Codonopsis lanceolata (S. et Z.) Trautv. is mainly cultivated in Korea and China as a medicinal crop. C. lanceolata is difficult to produce plug seedlings in the summer, because C. lanceolata has a low germination rate and is vulnerable to high temperatures. Cold treatment is effective in breaking dormancy of seeds and increasing the germination rate. Shading cultivation can control the solar irradiance received by plants and reduce the damage by high temperatures and strong light. This study was conducted to examine the appropriate cold treatment period for the improving germination of C. lanceolata, and shading level during the summer seedling period. Cold treatment experiments were conducted for 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks at 4°C before sowing. In the shading experiment, C. lanceolata was grown for 45 days with 0 (non-treatment), 45, 75% shading levels. Cold treatment for one week significantly improved the germination energy. The plant height, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of C. lanceolata seedlings were significantly increased under the 45% shading level. Total root length, root surface area, and the number of root tips were significantly higher in shading treatment (45 and 75%) than in non-treatment. The C. lanceolata seedling’s compactness and Dickson’s quality index were the highest at 45% shading level. Therefore, these results recommended sowing C. lanceolata after cold treatment for one week at 4°C, and 45% shading level could stably culture C. lanceolata plug seedlings during the high temperature period.

한약재로 사용되는 더덕과 도라지에 표고의 유용성분을 함유한 소재를 개발하고자 더덕표고균사발효물(FCLM)과 더덕도라지균사발효물(FPLM)을 제조하였다. 두 가지 발효 물의 일반성분, 유리당, 유기산, β-glucan, ergothioneine, ergosterol, vitamin D2 함량 및 3T3-L1 지방전구세포의 분화에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 일반성분 분석결과, FCLM에서 조섬유와 조지방함량이 FPLM에 비하여 높게 나타났으며, FPLM은 조단백질과 가용성무질소물의 함량이 FCLM에 비하여 높게 나타났다. 유리당은 FCLM과 FPLM 모두 arabinose, glucose, sucrose 3종이 검출되었 으며, 총 유리당 함량은 FPLM에서 높게 나타났다. 유기산 함량은 발효 전 더덕과 도라지에 비하여 발효 후 FCLM과 FPLM에서 낮게 나타났다. β-Glucan 함량은 FCLM과 FPLM 두 발효물에서 대조구로 사용한 표고보다 높은 함량을 보였다. 항산화 물질로 알려진 ergothioneine의 함량은 FCLM이 FPLM보다 높게 나타났다. Ergosterol 함량은 대조구로 사용한 표고에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 발효물들은 비슷한 함량을 나타내었다. Vitamin D2는 발효물들에서만 검출되었으며, FPLM (0.58±0.01 mg%)가 FCLM (0.47±0.01 mg%)보다 높은 함량을 보였다. 더덕과 도라지 표고균사발효물인 FCLM과 FPLM는 3T3-L1 지 방전구세포에 대하여 발효 전 더덕과 도라지에 비하여 높은 수준의 세포 생존율을 나타내었다. 또한 FCLM과 FPLM은 3T3-L1 지방전구세포 분화를 발효 전 더덕과 도라지에 비하여 높은 수준으로 억제하여, 비만 억제 효과가 있는 것으로 기대된다.

더덕은 뿌리를 약용 또는 식용으로 이용하고 있으며 최근 더덕 추출물의 약리효능이 각인되면서 기능성 식품의 원료로서 흥미를 끌고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 더덕의 주요한 사포닌인 lancemasides의 추출방법을 확립하고, UV (A, B, C) 처리와 발효(5종의 유산균 및 효모) 처리를 통해 더덕의 사포닌 함량을 증대시키고자 수행하였다. 추출방법은 autoclave를 이용한 열수 추출방법이 기존의 초음파 추출방법보다 추출 효율이 더 우수하였다. 더덕의 사포닌 함량을 증대시키기 위해 수확한 더덕 뿌리에 UV 처리와 발효 처리를 한 결과 UV 및 발효 처리는 각각 무처리에 비해 사포닌 함량이 약 20%, 22% 증가한 UV-C와 Bacillus subtilis 처리가 가장 효과적이었다. 또한 UV-C 처리의 경우 수확한 더덕 뿌리에서보다는 생육 중인 더덕 잎에 처리하는 것이 효과적이었다. 그러므로 더덕의 사포닌 함량은 생육 중인 더덕 잎에 UV-C 처리 후, 수확한 뿌리에 B. subtilis 발효 처리를 통해 87%까지 증대시킬 수 있었다. 이것은 UV-C 처리는 스트레스 초기에 반응하는 사포닌류 생성에 관여하고 발효 처리는 사포닌의 상 전환에 관여하여 사포닌 함량을 증대시키는 것으로 판단된다.

Steaming is a method that has traditionally been used for medicinal plant extraction. This study investigated nitrite oxide production, ferrous ion chelating activity, α-glucosidase, xanthine oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of ethanol, acetone and hot-water extracts of Codonopsis lanceolata prepared by steaming seven times. MTT assay showed that each extract was non-toxic up to a concentration of 700 μg/mL confirming that there was no cytotoxicity in all extracts. The α-glucosidase, xanthine oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities exhibited by the hot-water extract obtained from steaming seven times were higher (83.1%) than the other extracts. Higher production of nitrite oxide and better ferrous chelating activity was recorded with hot-water extract compared to ethanol and acetone extracts. These results indicated that more steaming of Codonopsis lanceolata extracts would be required to validate the possibility of developing antioxidants. Also, further study is needed to determine if the components present in the tested extracts might be useful in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. These results showed that hot-water extracts may be useful for their antioxidant and the production inhibitory activity of nitrite oxide. It will be helpful in the investigation of the constituent analysis of the steam-processed product of Codonopsis lanceolata.

This study was investigated the contents of total polyphenol, flavonoids and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Codonopsis lanceolata extracts according to different steaming times. The contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid proportionally increased from 6.45 mgGAE/g to 18.26 mgGAE/g and 2.01 mgRE/g to 6.12 mgRE/g according to ethanol extracts at EDS7. DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to have been 15.26~65.2% and showed the highest level of antioxidant activity at EDS7 was 65.2%. The activity of ABTS radical scavenging and SOD-like activity were also the same result. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity was related to the number of steaming, and the scavenging activity was increased up to 7 times of steaming. The antimicrobial activity of EDS7 had strong antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial activities were examined against 5 microorganisms related to pathogens and food poisoning. The antimicrobial Activity was different depending on the bacteria, but it was effective at the concentration of 300 mg/mL rather than 150 mg/mL. These results showed that Codonopsis lanceolata extracts with a different number of steaming would be conducted to confirm the possibility of developing antimicrobial and antioxidant. It will be helpful in the study of component analysis of Codonopsis lanceolata extracts processed products.

The root of Codonopsis lanceolata has been used in traditional medicine. This study was conducted to confirm the comparative effect of ethanol solvent extraction (CLE) and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (CLS) of C. lanceolata roots. CLS had higher antioxidant than CLE. For supercritical co-solvent modified carbon dioxide extraction (CLS), it were extracted at 250 bar 50℃ 150 min at a flow rate of ethyl alcohol 3 mL/min for 90min. In addition, CLS inhibited the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. When treated with the extract at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway reporter luciferase activity of HEK 293-TOP cells increased approximately by 3-folds compared to that of the untreated control group. Also, the treatment by CLS (50 μg/mL) showed a significant increase of involucrin expression. These results indicate that supercritical carbon dioxide extract of C. lanceolatamay serve as a cosmeceutical agent for improving skin barrier function and the treatment of obesity.

The purpose of this study was to determine the content of polyphenols and flavonoids, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity for the extract from the Deodeok sprout. To accomplish this, the Deodeok sprout whole (CLS-W), above ground part (leaf, stem, CLS-L), and root (CLS-R) were individually extracted using 70% ethanol. The highest levels of total polyphenols and total flavonoids were observed in the Deodeok sprout extract CLS-L2. Similarly, antioxidant activities resulting in radical scavenging activities increased significantly in the extract of CLS-L2. In conclusion, these results indicate that Deodeok sprouts can be used as a viable, new natural antioxidant source.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of Codonopsis lanceolata 50% ethanol extract, and its solvent fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol, water). The main components of the EA fraction were qualitatively analyzed using UPLC Q-ToF/MS. Additionally, a quantitative analysis was performed using UPLC. As a result, the total polyphenol content was 113.36 mg gallic acid/g in the EA fraction, which contained the largest amount of the C. lancolata solvent fractions. Also EA showed the highest antioxidant activity than other fractions. The IC50 of DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was 0.03 mg/mL and the IC50 of ABTS [2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)] radical scavenging activity was 0.049 mg/mL. The EA fraction showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity than other fractions and especially inhibited monophenolase oxidase reaction higher than diphenolase oxidase reaction. The monophenolase oxidase inhibited 55% when the concentration of the EA fraction was 0.25 mg/mL. As a result of Q-ToF/MS analysis, it was confirmed that tangshenoside I and lobetyolin were the main components of EA fraction. Thus, these results suggest that C. lanceolata may be used as a potent source of cosmetic agents.

더덕은 폴리페놀, 알칼로이드, 아미노산 및 기타 화합물로 구성되어 있고, tangshenosideⅠ과 lobetyolin의 함량은 더덕의 주요 화합물로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 UPLC를 이용하여 주요 성분 tangshenosideⅠ과 lobetyolin을 동시 분석하였다. 최적 추출조건으로는 50% 에탄올을 이용하여 온도 60℃, 1시간 추출하였고, UPLC를 이용한 빠르고 간편한 분석조건을 확립하고, 정확성, 정밀성, 직선성, 특이성 등 분석법의 유효성을 검증하였다. 지역별로 더덕을 추출하여 UPLC로 주요 성분 함량을 분석한 결과, tangshenosideⅠ과 lobetyolin의 함량은 0.36~3.54 mg/g, 0.24~1.29 mg/g으로 나타났다. 지역별 생육환경에 따라 함량 차이가 나타났으며, 지역별 품질 관리를 위한 객관적이고 과학적인 근거를 제시하여 국내에서 재배되는 더덕의 품질 평가에 대한 하나의 기준이 될 것으로 기대된다.

To assess a potential possibility of Deoduck as functional food resources, this study was performed to determine the changes in chemical components and antioxidant activities on Deoduck with various aging conditions; aging temperatures were 60, 70, and 80°C, and aging periods were 5, 10, 15, 30, and 50 days. We determined pH, total acidity, browning index, 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural, total phenolic contents, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of aged Deoduck. Total acidity of aged samples increased during aging treatment, at higher temperature and longer time. The pH value of aged Deoduck ranged from 4.97 to 3.76. Aged Deoduck at 60℃ decreased slowly than 70 and 80℃, and these results were similar in total acidity. 5-HMF and total phenolic contents increased when increased aging temperature and periods. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of Deoduck were ranged from 0.374 to 1.560 mg TEAC eq/g and from 0.302 to 1.745 mg trolox eq/g, respectively.

본 연구는 배지의 종류에 따른 더덕과 황기의 발아와 육묘기의 생육을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 종자는 상업적 상토(토실이), 코이어, 암면, 우레탄스펀지에 파종하였다. 파종 후 밀폐형 식물생산시스템에서 22일간 발아 하였으며, 경상대학교 벤로형 유리온실에서 파종 후 35 일간 육묘 하였다. 양액은 EC 1.0dS·m-1, pH 6.5로 맞추 어 2일 간격으로 저면관수 하였다. 더덕의 최종발아율은 코이어와 암면 배지에서 각각 68.5%와 67.9%로 유의적으로 높았으며, 평균발아수 역시 코이어와 암면 배지에서 4.2립과 4.1립으로 가장 높았다. 황기의 경우 배지 종류에 따른 황기의 발아율은 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 더덕의 초장과 엽면적은 암면 배지에서 각각 11.5cm와 11.3cm2로 유의적으로 높았으며, 최대근장과 뿌리의 생체중은 코이어 배지에서 5.8cm와 0.07g으로 가장 우수했다. 황기의 초장과 엽면적은 코이어 배지에서 14.0cm와 16.9cm2로 유의적으로 높았으며, 지하부의 생체중과 건물중은 0.34g과 0.03g으로 우레탄스펀지 배지에서 가장 높았다. 따라서 본 연구 결과에서 더덕과 황기의 발아와 육묘기의 생육을 위해 암면과 코이어 배지가 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

Plant nutrition one of the most important factors that increase plant production. Thus, the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of NPK (three main macro elements of fertilizer) and their interactions on morphological and biochemical contents of Deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata). Results exhibited that application of different fertilization treatments had a considerable effect on the different vegetative growth characteristics of C. lanceolata compared to the non fertilizer control. Plant height showed significant results towards all fertilization group compared to non fertilizer group, and the highest value (266.8 cm) for plant height was observed from the N+P+K group. The growth of internode was converted to vine after node 5, no fertilizer effects were found on internode elongation. Chlorophyll content showed a high amount in the range of 42.8 to 46.6 against all fertilization treatment groups, except P+K group. The highest values (57.0 g) for the fresh weight of roots were obtained from the N+P+K groups compared to non fertilizer group. The mineral nutrient content of Na, Mg, Cu and Al of the roots of C. lanceolata showed the lowest amount from in P+K groups compared to other groups. In addition, P from N+K group, Mn from N+P group and Ca, Fe, Zn from N+P+K group also exhibited the lowest mineral content compared to other groups respectively.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of medium composition on organogenesis towards in-vitro cultured diploid and tetraploid Codonopsis lanceolata and obtain in-vitro mass propagation of superior species of C. lanceolata. Regarding MS medium composition for each concentration, diploid C. lanceolata was found to be declined. However, shoot and adventitious root formation were suppressed with higher mineral salt concentration, and active growth of shootand adventitious root was exhibited as 4.9 cm and 3.2 cm respectively in 1/2 MS medium. While in tetraploid C. lanceolata, it showed 2.9 cm and 3.2 cm respectively in 1/4 MS medium. In the case of sucrose concentration, no consistent decrease was observed for growth of shoot and adventitious root of diploid both at high and low concentration. The growth of shoot (at 3% concentration) and adventitious root (at 7% concentration) was 2.3 cm and 2.0 cm respectively. Although there was no difference in shoot formation of tetraploid C. lanceolata in all concentrations with the range of 1.7 ~ 1.8, there was a slight decrease in shoot growth at high concentration. Results revealed that the adventitious root formation was suppressed at high concentration. Concentration of agar exhibited no significant difference in shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata at all concentrations. The highest result of adventitious growth (4.1 cm) was observed at 0.8% concentration. Slight inhibition of shoot formation and root formation of tetraploid C. lanceolata was observed at higher concentration. Shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata also exhibited inhibition at higher concentration. Shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata was increased at lower pH and shoot growth was the highest (2.3 cm) at pH 3.8. Adventitious root formation was higher at lower pH. Although there was no difference in shoot formation of tetraploid C. lanceolata presenting 1.7 ~ 1.8 regardless of high and low pH, growth inhibition was showed at higher pH. Adventitious root formation and growth showed a little higher result at pH 5.8.

Streptozotocin(STZ)을 45mg/kg.b.w의 용량으로 흰쥐의 미정맥에 투여한 후 유발된 당뇨 흰 쥐에게 1일 1회 7일간 1,000mg/kg의 용량으로 투여 후 glucose 함량과 당대사에 관여하는 효소인 glucose-6-phosphatase(G-6-Pase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6-PDH), glucokinase (GK) 활성과 glycogen 함량, triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol등의 지질대사에 관여하는 물질들을 측정 한 결과 더덕 뿌리 에탄올 추출물 투여군이 glucose, TG, total cholesterol등의 함량과 G-6-Pase 활성 의 유의적인 감소(p<0.05)를 나타내었으며 glycogen 함량과 G-6-PDH, GK의 활성이 유의적인 증가 (p<0.05)를 나타내었다. 이와 같이 더덕뿌리 에탄올 추출물이 항당뇨 개선효과를 갖는 유효성분을 함유 하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

더덕의 실용적 활용방법을 모색하고, 기능성 가공식품 소 재를 개발하기 위하여 더덕 껍질 농축액을 제조하고, 양갱 제 조에 활용하여 품질특성을 연구하였다. 더덕 껍질 농축액을 첨가한 양갱의 수분 함량은 무첨가군이 51.66%이고, 100% 첨가군이 46.92%로 가장 낮았다. 색도는 유관상 차이를 보이 지 않았으며, 가용성 고형분은 더덕 껍질 농축액을 첨가할수 록 미비하게 증가하였다. pH는 더덕 껍질 농축액이 증가할수 록 유의적으로 증가하였다. 더덕 껍질 농축액이 증가함에 따 라 DPPH free radical 소거능 무첨가 52.72에서 100% 첨가군 이 61.30으로 유의적으로 증가하였으며, SOD 유사활성도 39.31%에서 49.23%로 증가하여 더덕 껍질 농축액을 첨가할 수록 항산화력이 증가되는 것으로 사료된다. 기계적 품질특 성은 경도는 더덕 껍질 농축액이 증가할수록 유의적으로 증 가하였으며, 응집성은 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 씹힘성은 더 덕 껍질 농축액이 증가할수록 유의적으로 증가하였다. 전체 적인 기호도는 80%>60%>0%>100%>40% 순으로 더덕 껍질 농축액을 60~80% 첨가하는 것이 적당한 것으로 보인다.

본 연구는 독특한 식감과 풍미로 인하여 가공성이 낮은 C. lanceolata의 응용성을 높이기 위해 발효차를 제조하고, 열처 리가 미치는 영향에 대하여 이화학 특성 및 항산화력 분석을 통하여 확인하였다. 열처리 온도 및 시간이 증가함에 따라 pH는 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 갈색도, 탁도, 환원당, 총 폴 리페놀 및 총 플라보노이드 함량은 유의한 수준으로 증가하 는 경향을 보였다. 특히 200℃ 15분 열처리한 시료의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 713.71 ㎎/100 ㎖로 대조구에 비해 약 4.5배 증가 하였다. 항산화력 측정 결과, DPPH radical 소거능, FRAP 및 환원력에서 열처리 온도 및 시간이 증가함에 따라 항산화력 이 뚜렷하게 증가되는 경향을 나타냈다. DPPH radical 소거 능에서 200℃ 15분 열처리한 시료의 경우, 85.40%로 대조구 45.17%에 비해 약 2배 이상 증가되었으며, FRAP 및 환원력 또한 200℃ 15분 열처리한 경우, 대조구에 비해 약 2~3배 이 상 증가하였다. 열처리에 따른 관능검사 결과, 열처리 온도 및 시간이 증가함에 따라 선호도 역시 높게 나타났다.