The life span of many engineering components depends upon their surface properties. The improved surface properties of the materials are essential for enhancing the mechanical and tribological performance of the material. In many applications, the components required only improved surface properties without changing the entire volume properties of the material. The friction stir process (FSP) is a novel processing technique for the fabrication of such surface composites. In the present investigation, the surface composites were fabricated by incorporating molybdenum disulfide ( MoS2) and graphite (Gr) as reinforcement on the surface of aluminum alloy (Al 1120) through the friction stir process (FSP) at tool rotational speed of 1400 rpm and tool feed rate of 40 mm/min process parameters using square profile FSP tool. The tribological behaviors of fabricated surface composites were calculated by using a pin on disk tribometer. It was observed that the wear resistance of surface composites improved as compared to the matrix material.

Effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana ERL as entomopathogenic fungi against thrips pupae were evaluated on greenhouse cucumber(bumnong backdadagi), rose(Affinity) respectively. Control efficacy was calculated by the formula, (Dcontrol - Dtreatment)/Dcontrol x 100, where Dcontrol is the average density of thrips on the plots in which any pesticides and entomopathogenic fungi was not relesed and Dtreatment is the average density of thrips on the plots in which entomopathogenic fungi were released respectively. As a result, control efficacies of Beauveria bassiana ERL 10^7 cfu/g treatment against thrips on cucumber was 89.4~91.3%, respectively. In addition, control efficacy of Beauveria bassiana ERL 10^8 treatment against thrips on cucumber was 92.0~93.2%. Also, control efficacies of Beauveria bassiana ERL treatment against thrips on cucumber was 61.5-69.2%. Thus, even thrips control flow that occurs in the solanaceae vegetables thrips current period is officially Beauveria bassiana ERL 10 ^ 7 to effective treatment cfu / g, pepper and tomato cucumber and rose to occur will be effective. These results demonstrate the promise of entomopathogenic fungi, especially Beauveria bassiana ERL for management of thrips pupae. In addition to thrips control that is occurring in the solanaceae vegetables such as peppers and tomatoes will be effective.

GH-transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) juveniles in tGH＊Tand tGH*PTU were fed with the diets containing 1 ug/g fish of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T) and 30 ug/g fish of 6-n-propyl-2- thiouracil (PTU), respectively, to assess the effect of these drugs on the change of physiological activity, growth and survival rate in comparison with normal transgenic (tGH＊C) and nontransgenic coho salmon (Wild) for 90 days. Although the daily food intakes of all transgenic (tGH)-groups were higher than Wild, the amount was reduced by exogenous PTU supply. The fred efficiencies of tGH-groups were lower than Wild, but the efficiency was reduced both by Tand PTU. The survival rate of tGH-group was significantly higher than that of Wild, but there was no significant difference among tGH-groups. Although the growth of tGH-coho salmon was faster than Wild. the growth rate of transgenic salmon was increased by exogenous T, but was reduced by PTU Plasma TTlevels of tGH-groups was approximately 2-fold higher relative to Wild, but there were no difference of plasma TTlevels among tGH-groups. plasma TTlevel or tGH-coho salmon was increased by exogenous Tadministration, but was reduced by exogenous PTU. In addition, although plasma GH levels of all tGH-groups were higher than that of Wild, the GH level in plasma of transgenic coho salmon was increased by exogenous Tand reduced by exogenous PTU. In the meantime, the transgenic fishes also displayed head, jaw and opercular abnormalities typical of the offsets of this gene construct in coho salmon, indicating that some imbalance in growth processes has been induced. However, the abnormalities of transgenic coho salmon was reduced following exogenous PTU administration.

Composites have wide applications in aerospace vehicles and automobiles because of the inherent flexibility in their design lot improved material properties. Composite tubes in particular, are potential candidates for their use as energy absorbing elements in crashworthiness applications due to their high specific energy absorbing capacity and the stroke efficiency. Their failure mechanism however is highly complicated and rather difficult to analyze. This includes fracture in fibers, in the matrix and in the fiber-matrix interface in tension, compression and shear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the energy absorption characteristics of Gr/E(Graphite/Epoxy) tubes on static and impact tests. The collapse characteristics and energy absorption of a variety of tubes have been examined. Changes in the lay-up which increased the modulus increased the energy absorption of the tubes. Based on the test results, the following remarks can be made: Among CA15, CA00 and CA90 curves the CA90 tube exhibits the highest crush load throughout the whole crush process, and max load increases as interlaminar number increase. Among all the tubes type CC90 has the largest specific crushing stress of 52.60 kJ/kg which is much larger than other tubes.

A process has been successfully used to manufacture 6061/Graphite composite material and the Graphite particles are distributed uniformly within the Al alloy matrix. The 6061 powders was mixed with natural Graphite particles in a ball milling blender and cold compacted specimens were extruded into rods 15mm in diameter at 450. The results showed that tensile properties of the composites with Graphite content have been reduced. The emergence of fine microstructures appeared to be related to the graphite volume. Heat-treated composites were found to possess good mechanical properties as compared with those of non heated composites. A model was used that the tensile strength of the composites would be estimated from the theoretical calculation and experimental data.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GR4-5 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Korean ginseng and displayed broad-spectrum suppression of ginseng root rot pathogens. The survivability of B. amyloliquefaciens GR4-5 in soil was investigated under three different conditions; indoor, outdoor ─ of which soil was put in 14 mL tube after treatment ─ and field environments. Soil samples were collected over a fourweek period from three experimental designs, and assessed for 16S rRNA gene copy number by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In outdoor condition, the 16S rRNA gene copy number of Bacillus spp. was 8.35 log copies g soil-1 immediately after the GR4-5 treatment. Two weeks later, the 16S rRNA gene copy number of Bacillus spp. (6.70 log copies g soil-1) was similar to that of the control (6.38 log copies g soil-1). In indoor condition, the 16S rRNA gene copy number of Bacillus spp. maintained in a certain level for a longer period than those in outdoor and field. The 16S rRNA gene copy number of Bacillus spp. in field experiment was reduced faster than that of outdoor condition. Our results show that B. amyloliquefaciens GR4-5 can survive in bulk soil for 1 week, indicating its potential use as a biocontrol agent following 7 day application intervals. This study presents that outdoor microcosm system design could be a useful method to assess easily the survivability of beneficial microorganisms.

초고해상도 UHD(096x2160) 게임 영상의 메모리 대역폭 요구량은 기하급수적으로 늘어난다. 본 논문에서는 화질 저하 없이 메모리 대역폭 문제를 해결하기 위하여 CUDA 환경에서 비트 병렬 파이프라인을 지원하는 논문 [4]의 DDPCM-GR 압축 알고리즘을 변형한 DPCM-GR 방식을 적용한 무손실 압축을 구현하였다. CUDA 공유메모리 사용을 통한 효율성을 증대하였으며, paged-locked 호스트 메모리 비동기 전송을 통한 커널과 데이터 전송 중첩의 다양한 구성을 구현하였다. 실험을 통하여 CPU 방식에 비하여 최대 31.3배 속도 향상을 이루었으며, 비동기 전송 구성의 변화를 통하여 최대 30.3% 수행 시간이 감소하였다.

The present study was carried out to investigate the in vivo single-dose acute toxicity of Leuconostoc citreum GR1 (Leuc. citreum GR1), a lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi, in ICR male and female mice. The test article was orally administered once to both sexes of mice. The mortalities, clinical findings, autopsy findings, and body weight changes were monitored daily for two weeks. The male and female mice were gavaged with Leuc. kimchi GR1 of four doses (625, 1,250. 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg). The oral LD50 of Leuc. citreum GR1 was considered higher than 5,000 mg/kg. No significant changes in the general conditions, body weights, clinical signs and presence of gross lesions were observed in both sexes of mice to whom Leuc. citreum GR1 was administered orally. The results indicated that the 5,000 mg/kg dose of Leuc. citreum GR1 showed no adverse effect.

Selon alinéa 1 de l'article 314 du Code pénal coréen, l'entrave de la liberté du travail se constitue dans le fait de porter atteinte à la libre exercice du travail à l'aide de violences, voies de fait, menaces ou manoeuvres frauduleuses. En général, la grève est considerée comme l'entrave de la liberté du travail à condition d'être la raison de cessation concertée en collectivité de travail. L'arrêt de la Cour suprême coréene du 17 mars 2011 a décidé que la grève peut être considerée comme l'entrave du travail à condition que la cessation concertée de travail en collctivité soit imprevue. De ce point de vue, il nous faut qu,examiner la necessité des conditions de la grève ,exigées par cet arrêt de la cour suprême. L'article 414 du Code pénal francais(Créé par Loi 1810-02-19 promulguée le 1er mars 1810 Modifié par Loi 1864-05-25 art.1 Modifié par Loi 56-1327 1956-12-29 art.7 JORF 30 décembre 1956 Abrogé par Loi n°92-1336 du 16 décembre 1992 - art.372 (V) JORF 23 décembre 1992 en vigueur le 1er mars 1994) prevoit que “Sera puni d'un emprisonnement de six jours à trois ans et d'une amende de 500 F à 20.000 F, ou de l'une de ces deux peines seulement, quiconque, à l'aide de violences, voies de fait, menaces ou manoeuvres frauduleuses, aura amené ou maintenu, tenté d'amener ou de maintenir une cessation concertée de travail, dans le but de forcer la hausse ou la baisse des salaires ou de porter atteinte au libre exercice de l'industrie ou du travail.” A mon avis, les conditions de la grève doivent être plus précisement indiquées dans l'article 314 du Code pénal coréen pour être considerée comme l'entrave de la liberté du travail à condition que la cessation concertée de travail en collctivité soit imprevue. L'arrêt precité de la Cour suprême coréene est discutable sur le point de savoir si ces conditions est réellement nécessaies.

A microorganism, Klebsiella gr. 47, capable of degrading BTX(benzene, toluene and xylene) was isolated from oil-contaminated soil and its characteristics of BTX degradation were investigated. When benzene and toluene were fed to Klebsiella gr. 47 simultaneously, they showed competitive inhibition. The degradation rate of xylene was enhanced as much as 3 times when xylene was fed with benzene or toluene. Degradation rate of benzene and toluene was also enhanced by cocultured with Alcaligenes xylosoxidans. When benzene-adapted microorganism was used, each BTX compound was degraded efficiently within 5 hours.

대두의 중요 해충인 콩나방의 방제 및 내충성 육종을 위하여 전국 각지에서 수집된 재내종대두 633계통에 대한 콩나방의 피해정도와 아울러 착협시기, 모용밀도 및 기상조건과 피해입율간의 관계를 조사한 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 공시계통가운데 대부분이 7월말에서 8월초에 착협되었으며 8월 1일을 전후해서 착협되는 계통이 전체의 24.8%로서 제일 많았고 착협시기와 피해입율간에는 부의 상관관계(r=-0.73)가 인정되었다. 2. 콩나방에 의한 피해입율은 최고 2.3%에서 최저 1.2%로 평균 7.4%였다. 그 가운데 9%∼8%의 피해를 받은 계통이 153계통(24%)으로 제일 많았고 특히 20% 이상의 피해입률을 보인 계통은 전체계통의 0.6%였다. 3. 협의 모용밀도에 의한 계통별 피해입율 조사에서 털이 많은 계통이 적은 계통보다 피해입율이 높은 경향을 보였다. 4. 착협시기인 7월과 8월의 기상관계와 피해입율간에는 통계적 유의성은 볼 수 없었으나 전생육기간의 연평균온도와는 관계가 있을 것으로 생각된다.