This study was conducted to analyze the reasons for and advantages and disadvantages of implementing the HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system on animal farms in Korea. The study was carried out by randomly selecting 45 swine and 24 dairy farms where HACCP has been implemented. The results were as follows: 24% of the swine farmers responded that extension of their business was the major reason for implementing HACCP; the second (21%) was financial support from local or national government. Dairy farmers had similar responses. The top advantage of adopting HACCP was improvement of the welfare of employees in both swine (21%) and dairy (22%) farms. The first-ranked disadvantages of HACCP implementation were HACCP education (23%, swine farm) and high turnover of employees (24%, dairy farm). On farms, HACCP may increase the sanitation and safety levels of domestic livestock products. However, the Korean government should address the disadvantages of HACCP to encourage its adoption at the animal production stage.

Supplying clean and safe water to people is facing both quantitative and qualitative challenges. Due to climate change, access to freshwater becomes increasingly difficult, while pollution from various sources decreases the public trust in water quality. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) which stores and uses surface water in aquifer is receiving attention as a new technology to secure freshwater. Recently, there is a global expansion in the attempt to combine general purification plants and hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) which manages all the process from raw material to consumer for food safety. This research is about an attempt to apply HACCP to the drinking water supply process using MAR to secure both quantity and quality of drinking water. The study site is a MAR plant being constructed in the downstream area of the Nakdong River Basin, South Korea. The incorporation of HACCP with MAR-based water supply system is expected to enhance the safety and reliability of drinking water.

A research was conducted on Seoul regional elementary, middle, and high school nutritionists to study about their perception of HACCP control standards & performance conditions and sanitation & safety inspection, to seek for more efficient methods of school meals' sanitation system settlement. All surveys were distributed and collected via email. A total of 305 survey papers were collected, and out of these, 300 school results were analyzed. As for CCP 1 performance conditions, 43.3% of the nutritionist put emphasis on temperature control for cooking duration and 71.0% said that they manage both temperature and PHF food control. In CCP 2 stage, 65.8% of the nutritionists maintained the food's temperature, and 56.7% documented the recordings after cooking. A total of 79.3% of the schools scored above 90 points on school meal sanitation & safety inspection, 3.72 points on necessity for revisions, 3.38 points on objectivity, and 3.34 points on reliability. As for these results, a clear CCP control criteria as well as training must be set. Also, because the necessity of revision for sanitation & safety inspection is higher than reliability and objectivity, appropriate complementary measures must be taken.

This study has been performed for about 270 days at analyzing biologically hazardous factors in order to develop HACCP system for the non heat-frozen carrot juice. A process chart was prepared by manufacturing process of raw agricultural products of non heat-frozen carrot juice, which was contained water and packing material, storage, washing, cutting, extraction of the juice, internal packing, metal detection, external packing, storage and consignment (delivery). As a result of measuring Coliform group, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Listeria Monocytogenes, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli before and after washing raw carrot, Standard plate count was 4.7 × 104 CFU/g before washing but it was 1.2 × 102 CFU/g detected after washing. As a result of testing airborne bacteria (Standard plate count, Coliform group, Yeast and Fungal) depending on each workplace, number of microorganism of in packaging room, shower room and juice extraction room was detected to be 10 CFU/Plate, 60 CFU/Plate, 20 CFU/Plate, respectively. As a result of testing palm condition of workers, as number of Standard plate count, Coliform group and Staphylococcus aureus was represented to be high as 6 × 104 CFU/cm2, 0 CFU/cm2 and 0 CFU/cm2, respectively, an education and training for individual sanitation control was considered to be required. As a result of inspecting surface pollution level of manufacturing facility and devices, Coliform group was not detected in all the specimen but Standard plate count was most dominantly detected in scouring kier, scouring kier tray, cooling tank, grinding extractor, storage tank and packaging machine-nozzle as 8.00×10 CFU/cm2, 3.0 × 10 CFU/cm2, 4.3 × 102 CFU/cm2, 7.5 × 102 CFU/cm2, 6.0 × 10 CFU/cm2, 8.5 × 102 CFU/cm2, respectively. As a result of analyzing above hazardous factors, processing process of ultraviolet ray sterilizing where pathogenic bacteria may be prevented, reduced or removed is required to be controlled by CCP-B (Biological) and critical level (critical control point) was set at flow speed is 4L/min. Therefore, it is considered that thorough HACCP control plan including control criteria (point) of seasoning fluid processing process, countermeasures in case of its deviation, its verification method, education/training and record control would be required.

The subject study was targeted towards nutrition teacher (dietitian) of elementary, middle, and high schools in Seoul areal. In addition, this study was to investigate the current status of school foodservice securement facilities & equipments and to analyze the obstructive factors for executing the HACCP system. The aim of this study was to provide base-line data so that a more efficient & effective sanitary management system for school foodservise can be settled in. All surveys were distributed and collected via email. A total of 305 survey papers were collected and out of these, 300 school results were analyzed and the results are as follows. The order of the securement facilities & equipment furnished were pre-handing equipments>washing>cooking>inspection>facilities>storage>space area>distribution equipments. The awareness of obstructive factors in executing the HACCP system was a total of 3.17 points and the order was as follows. The general obstructive factors>obstructive factors in the cooking staff executing the HACCP system>collaboration between the school/team leaders and the budget supporting department>obstructive factors in the nutrition teacher (dietitian) executing the HACCP system. School foodservice securement facilities & equipments in Seoul area must be renovated and modernized so as to improve its current situation. Furthermore, leadership programs are necessary to enhance nutritionists' understanding of the HACCP system and the cooking staff's competencies in instructing and supervising.

본 연구는 식초절임 무의 HACCP (Hazard AnalysisCritical Control Point)시스템 구축을 위하여 생물학적 위해요소분석을 위한 목적으로 2012년 2월 1일~6월 31일까지 약 150일 동안 수행하였다. 일반적인 식초절임 무 제조업체의 제조공정을 참고로 하여 공정도를 작성하였으며,식초절임 무의 원료 농산물(무), 용수, 첨가물과 포장재료에 입고, 보관, 정선, 세척, 표피제거, 절단, 선별, 충진, 내포장, 금속검출, 외포장, 보관 및 출하공정에 대하여 작성하였다. 원료 무의 세척 전, 세척 후의 Coliform group,Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus,Listeria Monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, Clostridium perfringens,Yeast 와 Mold를 측정한 결과 Bacillus cereus 는세척 전 5.00 × 10 CFU/g 이었으나, 세척 후 검출되지 않았으며, Yeast 와 Mold 는 세척 전 3.80 × 102CFU/g, 세척 후10 CFU/g 로 감소되었으며 나머지 병원성균은 검출되지 않았다. 조미액의 pH(2~5)별 미생물의 변화를 시험한 결과모든 균이 검출되지 않은 pH 3~4를 조미액의 pH로 결정하였다. 작업장별 공중낙하균 (일반세균수, 대장균, 진균수)시험결과 내포장실, 조미액가공실, 세척실, 보관실의 미생물수는 10 CFU/Plate, 2 CFU/Plate, 60 CFU/Plate 그리고20 CFU/Plate 가 검출되었다. 종사자 손바닥 시험결과 일반세균수 346 CFU/Cm2, 대장균군 23 CFU/Cm2 로 높게 나타나 개인위생관리에 대한 교육 및 훈련이 요구 되었다. 제조설비 및 기구의 표면오염도를 검사한 결과 모든 시료에서 대장균군은 검출되지 않았고, 일반세균은 PP Packingmachin과 Siuping machine (PE Bulk)에서 가장 많은 4.2 ×103CFU/Cm2, 2.6 × 103CFU/Cm2 검출되었다. 위의 위해분석 결과 병원성미생물을 예방, 감소 또는 제거할 수 있는조미액 가공 공정이 CCP-B (Biological)로 관리되어야 하고, 한계기준은 pH 3~4로 결정하였다. 따라서 전통한과생산에의 HACCP 모델 적용을 위한 미생물학적 위해도 평가20)에서와 같이 조미액 가공 공정의 관리기준 및 이탈시조치방법, 검증방법, 교육·훈련과 기록관리 등 철저한HACCP 관리계획이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

The goal of this study is to determine, based on survey results, the underlying factors that affect the intention of the farmers who have not adopted the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system for the rearing phase of pig production to adopt this system in the future. The research model for this study was con structed based on strategic contingency theory, the theory of the diffusion of innovation, and the technology acceptance model (TAM). Using structural equation modeling with partial least squares (PLS), this study analyzes the effects of the intensity of competition, the environmental uncertainty, the innovativeness and self-efficacy of the individual farmers, and the impact of the credibility of the Agricultural Technology Service Center (ATSC), which acts as the principal agent of technology dissemination and as a leader of change, on the perceived usefulness of technology and the farmers’ intention to adopt the system. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, with regard to the underlying factors affecting the intention to adopt the new system, the intensity of competition within the industry and the institutional credibility of the ATSC were inferred to underlie the perceived usefulness. Second, institutional credibility has a positive impact on the perceived usefulness of the system, and the perceived usefulness, in turn, has a positive impact on the intention to adopt. The perceived ease of use also has a positive impact on the intention to adopt. Because the factor that has the biggest impact on the intention of a farm to adopt is the credibility of the ATSC, it is crucial for extension organizations, such as the ATSC, to make greater efforts to promote the expansion of the HACCP system. Because farmers feel that the implementation of the HACCP system is an instrumental strategy for coping with the high intensity of competition within the industry, they attempt to gain a competitive edge through the production of safe livestock products.

HACCP is applicable when there are control measures which can be applied to prevent, eliminate, or reduce the occurrence of a food safety hazard to a consumer, but much of the life cycle of a food does not lend itself to strict application of HACCP principles. FSIS HACCP is mandatorily applied to meat and poultry slaughter and processing establishments to reduce harmful bacteria on their products. FSIS manages the HACCP plants under continuous inspection of the FSIS inspectors: Inspector in Charge (IIC), Public Health Veterinarian (PHV), on line/off line Consumer Safety Inspectors (CSI). More than 7,600 inspection personnel inspect nearly 6,500 meat, poultry, and egg processing plants, and verify that regulations regarding food safety and other consumer protection concerns are met. But only half of violations observed are recorded on the non-compliance report due to inspector shortages. The change from traditional sanitation system to HACCP system has been difficult because of several factors: Lack of technical expertise in processing facilities makes a scientific hazard analysis difficult, preventive measures and validation efforts are not supported by data, plant management and inspectors concentrate on what they know, plants are still very dependent on the regulatory agency for guidance, focus is on regulatory procedures more than determining food safety issues, and also plants are less efficient at producing and maintaining records that are not specifically tied to production lots. However HACCP is an effective tool in food safety continuum.

생선회는 수분을 많이 함유하고 고 단백질 식품이며 수작업이 많이 가는 1차 가공품이어서 세균성 식중독을 유발하기 쉬운 고위험성 식품(PHF)에 해당되지만 대부분 소규모 업소 중심으로 직판되기에 체계적인 식품안전 관리를 기대하기 어려운 실정이다. 본 연구 대상 업체에서 생산하는 싱싱회는 생선을 전, 후 두 부분으로 포를 떠서 필렛형태로 진공 포장되어 냉장 유통,냉장 보관으로 숙성되면서 1일 이내에 판매되는 우리나라에서는 근래에 개발된 새로운 형태의 선어회로서 체계적인 위생관리 제도를 수립할 수 있는 업종으로 발전된 제품이다. HACCP(Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point;위해요소중점관리기준)는 식품안전성과 비용 절감을 효율적으로 확보할 수 있는 체계적, 지속적인 공정관리 방법이다 본 연구는 대규모 싱싱회(상품명;숙성회) 생산업체를 대상으로 싱싱회류의 HACCP모델을 개발한 후 이를 적용시킨 후 HACCP시스템의 정착과 성과를 확인하기 위한 검증의 한 방법으로 작업장 환경과 제품을 대상으로 미생물 검사를 실시한 후 그 data를 SPSS 12.0 for window로 교차 분석과 Mann-whitney u test를 이용하여 유의성 검증을 실시하였다. 최종 제품의 세균수는 광어와 우럭에서는 상당히 유의한 차이가 났으며 각 차시 별로 검출된 일반세균수가 다소 줄어든 경향이었다(p<.001). 최종제품의 식중독 균 검사 곁과는 매회, 전 시료가 모두 검출되지 않았기에 HACCP계획의 CCP가 관리 아래에 있음을 입증하였다 세균의 분포검사 결과는 SSOP프로그램 환용 후 작업장 환경에서 병원성 세균이 검출되지 않았으며 분포하는 균종의 종류와 수도 줄어들었다. 일반세균수, 대장균수도 포뜨기용 도마; P<.05, 탈피기용 도마; Pr.01, 목제거용 칼; P<.05, 포뜨기용 칼; p<.01로 SSOP시스템 활용 전 후로 상당히 유의한 차이가 있었으며 장비에서도 살균작업을 주기적으로 시행하고 있었기에 상당히 유의한 차이가 있었다(탈수기 P<.05). 식품 접촉표면의 세균수도 일반적으로 500/100cmB미만으로 기준에 적합하였으며 구축 후에는 대체로 일반세균과 대장균군이 검출되지 않았다. 이용수도 수질 기준에 적합하게 관리되고 있었고 작업장의 공중낙하세균은 전 시료 <30 CFU/1000l로 거의 무균 수준이었으며 포도상구균속과 진균은 검출되지 않았다.

생선회는 수분을 많이 함유하고 고 단백질 식품이며 수작업이 많이 가는 1차 가공품이어서 세균성 식중독을 유발하기 쉬운 고위험성 식품(PHF)에 해당되지만 대부분 소규모 업소 중심으로 직판되기에 체계적인 식품안전 관리를 기대하기 어려운 실정이다. 본 연구 대상 업체에서 생산하는 싱싱회는 생선을 전, 후 두 부분으로 포를 떠서 필렛형태로 진공 포장되어 냉장 유통,냉장 보관으로 숙성되면서 1일 이내에 판매되는 우리나라에서는 근래에 개발된 새로운 형태의 선어회로서 체계적인 위생관리 제도를 수립할 수 있는 업종으로 발전된 제품이다. HACCP(Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point;위해요소중점관리기준)는 식품안전성과 비용 절감을 효율적으로 확보할 수 있는 체계적, 지속적인 공정관리 방법이다 본 연구는 대규모 싱싱회(상품명;숙성회) 생산업체를 대상으로 싱싱회류의 HACCP모델을 개발한 후 이를 적용시킨 후 HACCP시스템의 정착과 성과를 확인하기 위한 검증의 한 방법으로 작업장 환경과 제품을 대상으로 미생물 검사를 실시한 후 그 data를 SPSS 12.0 for window로 교차 분석과 Mann-whitney u test를 이용하여 유의성 검증을 실시하였다. 최종 제품의 세균수는 광어와 우럭에서는 상당히 유의한 차이가 났으며 각 차시 별로 검출된 일반세균수가 다소 줄어든 경향이었다(p<.001). 최종제품의 식중독 균 검사 곁과는 매회, 전 시료가 모두 검출되지 않았기에 HACCP계획의 CCP가 관리 아래에 있음을 입증하였다 세균의 분포검사 결과는 SSOP프로그램 환용 후 작업장 환경에서 병원성 세균이 검출되지 않았으며 분포하는 균종의 종류와 수도 줄어들었다. 일반세균수, 대장균수도 포뜨기용 도마; P<.05, 탈피기용 도마; Pr.01, 목제거용 칼; P<.05, 포뜨기용 칼; p<.01로 SSOP시스템 활용 전 후로 상당히 유의한 차이가 있었으며 장비에서도 살균작업을 주기적으로 시행하고 있었기에 상당히 유의한 차이가 있었다(탈수기 P<.05). 식품 접촉표면의 세균수도 일반적으로 500/100cmB미만으로 기준에 적합하였으며 구축 후에는 대체로 일반세균과 대장균군이 검출되지 않았다. 이용수도 수질 기준에 적합하게 관리되고 있었고 작업장의 공중낙하세균은 전 시료 <30 CFU/1000l로 거의 무균 수준이었으며 포도상구균속과 진균은 검출되지 않았다.

Lately, TPM Activity is demanded role as management innovation out of category in productive maintenance. Many food enterprises in domestic execute TPM Activity, it is needful for application of efficient method. The object of food safety is very important in food enterprises. This paper is presented the efficient application method of HACCP System in TPM Activity.

두부는 양질의 단백질을 주성분으로 한 대중 식품으로 소비량이 계속 증가하고 있다. 두부는 변질 발생 가능성이 높은 고위험 식품에 해당되지만, 두부제조업체는 82.4%가 종업원 5인 이하 소규모로 체계적인 식품안전관리를 기대하기 어려운 실정이다. HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point : 위해요소 중점관리제도)는 식품안전성과 비용절감을 효율적으로 확보할 수 있는 체계적, 지속적인 공정관리 방법이다. 본 연구는 두부제조업체의 실정에 맞는 HACCP시스템을 개발하여 적용하고 그 성과를 확인함으로써 두부 HACCP 시스템의 일반적 모델을 확정하고 다른 중소업체 및 대기업으로 이를 확산시키려고 시행하였다. 규모별 4개 두부제조업체를 대상으로 판 두부와 포장 판 두부의 HACCP 계획을 Codex의 HACCP 적용 지침에 따라 현장 실무자와 협력하여 수립하였다. HACCP팀 편성, HACCP 범위 및 목적의 설정, 제품 기술 및 사용자 의도의 결정, 공정도 작성 및 현장 검증, 위해 분석 및 예방책식별, CCP(중요관리점)의 식별, CL(관리한계기준) 설정, CCP 모니터링 시스템 수립, 개선조치 설정, 검증절차 수립, 기록 및 문서화의 순서로 HACCP 계획을 작성하였다. 공정 중 CCP는 선별 공정, 냉각 공정, 열처리 공정(판 두부는 제외)으로 결정하였고, 각각의 HACCP 계획에 따라 관리하였다. 제정된 HACCP시스템을 3개월간 시행한 후 그 성과를 HACCP 적용 이전과 이후의 미생물 검사를 통하여 확인하였다. 검사결과 HACCP 적용 이전의 판 두부 플라스틱 상자, 포장재, 완제품의 일반 세균수가 HACCP 적용 이후에 크게 감소되었다.(P<0.1) 두부제조업체의 실정에 맞는 HACCP시스템을 적용함으로써 위생관리 및 식품안정성 확보에 큰 성과가 있음이 확인되었다.

As the life standard has enhanced, food products has incomparably advanced both in quality and variety to meet the consumer's choice. Despite of high quality and variety, appropriate food safety system has not been established yet in food manufacturing. With Product Liability issuance effective on July 2002, consumers are demanding far higher food safety level than what it used to be. The food manufacturers are seeking food safety assurance system. HACCP system is a pivotal product safety system providing the infrastructure to PL. By the time in the early 1970 when HACCP was developed suitable for food, it comprised the category of Risk, in fact it was quantitative sequence system. In a preparatory phase of HACCP, decision mostly depends on the quantitative analysis. In a recent study, the introduction of Risk Analysis is being reviewed for Food Safety system. In this study, FTA, FMEA are also reviewed in comparison with HACCP which have been utilized in Safety Engineering.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the problems arising from the actual conditions of the Foodbank, and to implement the HACCP system as a solution in terms of increasing the safety of donated food within the Foodbank. In order to apply HACCP system, the entire Foodbank working process such as preparation, collection, transportation, division, and distribution was considered and analyzed to decide the application point for CCPs. Donated foods mainly consisted of processed foods, raw materials, lunch boxes, and cooked foods from mass catering establishments, which dominated over the others in terms of quantity. Cooked foods were divided into three groups based on menu-types and processing methods. Temperature, pH, and aw were measured on cooked foods, and Total Plate Count, Coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 were conducted in order to apply a HACCP plan. From these experiments, temperature, pH, and aw of donated food were likely contributed to microbial growth. Donated foods before HACCP implementation showed high numbers in terms of total plate count and Coliforms, both well over the acceptable standard levels. By setting the CCPs on maintenance of donated food below 10℃ and using a 75℃ reheating method, microbiological hazard levels were able to be controlled and lowered. From these results, it is concluded that in order to guarantee food safety, foods donated to the Foodbank must not only maintain a reasonable level of initial microbiological growth, but also must be handled properly through time and temperature controls within the Foodbank system. Furthermore, in terms of implementing the HACCP plan within the Foodbank management structure, basic food safety and sanitation measures, such as reheating facilities and various cold chain systems such as refrigerated vehicle for food transportation are importantly needed. The training and education of Foodbank personnel and management in areas such as awareness of hygiene and safe food handling and practice are also required and necessary.

Predictive food microbiology(PFM) is an emerging area of food microbiology since the later 1980's. It does apply mathematical models to predict the responses of microorganism to specified environmental variables. Although, at present, PFM models do not completely developed, models can provide very useful information for microbiological responses in HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system and Risk Assessment. This study illustrates the possible use of PFM models(PMP: Pathogen Modeling Program win5.1) with milk in several elements in the HACCP system, such as conduction of hazard analysis and determination of CCP(Critical Control Points) and CL(Critical Limits). The factors likely to affect the growth of the pathogens in milk involved storage temperature, pH, Aw and NaCl content. The variable factor was storage temperature at the range of 4-15℃ and the fixed factors were pH 6.7, Aw 0.993 and NaCl 1.3%. PMPwin5.1 calculated generation time, lag phase duration, time to level of infective dose for pathogens across a range of storage temperature. The levels of safety associated with milk which were defined based on various storage temperature as affecting microbial growth according to PMPwin5.1 were classified in $quot;safe temperature zone$quot;, $quot;caution temperature zone$quot; and $quot;danger temperature zone$quot;, respectively. These zone ranges were determined by the lag phase duration and time to level of infective dose based on shelf life of milk, which is required 5 days in domestic legal. These results can be used to conduct a hazard analysis and set the criteria for CCP or CL. Though PFM contains limitation in the use, PFM models can be useful instrument to support of guarantee of food safety.