ cm2 for RGO/AKA-29. These performances are better than that using zinc–air batteries with carbon black/MnO2 (CB/ MnO2) as air cathode, that give a discharge capacity of 115.7 mAh/cm2. The charge–discharge efficiency of RGO/AKA-100 and RGO/AKA-29 was examined in relation to their distinct catalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) when incorporated into electrochemically rechargeable zinc–air batteries. In addition, the different morphology of zinc deposit and dendrite was characterized using SEM, TEM, and PXRD analysis. From this study, the high performance of active material was suggested to be due to the hybrid effect among akaganeite, maghemite, and reduced graphene oxide, which can produce a synergetic improvement.

본 연구는 광도와 습도 조건에 따라 다양한 이끼 종의 CO2 흡수 능력을 평가하여 실내 공기질 개선을 위한 적합 식생 자 원을 탐색하고자 수행되었다. 6종의 이끼를 밀폐형 아크릴 챔 버에서 재배하며 광도(50, 200μmol·m-2·s-1)와 상대습도(75, 85, 100%)에 따른 CO2 흡수량을 정량적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, Hypnum plumaeforme와 Racomitrium yakushimense 는 두 광조건에서 가장 높은 CO2 흡수 능력을 나타냈으며, 고 광도에서 흡수량이 평균 2.6배 증가하였다. 또한 상대습도 100%에서 최대 CO2 흡수 능력이 확인되었고, 광합성 속도는 호흡 속도보다 약 2.9배 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과 는 이끼가 광·습도 조건에 따라 CO2 흡수량이 변화하는 것을 보여주며, 실내 공기질 개선, 탄소 저감형 도시 녹화, 밀폐 환 경 내 생태 기반 공기정화 기술 개발의 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

Growing demand for edible flowers that combine aesthetic appeal and functional benefits has prompted research on light-based strategies to improve their quality. This study examined the impact of varying blue (B) light exposure on morphological traits, antioxidant activity, and phytochemical accumulation in two Viola cultivars with different petal sizes. Plants were cultivated under a 12-h daily photoperiod, with irradiation duration via white (W) and B LEDs varied among treatments (W12+B0, W8+B4, W4+B8, and W0+B12) while maintaining constant light intensity. Results indicated that prolonged B light exposure significantly increased plant height and flowering rate, particularly in the smaller-petaled cultivar “Delta Beaconsfield” (DB), and also enhanced anthocyanin accumulation and ABTS-based antioxidant activity. Conversely, the cultivar “Delta Trueblue” exhibited higher total phenolic and flavonoid levels under mixed W+B light illumination and showed stronger DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Notably, DB retained elevated chlorophyll levels under monochromatic B light, suggesting a unique photoadaptive or light-harvesting mechanism. The cultivars differing responses across assays highlight variation in light-regulated synthesis of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants. These findings emphasize the potential of spectral manipulation, especially through B light, to improve the functional value of edible Viola flowers.

This study presents energy-saving performance analysis of a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) that uses seawater-source heat pumps to control the seawater temperature in the breeding tank. The analysis is based on artificial neural network (ANN) and TRNSYS-based digital twin simulations. The complex thermal load of the RAS, which fluctuates in real time due to changing environmental conditions, is simulated using the dynamic simulation software, TRNSYS. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was designed based on the dynamic heat load calculated by TRNSYS and the water temperature data of the breeding tank enabling capacity control of the inverter manipulator of the heat pump. At this stage, energy is saved through the control of the variable speed compressor responding to the partial load via the inverter. Power consumption was predicted at appropriate time intervals using a custom-built ANN model. The prediction results are used to determine the optimal number of heat pumps to operate. Through the digital twin simulation, the proposed heat pump capacity control is compared with conventional operating number control in terms of temperature regulation performance and power consumption. The results demonstrated that the proposed method can be easily implemented in Matlab and significantly improves energy efficiency in RAS farms.