This study investigated dietary behaviors, nutrient intake, and quality of life among elderly individuals living alone compared to those in multi-person households. Data were obtained from 5,311 individuals aged 65 years and older who participated in the 2015-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Nutritional intake was assessed by analyzing the proportion of individuals with insufficient intake relative to the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRIs) and the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR). Quality of life was measured using the EQ- 5D instrument. The results showed that single-person households were more likely to be female, older, and have lower income and education levels compared to multi-person households. Additionally, single-person households were more likely to skip breakfast, eat at places other than home, eat alone, and dine out less frequently. Nutritional intake was lower among elderly individuals living alone. Furthermore, after adjusting for relevant variables, single-person households were significantly more likely to report poor quality of life (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.07-1.28)—defined as being in the lowest 20% of EQ-5D scores—compared to those in multi-person households. The findings highlight the need for targeted nutritional support and policy interventions to improve dietary intake and quality of life among elderly single-person households.

The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) and yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula) are medium-sized carnivorous mammals in Korea. To determine their dietary habits, feces of leopard cats and yellow-throated martens were collected from Jirisan Mountain and hairs from the feces were analyzed in a non-invasive manner. Results showed that both species mainly preyed on Rodentia, with yellow-throated martens also consuming fruits and insects. Notably, they hunted wild boars and roe deer/water deer. Their ability to prey on animals larger than themselves suggests they can serve as ecosystem regulators in the absence of large carnivores such as tigers and leopards. This study aimed to investigate their dietary habits through non-invasive hair analysis. Findings of this study provide baseline data for habitat identification and conservation research.

This study aimed to examine relationships of water and dietary fiber intake with various health-related factors using data from the 2016~2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). A total of 8,419 adults aged 19~49 years were categorized into four groups: (1) sufficient intake of both water and fiber (Type 1) (n=2,235), (2) water deficiency with sufficient fiber (Type 2) (n=1,470), (3) fiber deficiency with sufficient water (Type 3) (n=1,031), and (4) deficiency in both water and fiber (Type 4) (n=3,683). General characteristics, body composition, health behaviors, dietary habits, nutrient and food intake, and dietary quality were compared. Type 4 had more female (p=0.028), older adults (p<0.001), and higher socioeconomic status (p<0.001) than Type 1. Type 1 consumed breakfast more frequently (p<0.001). Nutrition label recognition, usage of nutrition label, and all nutrient intakes were the highest in Type 1 but the lowest in Type 4. Type 1 also had better dietary variety score and nutritional quality. These findings highlight the importance of adequate water and fiber intake for balanced nutrition and suggest that targeted nutrition education is needed, especially for male and low-income groups with insufficient intake.

「Hyeonpung Gwakssi Eongan」 (A collection of Korean letters)is of 176 letters. Of 176 letters, 83 letters are about dietary which are 47.16% of the total letters. In 83 letters of dietary, there are records of rice, glutinous rice, barley and buckwheat, and also yeast, malt, flour, wheat bran. For poultry and meats, there are beef, raw & dried pheasant, chicken, quail and other birds. For fish and shellfish, there are sea fish such as cod, herring, croaker, flatfish, and freshwater fish such as crucian carp. For main dish, there are cooked rice, porridge, noodles and dumplings. For side dish, there are soup, grilled dish, nureumi, stir-fried dish, steamed dish, fermented fish, raw fish, jaban and chimchae. For rice cake, there are ancestral rites cake, sanseung, gyeongdan, ssookddeok. In「Hyeonpung Gwakssi Eongan」, Ju Gwak instructed food preparation, grocery shopping, recipe, guest-welcoming, housekeeping, making bed, transportation, curfew for his kids and clothing for his wife one by one. Furthermore, there are records of dietary lifestyle of spring season and the month of November in lunar calendar. Lastly, there are birthday ceremony, coming of age ceremony, wedding ceremony, funeral ceremony and ancestral rites ceremony according to Confucianism ideal and their food recipe.

This study aimed to compare food procurement and dietary behavior of single-person households in Korea. A total of 949 single-person households that participated in the 2022 Food Consumption Behavior Survey were divided into three age groups: 20~39 years (n=204), 40~59 years (n=317), and 60~74 years (n=428). Monthly expenditure on eating out was similar for the 20~39 and 40~59 age groups at around 145,000 KRW, while the 60~74 age group spent 79,823 KRW (p<0.001). The frequency of eating out was the highest at 2~3 days per week for the 20~39 age group, with take-out occurring 1 day per week (p<0.01). Regarding online food purchases, 35% of the 20~39 age group bought food online once every two weeks, whereas 40~59 and 60~74 age groups had higher percentages of those buying non-online food (44.7% and 89.0%, respectively, p<0.001). Regarding dietary competency index, healthy eating scores were the highest in the 60~74 age group (p<0.01). As the dietary competency index increased, monthly expenditure on take-out decreased for the 40~59 age group while satisfaction with current diet increased across all age groups (p<0.01). This study is expected to be helpful for developing nutrition education materials tailored to different life stages.

This study was conducted in September 2023 to establish proper eating habits and enhance the nutritional knowledge of elementary school students in Daegu during a nutrition camp hosted by the Daegu Metropolitan Office of Education. A total of thirty boys and twenty-three girls participated, with an average age of 11.2 years. The breakfast skipping rate was 11.3%, while 84.9% reported eating out once or twice a week, and 86.8% indicated they consumed delivery food once or twice a week. Regarding snacks, 47.5% of students reported eating snacks twice a day, and 73.6% identified as picky eaters. Furthermore, 66% of the participating students had no prior experience with nutrition education or consulting nutritionists. The students' nutritional knowledge score before the start of the nutrition camp was 14.4 out of 20, and after the end of the nutrition camp, it statistically increased significantly to 16.4 points (p<0.001). The level of nutritional knowledge of students who participated in the nutrition camp improved significantly compared to before the start of the nutrition camp, and this result shows that various activity programs including nutrition education and nutrition counseling can be effective.

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze dietary self-efficacy and Nutrition Quotient (NQ) according to the degree of food-related content use in university students. From October to November 2022, a total of 332 college students (140 males and 192 females) attending universities in Chungcheongbuk-do were surveyed to collect data on general information, food-related content use level, dietary self-efficacy, and NQ for adults. The average dietary self-efficacy score of the group that did not use food content was 3.08 points, which was significantly higher than the group that watched it sometimes (2.89 points) and the group that watched it often (2.83 points) (p=0.0191). The total NQ score of 48.85 points was the highest among the three groups (p=0.0270). For subjects who responded that they had no experience of eating food at all after using food content, their dietary self-efficacy was 3.03, which was significantly higher than the group with occasional or frequent food consumption experience (p=0.0194). Results of this study can be used as basic data for clarifying the relationship between the use of food-related content and eating habits in university students and for proper eating habits education for university students.

This study was performed to analyze dietary influences on the regulation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in postmenopausal women using the 2019-2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). A total of 1,724 women were classified into cardiovascular risk groups based on risk factors and differentiated into high LDLC and normal groups according to the target serum LDL-C levels. The risk group distribution was as follows: Very high-risk group (6%), high-risk group (49.4%), moderate-risk group (42.3%), and low-risk group (2.3%). The high LDL-C group demonstrated abdominal obesity and prediabetes, with their carbohydrate energy intake exceeding the Korean dietary guideline recommendations of 65%. Increased fat (OR 2.67, 95% CI; 1.19-6.02) and cholesterol (OR 2.43, 95% CI; 1.02- 5.77) intake correlated with higher LDL-C risk. The high LDL-C group showed elevated saturated fat and reduced polyunsaturated fat consumption (p for trend <0.001). Thus, to regulate the LDL cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women, they maintain an appropriate weight in addition to managing abdominal obesity and continuously monitoring blood sugar levels. Furthermore, it is important to limit the intake of high saturated fat meats and consume sufficient protein from sources such as beans, fish, and eggs, which contain healthy unsaturated fats.

본 시험은 마늘 절임에서 분리 동정된 Leuconostoc citreum SK2556 균주에 의한 마늘 발효 배양액 급여가 산란계의 계란 생산성, 계란 품질, 혈액 성상에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 시험 동물은 33주령 산란계(Hy-Line Brown) 180수를 공시하였고, 5주간 사양시험을 실시하였 다. 전체 사양기간동안 산란율은 대조구, FG (발효마늘) 0.3 및 FG 0.5 처리구는 78.02~78.53의 범위로 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, FG 0.1 처리구(75.37±3.22)는 다른 처리구들에 비교하여 감소하였다(P<0.05). 사료섭취량과 사료요구율에서는 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 시험 전기간 Haugh unit에서는 마늘 발효액 FG 0.1이 대조구와 FG 0.5에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 혈액 내 Glucose는 모든 마늘 발효액 처리구가 대조구보다 유의하게 낮았다(P<0.01). 간 기능의 이상 여부를 나타내는 알칼리인산분해효소(alkaline phosphatase; ALP)는 FG 0.3 처리구가 대조구보다 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 본 연구 결과, 산란계 사료 내 마늘 발효 배양액 급여는 계란의 Haugh unit의 향상으로 계란의 신선도를 개선시켰을 뿐만 아니라, 건강 유지에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳐 사료첨가제로서의 이용가능성을 제시하고자 한다.

This study examined dietary habits and mental health according to generalized anxiety disorders (GAD) and caffeine consumption in adolescents. The data were collected from the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey with a sample of 51,850 students. The proportion of students in the GAD High-Risk · Caffeine consumption group (GHRCC) who consumed sweet drinks (p< .001), fast food (p< .001), and midnight meals (p< .001) every day was 15.6, 21.9, and 22.4%, respectively. These proportions were higher than those of students who consumed sweet drinks, fast food, and midnight meals 1-2 times a week, 3-4 times a week, or not at all. In addition, the proportions of GHRCC among students who responded “yes” to experiencing sadness and despair (p< .001), suicidal thoughts (p< .001), suicide plans (p< .001), suicide attempts (p< .001), and loneliness (p< .001) were higher than students who responded “no.” The GAD High-Risk group (GHR) had higher odds with the consumption of midnight meals (OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 2.10-2.99), caffeine consumption (OR: 2.46, 95% CI: 2.21-2.74), and fast food (OR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.75-2.55) than GAD Low-Risk group. Based on the above results, the risk of GHR was higher among students who consumed midnight meals, caffeine, and fast food daily than those who did not.

This study investigated associations between healthy dietary practices and the odds of prediabetes among Korean adolescents. The data of 1,624 adolescents aged 12 to 18 who participated in the 2017-2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Healthy dietary practices were defined according to Health Plan 2030 criteria, and prediabetes was defined as a fasting blood glucose level of 100-125 mg/dL. After controlling for confounders, adjusting odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for prediabetes were determined for different healthy dietary practices using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Compared with adolescents who engaged in healthy dietary practices, those who did not had a 1.63-fold (95% CI: 1.12-2.37) higher odds of prediabetes. In addition, adolescents who did not consume ≥500 g of fruit and vegetables daily and those who refrained from reading nutritional fact labels, which are both subindicators of healthy dietary practices, had a 1.66 (95% CI: 1.05-2.62) and 1.58-fold (95% CI: 1.06-2.37) higher odds of prediabetes, respectively, than those who did. Increasing the proportion of adolescents engaging in healthy dietary practices, such as consuming ≥500 g of fruit and vegetables daily and reading nutritional fact labels when selecting food, is imperative.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the nutrition quotient and the dietary intake of adolescents. A total of 393 adolescents were surveyed to evaluate their Nutrition Quotient for Korean Adolescents (NQ-A) scores and dietary intake. The average age of the survey subjects was 15 years and the average NQ-A score of the subjects was 49.11±13.35. There was no significant difference in the NQ-A scores according to gender and age. The average dietary diversity score was 3.77±0.85, and it was significantly higher in boys than in girls (p< .05) with the scores of 12-14-year-old students being significantly higher than those aged 15-18 years (p< .01). The results of comparing the percentage of recommended intake or adequate intake and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) according to the NQ-A grade, showed that the ‘High’ grade had a significantly higher intake percentage of vitamin B1, B12, folate, phosphorus, iron and a significantly higher MAR (p< .05). From a long-term perspective, efforts to improve dietary habits are deemed necessary to meet an individual’s nutritional requirements. Adolescents themselves should develop proper eating behaviors and acquire suitable dietary management skills to enhance their nutritional status, ultimately contributing to an improvement in their quality of life.

A checklist of dietary behavior items for the elderly was developed based on Korean dietary guidelines. First, a literature review was conducted, and 63 preliminary items, including 30 items on food intake, 12 on eating habits, and 21 on dietary culture, were obtained to evaluate the dietary guidelines. The preliminary items were evaluated by experts using Lawshe’s method to verify the content validity. They were then revised, resulting in 52 items: 25, 11, and 16 in the food intake, eating habits, and dietary culture domains, respectively. A face-to-face survey was conducted on 331 people over 65 years of age in the metropolitan area, and their one-day food intake was surveyed using a 24-hour recall method in August 2022. The 48 items, including 24, 11, and 13 items on food intake, eating habits, and dietary culture, respectively, correlated significantly with the evaluation indicators of nutrient intake, such as mean adequacy ratio, dietary diversity score, and nutrient intake density. These items were considered suitable for evaluating the elderly's compliance with dietary guidelines.

This study aimed to investigate the dietary changes among adults living alone during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Korea. An online survey was conducted to examine dietary changes before (in 2019) and during (in 2021) the pandemic. The data from 337 adults living alone who responded to the survey were used for analysis. The proportion of the respondents reporting frequent food consumption at convenience stores (≥3 times/week) increased during the pandemic (p=0.024), and the proportion of those frequently eating ready-to-eat and ready-to-cook food (≥3 times/week) was more than doubled (p<0.001). Additionally, the proportion of those frequently consuming delivered food (≥3 times/week) increased by 2.5 times (p<0.001). In conclusion, the dietary habits of adults living alone changed significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have a negative impact on their health. Therefore, the development of customized nutrition management programs to improve the dietary habits of adults living alone during emergencies like a pandemic is deemed necessary. This study can serve as a foundation for understanding the dietary changes of adults living alone in prolonged crisis.

This study was conducted to analyze relationships between depression indices, mini nutritional assessment scores, and nutritional quotients among 80 elderly in Yangpyeong-gun and to identify factors that help prevent depression and malnutrition. Nutrition assessment scores were low in the high-risk group (PHQ-9 score 10), and nutritional quotient scores were lower in the high-risk group than in the normal group (PHQ-9 score 4). Interestingly, the consumption frequencies of fruits, eggs, and nuts were low in the high-risk group, and subjective health awareness, dental condition, and sleep were poorer. The total PHQ-9 score was correlated with malnutrition, body mass index, calf circumference, weight change, independent daily living, reduced meal amount, water intake, and the need for help when eating. Analysis of correlations between items of the PHQ-9 and nutritional status evaluation indices showed that a self-perceived feeling of depression, low energy, difficulty controlling sleep or appetite, negative thoughts (e.g., failure, disappointment), and difficulty concentrating were negatively correlated with total nutritional status scores. These results show that attention is required when food or water intake decreases and that deviation from normal sleep and appetite cycles flags the need to prepare guidelines to prevent depression.

Radish is a sulfur-containing compound containing the -S group, having bioactive functions such as anticancer, antithrombotic, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, and is used as a health supplement and pharmaceutical material. This study aimed to compare changes in sulforaphane (SFN) content according to freeze-drying or hot-air drying conditions in Korean radishes. The color of frozen or hot-air-dried radish underwent a browning reaction due to heat treatment; the brightness (L) decreased from 89.3 to 56.1, and the redness (b) increased. The SFN content of freezedried radish was 13.2565 mg/g, the SFN of radish dried at 50oC was 2.64372 mg/g, and the SFN of radish dried at 80oC was 0.0678 mg/g, which was the highest in freeze-dried radish. Therefore, the SFN of radish was found to be insufficient in thermal stability, and freeze-drying was considered a suitable method for drying radish.

This study aimed to determine the association between household types and healthy dietary practices among Korean adults. A cross-sectional analysis was performed using nationwide data on 23,488 participants from the 2017-2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Based on self-reported data, the participant household types were classified into single- and multi-person households. The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for healthy dietary practices according to household types were calculated by applying multivariable logistic regression analysis after adjusting for confounders. Of total, 11.21% and 88.79% were single- and multi-person households, respectively. Compared with individuals living in multi-person households, those in single-person households had lower odds of adhering to healthy dietary practices (AOR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.98) and consuming adequate saturated fatty acids (<7% of energy) (AOR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.69-0.88). In addition, men and individuals aged 65 years living in single-person households exhibited lower odds of consuming adequate saturated fatty acids and 500 g of fruit and vegetables per day than those in multi-person households. Single-person households often find it a challenge to practice a healthy diet. Hence, nutritional policies and educational support that help individuals living alone consume healthier diets are warranted.

Considering that the number of middle-aged single-person households is increasing, this study investigates dietary behaviors, nutrient intake, and mental health according to household type. Data were procured from the 2015-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Totally, 5,466 participants aged 50-64 years were classified into 2 groups: a household with one member was defined as a single-person household, and households with two or more members were described as multi-person households. Single-person households comprised 10.63% of the total, with a higher average age, and lower income and economic levels than multi-person households. Compared to multiperson households, single-person households had a higher frequency of skipping breakfast, eating alone, and dining out, the moderately and severely food insecure group was more than 5 times, and nutrient intake and dietary quality were poorer. In the fully adjusted model, the odds ratios (ORs) of depressive symptoms were 2.35 times (95% CI: 1.39-3.96), and suicide ideation was 1.95 times (95% CI: 1.35-2.82) in single-person compared to multi-person households. Our results lead us to conclude that poor dietary intake in middle-aged single-person households affects the mental health, and the above factors should be considered when framing the dietary policy.

본 연구는 사료내 비테인, 글라이신, 그리고 콜린의 혼합 첨가가 고온 스트레스 환경에서 노령 산란계의 생산성, 난품질, 면역 반응 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 수행되었다. 총 336마리의 86주령 로만 갈색종 노령 산란계를 6처리 7반복, 반복당 8수씩 임의 배치하였다. 대조구는 모든 영양소 및 에너지 요구량을 충족하거나 초과하도록 배합하였다. 대조구를 제외한 사료 처리구는 0.2% 비테인, 0.62% 글라이신, 그리고 0.32% 콜린을 단독, 두 가지 혼합, 혹은 세 가지 혼합으로 사료내 첨가하였다. 실험은 8주 동안 진행되었으며, 모든 산란계는 매일 8시간 동안 평균 온도 31.7±1.7℃, 습도 57%의 고온 스트레스 조건에서 사양되었고, 이외 시간에는 평균 온도 27±1.3℃, 습도 57%에서 사양하였다. 실험 결과, 비테인, 글라이신 및 콜린의 첨가는 생산성, 난품질, 그리고 면역 반응에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그러나, 0.2% 비테인과 0.62% 글라이신을 혼합 첨가한 처리구에서 혈청 알라닌 아미노전이효소 농도가 유의적으로 감소했다. 하지만, 다른 혈청 지표들은 처리간 유의적인 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 결론적으로, 현재 수준에서 사료내 비테인, 글라이신, 그리고 콜린의 혼합 첨가는 고온 스트레스 환경에서 사양되는 노령 산란계의 생산성, 난품질, 면역 반응 및 혈액 성상에 긍정적인 영향을 미치지 않는다고 판단된다.

The yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is an important industrial insect commercially produced around the world as food and feed. Temperature and nutrition are the two most influential environmental factors determining the rearing conditions in insects, but little is known about how these two factors interact to affect the performance of T. molitor larvae. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of temperature and dietary protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratio on key performance traits in T. moltior larvae. Throughout their larval stage, the insects were reared on one of 36 treatment combinations of six temperatures (19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34 °C) and six protein:carbohydrate ratios (P:C = 1:5, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 5:1, 1:0) and their survivorship, development, growth rate, and pupal mass were monitored. Survivorship was high at low temperatures (< 25°C) and high P:C ratios (>1:1), but decreased with increasing temperature and decreasing P:C ratio. Increase in rearing temperature accelerated larval development but resulted in a reduced pupal mass. Thermal optimum for pupal mass (19.3°C) was thus lower than that for development time (28.1°C). The growth rate was maximized at 27.9°C and P:C 1.65:1 and decreased as both the temperature and the P:C ratio deviated from their optimum. All four key performance traits (survivorship, development time, pupal mass, growth rate) were optimized at temperatures between 25.7 and 27.4°C and P:C ratios between 1.17:1 and 2.94:1. Our data provide insights into how the production and nutritional value of T. molitor larvae can be improved through adjusting their rearing conditions.