본 연구는 가죽나무(Ailantias altissima) 추출물을 유효성분으로 함유하는 면역 증강용 소재를 개발하기 위하여 수행한 것으로, 가죽나무 에탄올 추출물 단독 또는 면역능을 보유한 유산균과의 혼합처리에 의한 면역 활성능을 비교 분석하였다. 가죽나무 에탄올 추출물에 의한 대식세포 증식에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 10~500 μg/mL 농도 범위로 처리하였을 때 100 μg/mL 농도에서만 대식세포가 활성화되어 높은 세포 증식률을 나타내었다. NF-κB 활성 평가에서는 유산균과 가죽나무 추출물을 1:0.25 비율로 혼합해서 처리하였을 때 추출물을 단독 처리하였을 때보다 NF-κB 활성능이 증가하였는데, 생균보다 사균과 함께 처리하였을 때 그 값이 더 높았다. 특히 Lactobacillus plantarum 4-25 사균과 추출물을 1:0.25 비율로 혼합 시 가장 높은 활성능을 나타내었다. Nitric oxide(NO) 생성량은 가죽나무 에탄올 추출물의 단독 처리에 의해 5.46±0.06 μM/mL로 LPS 처리 대조군(5.73±0.06μM/mL)과 유사하게 가장 높은 값을 보였지만, 혼합 처리군 에서도 Weissella cibaria JW15와 Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG 등 사균과 가죽나무 추출물을 1:0.25 비율로 처리하였을 때만 대조군보다 높은 생성량을 보였다. TNF-α와 IL-1β 등 사이토카인 생성량에서는 가죽나무 추출물 단독처리군보다 유산균들과의 혼합처리군에서 모두 높은 값을 나타내었는데, 특히 Weissella cibaria JW15 균주를 추출물과 혼합한 경우에만 LPS 처리군보다 높은 TNF-α 활성을 보였고, 생균과 사균 간의 큰 차이 없이 1:0.25 비율로 혼합 시 가장 높은 생성량을 보였다. IL-1β 생성량은 Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG 사균과의 혼합에서는 1:0.25 비율로 처리하였을 때 높은 값을 나타내었고, 가죽나무 추출물 단독 처리와 유사한 수준을 나타내었지만, 나머지 혼합군에서는 IL-1β가 검출되지 않았다. 종합적으로 살펴보면 가죽나무 에탄올 추출물과 유산균주와의 혼합에 의한 면역 활성능을 확인한 결과, 가죽나무 추출물 단독처리보다 유산균과 가죽나무 추출물을 1:0.25 비율로 처리한 혼합물에 의해 높은 면역활성능을 보여, 가죽나무 추출물을 유효성분으로 함유하는 소재를 활용하여 면역 저하증 예방 및 치료용 등 건강기능식품 개발을 위하여 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Alcohol intake is known to affect various organs in the human body, causing reduction of salivation in the oral cavity. Hypo-salivation effect of alcohol is a common feature, but the mechanism in salivary glands is still poorly studied. Therefore, in this study, the changes in salivary secretion and water channel protein (aquaporin5, AQP5) in salivary glands of mice were investigated after ethanol administration. Animals were divided in to 4 groups with the control, 4 g/kg ethanol, 8 g/kg ethanol and 16 g/kg ethanol administration groups. One hour after ethanol administration, saliva was collected from the oral cavity, and the animals were killed and parotid and submandibular glands were extracted to analyze the histopathology, AQP5 immunihistochemistry and AQP5 protein level. According to the results, the salivation rate decreased irrespective of the ethanol dose in mice, and viscosities increased with increase in ethanol dose. However, there were no pathological changes in parotid and submandibular glands due to ethanol administration. Expression of AQP5 in parotid and submandibular glands decreased with increase ethanol administration These results indicate that the reduction of salivary secretion due to acute alcohol intake is closely related to decrease of the water channel protein such as AQP5 in parotid glands and submandibular glands, rather than the damage of salivary glands.

장어의 과산화 억제를 위해 월계수잎, 총백, 헛개열매, 녹차를 시판 소주(30°)를 용매로 하여 추출한 것을 시료로 사용하였다. 장어 250 g에 5 g의 주정 추출물을 장어 전체에 고루 바른 후 35℃ 15시간 열풍건조한 후 실험에 사용하였다. 주정 추출물의 항산화 활성은 DPPH 소거 활성 실험, 반건조 장어의 산가, 과산화물가, 리놀레산 및 장어유 과산화 지연반응을 통해 확인하였다. DPPH 소거 활성이 가장 높았던 것은 녹차 추출물이었으며, 다음으로 활성이 높았던 것은 월계수잎, 헛개열매 추출물이었다(p<0.05). 21일 동안 냉장보관한 장어의 산가 측정에서 헛개열매 추출물로 처리한 경우, 산가가 가장 낮았으며, 다음으로 녹차 추출물로 처리한 경우의 산가가 낮았다. 유리지방산 생성 억제 효과와 유사하게 헛개열매, 녹차 추출물이 장어의 열풍건조 동안 초기 과산화물 생성을 억제하고, 냉장보관 21일 동안 반건조 장어의 과산화물의 생성을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 4종의 주정 추출물들은 반응 20일 동안 리놀레산의 과산화를 억제하는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반응 20일 동안 장어유의 과산화를 지연시킨 효과가 높았던 것은 헛개열매와 녹차 추출물이었으며, 다른 추출물에 비해 상대적으로 장기간 안정적으로 장어유의 과산화를 억제하는 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 장어의 건조 전 전처리에 헛개열매와 녹차 주정(30° 소주)추출물을 적용하는 것은 장어의 건조 및 반건조 장어의 냉장보관 중의 과산화를 지연시키는데 효과가 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a good model organism in various areas of biological science. Since D. melanogaster has been thought to be adapted to the chemical stress environment caused by the overripen, decay and fermented fruits, identification of the genes involved in chemical tolerance and investigation of their expression patterns are essential for better understanding of the physiological evolution in D. melanogaster. For investigation of the gene expression level, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) can be applied to quantify gene expression level and selection of reliable reference gene(s) for normalization is an accurate step. In the present study, therefore, we validated the expression stabilities of ten candidate reference genes using three softwares (geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper) in D. melanogaster exposed to different concentrations of acetic acid, ethanol and 2-phenylethanol. Although three programs resulted in slightly different gene stability ranks, but overall tbp encoding TATA box binding protein was most stable gene in acetic acid and ethanol exposed fly, while nd encoding NADH dehydrogenase was the most suitable reference gene in the case of 2-phenylethanol treatment. In the comparison of three chemical treatment condition, nd was also suggested to be most optimal reference gene. In addition, optimal number of reference gene for accurate normalization was calculated by geNorm pairwise analysis, and selection of multiple reference genes was suggested to be better for target gene normalization method than use of a single reference gene.

Enterococcus faecalis is a major causative agent of endodontic treatment failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate bactericidal effects of ethanol extract of Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen extract) on five strains of E. faecalis that were isolated from human oral cavities. The bactericidal effects of mangosteen extract were assessed by measurement of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value. The cytotoxicity of mangosteen extract on immortalized human gingival fibroblasts, hTERT-hNOF, was determined based on cell counting method. The data revealed the MBC value of mangosteen extract against the E. faecalis strains was 4 ㎍/ml. Additionally, the cell viability of mangosteen extract on hTERT-hNOF was 83.7-89.1% at the 1 to 16 ㎍/ml. These findings indicated that mangosteen extract could be used as a root canal cleaner during management of endodontic treatment failure caused by E. faecalis.

마치현 추출물에 대한 생리활성 소재로서 응용 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 마치현 추출물의 측정 결과, 플라보노이드, 폴리페놀 함량과 DPPH radical 소거능을 확인하였으며, 세포실험 결과 HaCaT, RAW 264.7, RBL-2H3 세포에서 유의한 세포독성은 나타나지 않았으며. H2O2에 의한 유발되는 산화적 스트레스에 대한 HaCaT 세포는 마치현 에탄올 100 μg/mL 농도에서 83% 보호효과가 확인되었다. RAW 264.7 세포에 대한 마치현 추출물의 항염 효과를 확인 결과 저농도에서도 nitric oxide 생성이 억제되었으며, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. acnes 균에서도 마치현 추출물의 농도 의존적으로 항균 활성이 확인되었다. 본 연구는 마치현 추출물의 항산화, 항염증 및 항균 효과를 가지는 생리 활성 물질로서 활용 가능성을 확인하였다.

스피룰리나는 지구상의 가장 오래된 조류중 하나이며 피코시아닌, 토코페롤, 베타카로틴을 함유하고 있어 노화를 방지한다고 보고된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 재배방법이 다른 스피룰리나 에탄올추출물의 UVB로 유도된 활성산소종(reactive oxygen species, ROS)의 저해와 항산화효과를 확인하였다. 실내배양 스피룰리나 에탄올추출물(ICAE)과 야외배양 스피룰리나 에탄올추출물(OCAE) 0.1, 0.5, 1 ㎎/㎖의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 SOD 유사 활성을 측정하여 항산화효과를 확인하였다. UVB로 유도된 ROS의 저해 효과는 제브라피쉬 배아와 HaCaT 세포를 이용하여 확인하였다. ICAE와 OCAE 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 ㎎/㎖을 제브라피쉬 배아와 HaCaT 세포에 처리하고 UVB로 ROS를 유도하였고 DCFH-DA로 염색하여 세포내 ROS의 양을 검출하였다. 항산화효과를 측정한 결과 양성대조군인 ascorbic acid의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 73%, SOD 유사 활성은 86%로 나타났다. ICAE와 OCAE 1 ㎎/㎖의 농도에서 각각 43, 57%의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능을 나타내었고, 20, 19%의 SOD 유사 활성을 나타내어 양성대조군인 ascorbic acid보다 낮았지만 유의적인 항산화효과가 있었다. UVB로 유도된 제브라피쉬 배아와 HaCaT 세포의 ROS가 음성대조군보다 증가하였고, ICAE와 OCAE 처리된 군은 농도 의존적으로 UVB만 조사된 양성대조군 보다 ROS가 감소하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 스피룰리나 에탄올추출물이 피부보호용 화장품 소재로 사용가치가 있음을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Maca water and/or ethanol extract on the nitric oxide (NO) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells HUVAC and on erectile dysfunction in rats. Maca was extracted due to both solutions, which are water and ethanol. Each Maca extract was applied to HUVAC, and NO production was checked. Additionally, three different dosages (250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg) of Maca ethanol extract was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 weeks. All rats were sacrificed and each sample was collected for analysis. The control rats received only the saline vehicle. The NO production of HUVAC was significantly increased by domestic and homemade Maca water extracted at 60℃ group. Both NO generation and testosterone release were not influenced due to the oral administration of Maca. In the EtOH group rats, the number of sperm was reduced compared to that of the control group. All Maca groups had a high number of sperm and each sperm count had increased as a result of the Maca extract dose. The results of this research suggest that Maca has a positive effect on male erectile dysfunction, which need to be examined further in future studies.

The ambrosia beetle, Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg, infests physiologically stressed apple and peach trees in Korea. Dispersing females utilize the degradation product ethanol and host-related volatiles to locate and colonize new host trees. We examined the extent to which 12 chemicals emitted from fruit trees act synergistically with ethanol to attract X. saxesenii. The addition of benzaldehyde to ethanol significantly increased beetle attraction, although benzaldehyde was not attractive by itself. The addition of α-pinene, ethyl butyrate, ethyl isovalerate, limonene, 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl tiglate, aromadendrene, vanillin, 2-butanol, styrene, or ethyl 3,3-dimethylacrylate to ethanol had no effect on beetle attraction. In a dose-response test, the addition of 5–50% benzaldehyde doses synergistically increased the number of beetle captures; however, trap catches did not increase as the benzaldehyde dosage increased. The synergistic influence of benzaldehyde on beetle response to ethanol was lower in early spring than in late summer to early fall, probably because synthetic benzaldehyde emissions from field lures were overwhelmed by background levels of natural benzaldehyde emitted from peach twigs in the flowering stage.

It is noted that Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) triggers dental caries establishment by two major factors: the synthesis of organic acids, which demineralize dental enamel, and the synthesis of glucans, which mediate the attachment of bacteria to the tooth surface. Therefore, it is noted that the development of a more effective, substantial and safe preventive agent that works against dental caries and periodontal disease is required at this time. For this reason, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of croton seed ethanol extracts on the growth, acid production, adhesion, and insoluble glucan synthesis of S. mutans. In this case, the ethanol extract of croton seed showed concentration dependent inhibitory activity against the growth, acid production and adhesion of S. mutans. Especially, it is important to note that it has produced significant inhibition at the concentration of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/ml as compared to the control group. Moreover, these results suggest that the application of croton seed extract may be considered to be a useful method for the prevention of dental caries.

The purpose of this study was to establish valerenic acid as a marker compound for the standardization of ethanol extract of Valerinan officinalis (valerian) root as a functional health food. We established valerenic acid as a marker compound using HPLC. HPLC was used to quantify the marker compound in the valerian extract after validation of methods with linearity, accuracy, and precision. The specificity for retention time was met by comparative analysis of the valerian extract and standard compound using HPLC. The method showed high linearity of the calibration curve with a coefficient of correlation (R2) of 0.9999. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 10 μg/mL. The accuracy of measurement was 99.88~ 00.68% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) value was 0.59%. In addition, our analytical method yielded a 29% mean content of valerenic acid in the valerian ethanol extract. These results indicate that the established HPLC method facilitated the determination of marker compounds in the valerian extract for the standardization of health functional foods. Key words: Valerinan officinalis, valerenic acid, HPLC, validation, functional health food

To evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-tumor potential of the green pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. DangZo), total polyphenol content, radical scavenging activities and anti-tumor properties were measured. The total polyphenol content of the 70% ethanol extracts from green pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. DangZo) was 30.29 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract. The DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of 70% ethanol extracts of green pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. DangZo) were documented at 2.87 and 10.55, respectively. For α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity, 70% ethanol extracts of green pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. DangZo) were documented at 35.67% and 58.41% respectively. The green pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. DangZo) demonstrated greater capability in terms of anti-neoplastic activity vis-a-vis colon cancer cell lines when compared to other cancer cell lines.s. er (Capsicum annuum L. cv. DangZo) higher activities of anticancer activities on colon cancer cell lines compared to other cancer cell lines.

Recently, hair loss regarded as a mere means of middle-aged men due to stress and environmental pollution. The market for hair loss in Korea is about four trillion won and it is growing continuously. It is mainly made by mixing natural extracts such as medicinal plant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 70% ethanol extracts of Phellinus linteus on the growth of fibroblasts, dermal papilla cells and lipid precursors, We want to try to make a materialization. The 70% ethanol extract of P. linteus on the cell viability of Human follicle dermal papilla cell (HFDPC), adipocyte (3T3-L1), fibroblast (CCD-986sk). The result the cell viability of HFDPC was increased according to the contents of ethanol extract of P. linteus. But the 70% ethanol extract of P. linteus showed weak inhibit activity in CCD-986sk cell growth. Also, the 70%　ethanol extract of P. linteus did not inhibit the growth of 3T3-L1 cells. As a result of this study, in-vitro hair growth activity of herbal medicines for hair material development was not shown to be toxic to HFDPC and 3T3-L1 cell. As a result, the 70% ethanol extracts of P. linteus have potential to developing hair-related product. Acknowledgement : This research was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE), Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT) through the Encouragement Program for The Industries of Economic Cooperation Region(R0005473)

In order to examine the hypolipidemic and hepatic steatosis preventing activities, we investigated mechanism of Auricularia auricula-judae 70% ethanol extract (AAE) in vivo and in vitro. Normal diet (ND) and high fat diet (HFD) with or without 0.1% (w/w), 0.3% (w/w) and 1% (w/w) AAE were given to male C57BL/6 mice. Plasma lipids and liver enzymes were measured and tissue sections of liver were examined. Further mechanistic studies in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes were performed in vitro by verifying triglyceride, glycerol, GPDH (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) activity and mRNA expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes using RT-PCR amplification. Body weight and adipose tissue mass were significantly reduced in ND and (HFD plus AAE) fed mice compared to HFD mice. These findings suggest that AAE may reduce the risk of hepatic steatosis by modulating plasma lipids via the regulation of adipogenic/lipogenic transcriptional factors. AAE may have interesting applications to improve plasma lipids and liver enzymes (A part of results have been published in Int J Med Mushrooms).