본 논문은 K-POP의 주요 성공 요인을 K-POP 아이돌의 총괄적 배경과 특징을 통해 도출하고 그에 따른 발전방안을 코로나19 시대에 비추어 제언하였다. 아이돌 중심의 K-POP은 한류 문화의 글로벌 확산에 기여한 대표적인 문화 상품이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 K-POP의 문화적 지형은 과거 할리우드의 스타시스템을 기반으로 정립되었으며, 다양하고 혁신적인 시도를 통해 발전해 왔다. 이에 선행연구를 통해 K-POP의 정의에 대한 전반적인 주장들을 취합하여 정리했으며, K-POP 아이돌의 기본적인 배경을 정리하고 K-POP의 성공 요인으로 혁신적 비즈니스 모델의 창출을 예로 들었다. 하지만 혁신적 비즈니스 모델의 창출을 K-POP의 단일적 성공 요인으로 볼 수는 없으며, 듣는 음악에서 보는 음악으로의 시대적 변화, 실물음반의 역할변화 그리고 글로벌화와 더불어 신장된 소비자 즉, 팬덤의 역할변화 등의 영향이 있었다. 반면, K-POP 의 성공은 사행성, 스타시스템의 비인간적 상품화 등으로 인해 몇 가지 부작용을 불러왔고 사회문제로 대두되기까지 했다. 이에 K-POP의 성공 뒤에 가려진 문제점들을 정립하고 해결방안 을 모색하였다. 2020년 코로나바이러스-19의 창궐과 함께 시행된 사회적 거리두기는 대중음악계에 큰 변화를 야기했고, 이는 K-POP에도 영향을 미쳤다. 하지만 K-POP 시장의 양상은 세계 대중음악 시장의 그것과는 전혀 다른 양상을 보였다. 결과적으로 언택트 문화와 더불어 비대면 방식의 삶이 정착되는 와중, 이러한 현상이 나타난 이유는 K-POP의 특수성이 있었다는 결과를 도출하였다. 본 연구는 이에 착안해 K-POP 시장의 현 양상을 분석하여 발전 방안을 모색 했으며 포스트 코로나 시대의 K-POP 시장의 방향성을 제시하였다.

This study attempts to improve the understanding of the rapidly growing online video platform market such as Youtube and OTT, and to investigate the attributes and relative importance of them. For this purpose, the factors that influence the choice to use were derived through literature studies and the Focus Group Interview (FGI), and the priority of the factors was calculated through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The upper layer of the AHP structure was ‘Relationship’, ‘Entertainment’, ‘Informativity’, and ‘Convenience’, and the lower layer was structured into 13 elements. The importance priority analysis among the factors that influence the choice to use was done by teenagers, 20s, and 30s and the results are summarized as follows : First, Users consider the ‘Just for fun’ and ‘Satisfaction of interests’ as the most important factors, followed by ‘Easy accessibility to use’, ‘Vicarious satisfaction’, ‘Usefulness of Information’, and ‘Up-to-dateness of information’. Second, the ranking of the upper layer was in the order of ‘Entertainment’-‘Informativity’-‘Convenience’-‘Relationship’.As a result of AHP,‘Entertainment’ was 3.6 times more important than ‘Relationship’. In the comparison by age group, only teenagers regarded that ‘Convenience’ is more important than ‘Informativity’. According to the characteristics of the age group, the lower layer of teenagers consider ‘Convenient function’ to be important and ranked ‘Usefulness of information’ in 8th. While ‘Vicarious satisfaction’ ranked 4th out of 13 factors in the entire age group, those in their 20s and 30s ranked 8th, showing a difference. In the case of 20s, ‘Reasonable price’ was ranked 4th and the ‘Diversity of Information’ was ranked 5th, Otherwise 30s consider ‘Trustworthiness of Information’ to the third. Third, unlike ‘Convenience’ which was the lower-rank in the upper layer AHP analysis, ‘Easy accessibility to use’, the lower-layer of convenience, ranked third overall in the importance analysis among the 13 lower-layer factors, and showed a similar patterns in the age groups results. In the conclusion, this study demonstrates that ‘Convenience’ and ‘Vicarious satisfaction’ factors, which were not relatively well addressed in the previous studies, are the key factors to be considered in. By presenting the results of the importance analysis on each of the selected attributes, This study has a practical implication that Industries such as on-line video service platform provider can use the importance priority in establishing the directions of future strategy.

Polydnavirus are well known to interfere with the host endocrine system, causing immune suppression and other physiological disorders. The Cotesia rubculla polydnavirus gene products, CrV1, are known to be a potent immunosuppressive agent. CrV1 protein express within 12 h after viral infection at oviposition during deposition of parasitoid eggs and are mainly secreted in to host hemocyte, where it functions like phagocytosis and cell spreading. This study identified its homolog in CpBV and analyzed its molecular characteristics motif called “coiled-coil. A point mutation of Alanine to Proline of CpBV-CrV1 could lose the coiled-coil motif from in silico assay. The coiled type CpBV-CrV1 could inhibit host cellular immunity, however, interestingly the mutant CpBV-CrV1 lacking in coiled-coil motif completely lost the immunosuppressive activity. This study suggests that the coiled-coil motif is functional to inhibit host cellular immune responses. RNA interference against CrV1 significantly loses the inhibitory activity and thus further supporting the immunosuppressive activity of CrV1. In this study we also have analyzed the localization of CrV1 by transient transfection in HiFive Cell lines by in situ hybridization.

6 sigma is a management innovation strategy which improves most of all managerial processes including transactional and project based operations such as marketing, purchasing, accounting, and construction. Even though 6 sigma is trying to solve problems from the customer’s viewpoint in the scientific manner, project leader feels some difficulties in implementation because of several reasons. Especially the difficulties are prevalent in construction site. This paper investigates the cause of the difficulties through questionnaires, analyzes the investigation results, and verifies the critical success factors of 6 sigma implementation. Factor analysis has been usually employed in reducing quantity of data and summarizing information chaos. In this study, several variables from questionnaires are grouped into just only four factors by the process of factor analysis. The critical success factors are extracted as project management system, implementation mechanism, site condition, and project ownership. Some ideas for each individual success factor are suggested, which are expected to be useful in successful implementation of 6 Sigma in construction site.

This study investigated characteristics of buckling load and effective buckling length by member rigidity of dome-typed space frame which was sensitive to initial conditions. A critical point and a buckling load were computed by analyzing the eigenvalues and determinants of the tangential stiffness matrix. The hexagonal pyramid model and star dome were selected for the case study in order to examine the nodal buckling and member buckling in accordance with member rigidity. From the numerical results, an effective buckling length factor of adopted models was bigger than that of Euler buckling for the case of fixed boundary. These numerical models indicated that the influence of nodal buckling was greater than that of member buckling as member rigidity was higher. Besides, there was a tendency that the bifurcation appeared on the equilibrium path before limit point in the member buckling model.

통근 통행과 같은 복잡하고 방대한 유동 데이터를 분석하기 위해 요인 분석이 널리 사용되고 있다. 이 논문의 연구 목적은 유동 패턴을 분석함에 있어 요인 분석의 유용성을 방법론적인 측면에서 비판적으로 검토하는 것이다. 요인 분석을 통해 변수들간의 유사성에 기초하여 도착지(출발지)들을 구분하고, 각 그룹에서 도착지(출발지)들과 이동이 큰 출발지(도착지)를 파악할 수 있다. 이때 변수들의 표준 점수와 상관 관계가 사용됨으로 인해 파악된 주요 도착지나 출발지를 해석함에 있어 주의가 필요할 뿐만 아니라 절대 값의 측면에서 주요한 흐름이 드러나지 않을 수 있다는 점 또한 고려해야 한다. 서로 다른 요인에 해당하는 지역들 간에 상관성이 존재하는 경우라면 일반적으로 시도되는 요인의 직교 회전은 해석을 더욱 어렵게 한다. 요인 분석의 결과로 기능 지역을 설정하려는 시도가 있는데, 지역 간의 상호작용은 최소화되고 지역 내의 상호작용은 최대화되는 측면에서의 기능 지역 개념에 비추어보면 요인 분석의 결과는 그 근거가 충분하지 않다.

It is well known that the imbalance between epithelial cell growth and inhibitor factors may cause human epithelial cancer. Over-expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) has been implicated in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. ZD1839 inhibits selectively the EGFR tyrosine kinase activity and is clinically used for cancer patients. However the mechanisms by which it exerts its anti-tumor activity remains unclear. This study attempted to determine the mechanisms underlying the effects of ZD1839 on the cellular level and to characterize the effects of ZD1839 with regard to human oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) cell growth. The YD-10B and YD-38 cell lines established from OSCC in the department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry and ZD1839(Iressa) were used for this study. The inhibition of cell proliferation induced by ZD1839 was reversible and the lowest dose of ZD1839 that produced statistically significant growth inhibition in YD cell lines were 0.1 μM. The delay in cell cycle progression was induced by 0.1 μM of ZD1839 treatment after 24 hr. This reduction in cell proliferation and cell cycle delay were associated with up-regulation of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor(CDKI), P21CIP1/WAF1 and P27KIP1. Reduced expression of cyclin D1 was also observed after treatment with ZD 1839 to YD-38 cells but not to YD-38. The present results suggest that the antiproliferative effects of ZD1839, in vitro was associated with degradation of cyclin D1, which may be used as a possible indicator of a high cell sensitivity to ZD1839.

The germline stem cells of the Drosophila ovary continuously produce eggs throughout the life- span. Intricate regulation of stemness and differentiation is critical to this continuous production. The translational regulator Nos is an intrinsic factor that is required for maintenance of stemness in germline stem cells. Nos expression is reduced in differentiating cells at the post-transcriptional level by diverse translational regulators. However, molecular mechanisms underlying Nos repression are not completely understood. Through three distinct protein-protein interaction experiments, we identified specific molecular interactions between translational regulators involved in Nos repression. Our findings suggest a model in which protein complexes assemble on the 3’ untranslated region of Nos mRNA in order to regulate Nos expression at the posttranscriptional level.

Early growth response 1 (Egr1) belongs to the Egr family of zinc finger transcription factors (Egr1 to Egr4) that regulates cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Egr1(-/-) female mice are infertile due to anovulation resulting from luteinizing hormone β subunit (LHβ) deficiency. While it is clear that Egr1 is critical for LHβ transcription in the pituitary gland, function of Egr1 in uterus still remain unexplored. Uteri on various experimental conditions or days of pregnancy were collected for mRNA microarrays, realtime-RT-PCR, Western blotting, and histological analyses for immunofluorescence and BrdU staining. Egr1 and other Egr family members, Egr2 and Egr3 are highly expressed in the uterus on day 4 of pregnancy (Day 4). While ovulation, fertilization and embryo development normally occur in Egr1(-/-) mice treated with a superovulation regime to rescue LH deficiency, embryo implantation was completely failed. In addition to implantation failure, oviductal transport of embryos is also impaired in these mice. 17/24 Egr1(-/-) mice (71%) retained blastocysts in the oviduct as well as in the uterus of Egr1(-/-) mice on Day 4 whereas all Egr1(+/+) mice have them in the uterus. While serum levels of E2 and P4 in Egr1(-/-) mice on Day 4 were comparable to those of wildtypes, expression of E2 responsive genes which are expressed in luminal epithelium, such as Mucin 1 and lactoferrin, is aberrantly increased in Egr1(-/-) mice with embryos in the oviduct on Day 4. In contrast, P4 responsive genes such as Hoxa10 and amphiregulin are normally expressed in these mice. Collectively, these data suggest that Egr1 deficiency in the oviduct and uterus leads to estrogen hypersensitivity. BrdU incorporation experiments provided evidence that epithelial cells undergo hyperproliferation in Egr1(-/-) mice. This is consistent with microarray data that several key factors for cell cycle progression such as cyclin Ds and E2F1 are overexpressed in these mice. Furthermore, in the uteri of Egr1(-/-) mice treated with E2+P4, stromal cell proliferation is severely impaired and epithelial cells persistently proliferating. With respect to decidualization, Egr1 as well as Egr2 and Egr3 are induced immediately after decidualization stimuli were given. Although the responses were relatively less than those of wildtype mice, decidualization does occur in Egr1(-/-) mice. Relatively compromised decidualization responses seems to result from functional compensation of Egr2 and Egr3 in Egr1(-/-) deficient uteri. Collectively, our results show that Egr1 is a critical transcription factor to fine-tune estrogen responses via regulation of a spectrum of genes for embryo implantation in the uterus.

Early growth response 1 (Egr1) belongs to the Egr family of zinc finger transcription factors that regulates cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Egr1(－/－) female mice are infertile due to anovulation resulting from luteinizing hormone β subunit (LHβ) deficiency. While it is clear that Egr1 is a critical factor to regulate transcription of LHβ in the pituitary gland, function of Egr1 and mechanisms by which estrogen (E2) and/or progesterone (P4) regulates Egr1 in uterus still remain unexplored. Using multiple approaches, here we have characterized regulatory mechanism of Egr1 induction in the uterus and uterine phenotypes of Egr1(－/－) mice. Eight-week-old female mice were ovariectomized (OVX) and rested for a week. Uteri of OVX mice treated with various concentrations of E2 and/or other hormones were collected at 2h after hormone treatment unless otherwise indicated. Collected uteri were utilized for mRNA microarrays, realtime-RT-PCR, Western blotting, and histological analyses for immunofluorescence and BrdU staining. Egr1 mRNA was rapidly induced with the highest level at 2h after E2 treatment and gradually decreased to basal levels at 12 h. E2-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT, and Egr1 transcription were effectively inhibited by pretreatment of ICI 182,780. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2, but not AKT significantly blocked E2-induced Egr1 expression in the uterus. P4 effectively dampened E2-dependent Egr1 transcription and its antagonistic effects were partially interfered with RU486 pretreatment. Interestingly, BrdU incorporation experiments provided evidence that epithelial cells undergo hyperproliferation in Egr1(－/－) mice. This is consistent with microarray data that several key factors for cell cycle progression such as cyclin Ds and E2F1 are overexpressed in these mice. Furthermore, in the uteri of OVX Egr1(－/－) mice treated with E2+P4, stromal cell proliferation is severely impaired and epithelial cells persistently proliferating. While ovulation, fertilization and embryo development normally occur in Egr1(－/－) mice treated with a superovulation regime to rescue LH deficiency, embryo implantation is severely impaired. Blastocysts were not able to implant even on day 6 of pregnancy in Egr1(－/－) mice. In addition to embryo implantation, uterine response to artificial decidualization in hormone-primed Egr1(－/－) OVX mice was relatively less than that of wildtype mice. Collectively, our results show that Egr1, which is rapidly induced by E2-ER-ERK1/2 pathways, is a critical factor to control E2-dependent cell proliferation via regulation of a spectrum of genes for embryo implantation in the uterus.

The Egr family of zinc finger transcription factors consisting of 4 members (Egr1 to Egr4) regulates critical genetic programs involved in cellular growth, differentiation, and function. They are co-ex-pressed in many different tissues, suggesting that they may have some redundant functions. While it is clear that estrogen regulates Egr1 in estrogen sensitive breast cancer cells, function of Egr1 and mechanisms by which estrogen (E2) and/or progesterone (P4) regulates Egr1 in uterus still remain unexplored. Thus, we have examined regulatory mechanisms by which Egr1 is regulated in the uterus and abnormal uterine phenotypes of Egr1(－/－) mice. Eight-week-old female mice were ovariectomized (OVX) and rested for a week. Uteri of OVX mice treated with various concentrations of E2 and/or other hormones were collected at 2 h after hormone treatment unless otherwise indicated. ICI 182,780 [estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist] or RU486 [progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist] was injected to OVX mice 30 min prior to hormone treatments. OVX Egr1(+/+) and Egr1(－/－) mice were treated with E2 and/or P4 to examine expression patterns of genes important for estrogen responses, and steroid hormone-induced cell proliferation in the uterus. Collected uteri were utilized for RT-PCR, realtime RT-PCR, Western blotting and histological analyses. Egr1 mRNA was rapidly induced with the highest level at 2h after E2 treatment and gradually deceased to basal levels at 12 h. Pretreatment of ICI 182,780 significantly reduced E2-induced increase of Egr1. However, an agonist for GPR30, a membrane estrogen receptor failed to induce mRNA expression of Egr1, suggesting that E2-dependent Egr1 transcription is mainly regulated via nuclear estrogen receptor, ER. P4 effectively dampened E2-dependent Egr1 transcription and its antagonistic effects were partially interfered with RU486 pretreatment. Histological analyses with BrdU incorporation experiments showed that vascular permeability (an early estrogen response) but not cell proliferation (a late response) was significantly impaired in the uteri of E2 treated OVX Egr1(－/－) mice. Interestingly, some genes involved in early estrogen responses such as Bip and HIF-1a but not those in late responses are dysregulated in uteri of Egr1(－/－) mice. Collectively, our results show that E2 transiently induces Egr1 via activation of nuclear ER. P4 antagonizes E2-dependent Egr1 regulation via PR. Impaired early estrogenic responses in Egr1(－/－) uteri could be due to aberrant gene expression affected by loss of Egr1 which act as a master regulator of estrogen actions in the uterus.-ex

The awareness of the high-value industry for container terminal leads competitiveness of container terminals to keep high fiercely. In regards to competitive factors of container terminal, the most important point among several factors is seemed to be the speed of container loading and unloading on quayside. In container terminals in Korea, the productivity shows big difference even though its condition is similar to each terminal. The objective of this paper is to find the critical factors of container terminal productivity, which is dependant upon the capability, quantity of quay crane, transfer vehicle, and so on. For this purpose, we have researched related literatures, and collected data about container terminals in South Korea. Furthermore, we tested sensitive analysis to evaluate the extent of productivity by changing independent variable. And then we established the regression model to evaluate which factor has had the biggest impact on productivity. The results of this paper can give terminal operators guideline to improve productivity.