벼잎선충(線蟲) 방제(防除)를 위(爲)한 볍씨의 온탕침적조건(溫湯浸績條件), 벼품종간(品種間)의 저항성(抵抗性) 정도(程度), 피해경율(被害莖率)과 수량감소(收量減少) 정도(程度) 등을 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)해 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 볍씨 온탕침법(溫湯浸法)에 의(依)한 선충(線蟲) 방제효과(防除效果)는 에서 10-15분간(分間) 처리(處理)하였을때 가장 좋았다. 벼잎선충(線蟲)에 대한 품종간(品種間)의 피해경율(被害莖率)은 통일형(統一型) 품종(品種)의 경우 White tip 증상(症狀)이 나타나지 않았고 일본형(日本型) 품종(品種)들은 대부분 White tip 증상(症狀)이 잘 나타났는데 그 중(中)에서도 오태(五台)벼와 부광벼는 각각(各各) 95.6%, 81.8%의 높은 피해경율(被害脛率)을 보였다. 그러나 볍씨내 선충밀도(線蟲密度)에 있어서는 통일형(統一型), 일본형(日本型) 품종(品種) 모두 벼 10g당 100마리 이상(以上) 검출되었다. White tip 증상(症狀)이 나타나지 않았던 통일형(統一型) 품종(品種)들도 선충(線蟲) 접종구(接種區)에서는 수량(收量) 및 수량구성요소(收量構成要素)가 감소(減少)되는 품종(品種)이 많았고 일본형(日本型) 품종(品種)에서는 피해경율(被害莖率)이 높았던 오태(五台)벼와 부광벼는 40% 가까운 수량감소율(收量減少率)을 보였으며 전체적(全體的)으로 통일형(統一型) 보다는 일본형(日本型) 품종(品種)에서 수량구성요소(收量構成要素)와 수량(收量)의 감수정도(減收程度)가 높게 나타났다. 일본형(日本型) 품종(品種) 중(中) 영덕(盈德)5호(號)는 접종구(接種區)에서 White tip 증상(症狀)이 전혀 나타나지 않았고 수량(收量)도 감소(減少)되지 않아 벼잎선충(線蟲)에 대하여 저항성(抵抗性) 품종(品種)으로 생각된다.

본 연구에서는 Rhodosporidium toruloides를 활용하여 비트 열수추출물의 중성지방 억제효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 대조구, 실험대조구, 비트 열수추출물, 30% 및 60% 에탄올 추출물을 첨가한 YPD 배지에서 배양한 유지효모의 중성지방의 함량은 각각 8.76, 3.43, 2.87, 3.16 및 3.64 ㎎/dL로 나타났으며, 유지 효모의 세포수는 각각 10.48, 8.46, 12.40, 12.80 및 8.24×103 cell/mL로 나타났다. 대조구, 실험대조구, 0.02, 0.1 및 0.5% 비트 열수추출물을 첨가한 유지효모의 총 지질 함량은 각각 112.29, 38.90, 147.87, 211.36 및 291.89 ㎎/g로 나타났으며, 유지효모의 중성지방의 함량은 각각 6.02, 2.83, 2.38, 1.37 및 0.73 ㎎/dL로 나타났다. 대조구, 실험대조구, 0.02, 0.1 및 0.5% 비트 열수추출물의 첨가 농도가 높아짐에 따라서 유지효 모내 소량의 형광이 발현됨을 확인하였다. 실험대조구, 0.02, 0.1 및 0.5% 비트 열수추출물을 첨가한 유지효모의 세포수 증가율은 대조구에 비해 각각 -4, 21, 82 및 103%로 증가하였다. 유리지방산과 총 카로티노이드 함량은 비트 열수추출물의 첨가 농도에 따라 농도의존적으로 증가하였다.

Experimental results show that the maximum temperature of the floorboard surface is 1/2 level compared to the hot water temperature of 80℃, which is circulated by hot water heating. And the part above 10mm above the surface of the floorboard was low as 1/3 level. Therefore, in order to improve the heating efficiency of the room where the flooring is applied to the hot water heating, the thermal conductivity of the flooring material should be improved as well.

This study was performed in order to determine the effect of roasting (160 for 0, 30, 60, 90 min) on the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of hot water extracts of dried Liriope platyphylla. With respect to Hunter’s color value, lightness and yellowness decreased roasting time increased. The difference (ΔE value) in lightness, redness and yellowness was 15.88 and 22.94 for 30 and 60 min. The 30 min roasted sample contained more soluble solid content (12.7 °Brix) than other samples. The pH and acidity of the 60 min roasted sample were 5.06 and 0.14%, respectively. The highest contents in reducing sugar and total phenolic compounds contents was obserned in the 60 min roasted sample (17.68, and 35.01 g/100 g, respectively), and flavonoid content was the highest in the 90 min roasted sample (10.53 mg/100 g). The crude saponin content of the 90 min roasted sample (21.90 mg/100 g) was higher than that of others samples (8.0-15.36 mg/100 g). Moreover, ginsenosides such as Re, Rg3, and Rh2, were detected, among which the Rh2 content was the highest. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (31.64-53.72%), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)- 6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity (61.59-96.71%), and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (72.38-183.11%) were higher in the roasted samples than in the control group. As a result, we confirmed that roasting increased the amount of active compounds, which increased the yield of useful extract.

The present study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical properties of hot water extracts of red ginseng powder prepared by two-stage hot air drying method using steamed ginseng and steaming liquid for 2.5 h under high-temperature and high-pressure autoclave condition. The total polyphenols, total flavonoids, total sugar, acid polysaccharides and crude saponin in hot water extracts from red ginseng powder were analyzed and determined, and the flavor components of ginseng were measured using color difference meter and an electronic tongue. The total polyphenol, total flavonoid, total polysaccharide, and acid polysaccharide of the red ginseng hot water extract obtained by autoclaving (ARG) were 9.06 mg GAE/g, 3.38 mg NE/g, 35.22 g/100 g, and 10.90 g/100 g, respectively. The final contents of the total polyphenols, total flavonoids, crude saponin were higher than those determined using other red ginseng methods; the time required for steamed red ginseng production reduced. The total ginsenoside content of ginseng including Rb1 was 10.69 mg/g, which is the lowest ARG. The processing conditions affected the conversion to ginsenosides unique to red ginseng. Red ginseng and steaming liquid obtained from the autoclave are expected to be in need for non-food materials and products as well as foods by improving the flavor components through conversion of red ginseng components into low molecular weight.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of drying methods for Citrus junos peels on quality characteristics of the hot-water leachate from teabags containing those peels. Fresh peels were hot-air (50℃), cold-air (30℃), or freeze-dried (-45℃), powdered to a size of 40 mesh, packaged with a paper sachet, and then the packaged teabags were leached for 10 min with hot-water (70℃). L*value (lightness) and -a* value (greenness) of the peel powder were the highest in the freeze-dried samples. Soluble solids and titratable acidity of the teabag leachate were in the following order; cold-air, freeze, and hot-air dried samples. Among free sugar contents in all samples, fructose content was the highest, followed by glucose and sucrose. Fructose and glucose contents were not affected by drying methods. There was no significant difference in the flavonoid content among the peels dried using three drying methods. DPPH radical-scavenging activity of the leachate was the highest in the cold-air dried sample. These results suggest that cold-air drying would be an effective method to enhance the quality of hot-water leachate of teabags prepared from C. junos peels.

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of fermented milk with addition of hot water extract of Cordyceps militaris grown upon Tenebrio molitor. The general components of Cordyceps militaris grown upon Tenebrio molitor are moisture 10.85%, crude protein 18.44%, crude fat 2.07%, crude ash 5.46%. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of different solvents were the highest (74.81 EDA%) with hot water extract sample. The acidity of fermented milk was high with increasing amount of extracts. The pH of fermented milk reached 4.60-4.66 after 4 h of fermentation, and the number of lactic acid bacteria was highest (11.70 log CFU/mL) with 1% fermented milk. The moisture content of fermented milk showed no significant difference. In addition, contents of crude protein were not significantly different according to addition amount. Regarding Hunter’s color values, L value decreased as the amount of extract increased, whereas a value and b value increased. The content of free amino acid increased with increasing amount of extract. The DPPH free radical scavenging ability and ABTS free radical scavenging ability of fermented milk were significantly different as the addition amount of extract increased. In the sensory evaluation, fermented milk containing 1% of extract showed the highest preference.

In this study, the DPPH free radical scavenging activity, antimicrobial effects, growth inhibition and cytotoxicity of herb extracts were determined to screen alternative antibiotics. Hot water extracts of 10 species herbs (Origanum vulgare, Monarda didyma, Echinacea purpurea, Ocimum basilicum, Mentha piperita, Melissa officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Stevia rebaudiana, Rosmarinus officinalis, Matricaria recutica) were used. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of all herb extracts was ranged from 31.4-49.9%, and significantly great activties were found at Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum vulgare and Matricaria recutica (P<0.05). Hot water extracts of monarda didyma, origanum vulgare, thymus vulgaris and rosmarinus officinalis showed greater antimicrobial activities compared to others. Additionally, those four extracts represented relatively low cytotoxicity compared to others. As a result, it was found that Origanum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis which possessed great antioxidant and antimicrobial activity with less cytotoxicity. So these two herb extracts can be used as an alternative of antibiotics for organic farming.

This study was carried out to investigate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of hot water extracts of Ligularia fischeri cultivated in Youngyanggun. We obtained hot water extract (HWE) and cold water extract (CWE) from L. fischeri. The anti-oxidative activities of L. fischeri extracts were measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. The anti-inflammatory effects of L. fischeri were evaluated in human mast cell line-1 (HMC-1) cells stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate plus A23187 (PMACI). The solid yields of HWE was 150% higher than CWE solid yield. Total polyphenol contents of HWE were 198.07±0.24 mg/g. The value of anti-oxidative activities of HWE were shown IC50 28.2±0.04 ug/mL. We showed that HWE significantly reduced the PMACI-induced the production of IL-6 (0.01-1 mg/mL), IL-8 (0.1-1 mg/mL), and TNF-α (0.01-1 mg/mL). These results indicate that the HWE of L. fischeri can be used as a functional material due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of hot water extract of Welsh onion root (HEWO) on growth of lactic acid bacteria and fermentative characteristics of yogurt. The physiochemical characteristics of HEWO such as pH, soluble solid, reducing sugar, total polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity were studied. The lactic bacterial count in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth with HEWO was about 1 log cycle higher than in control for 24 h at 37℃. The pH of yogurt prepared with HEWO (WY100) and 50% HEWO (WY50) was gradually decreased significantly but increased the viscosity of yogurt with increasing HEWO concentration during fermentation. The viable cells of lactic acid bacteria after fermentation for 24 h were 8.03 (control), 8.77 (WY50), 8.84 (WY100) log CFU/mL, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of yogurt increased with increasing HEWO concentration. Sensory quality of yogurt prepared with HEWO was higher than that of control. The pH and lactic acid bacteria of all tested yogurts decreased during storage for 10 days at 4℃ but lactic bacterial count of yogurt prepared with HEWO maintained 108 CFU/mL during storage. These results indicated the potential use of HEWO as a valuable resource to improve fermentation and functionality of yogurt.

Background : The young stem of Cinnamomum cassia (YSC) as traditional Chinese medicines has been reported to show a variety of pharmacological properties such as anti-allergy, insecticidal, antimicrobial, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, immune-suppressive, and neuronal death prevention, tyrosinase inhibition and anticancer, antioxidant and free radical scavenging, as well as antidiabetic and aldose reductase inhibition activities. In this study, we elucidated apoptotic effect and potential molecular mechanism of hot water extracts from YSC (YSC-HW) against human colorectal cancer cells. Methods and Results : YSC-HW treatment increased ROS level and induced ROS-dependent DNA damage in human colorectal cancer cells. ROS generation mediated by YSC-HW induced DNA induced apoptosis and reduction of cell viability in human colorectal cancer cells. YSC-HW ROS-dependently induced NF-kB activation through p65 nuclear translocation via IkB-α degradation, which exerted the induction of apoptosis. In addition, YSC-HW activated ATF3 expression dependent on ROS, which resulted in apoptosis. Conclusion : Our results suggest that YSC-HW may induce apoptosis through ROS-activation of NF-kB and ATF3 in human colorectal cancer cells. From these findings, YSC-HW has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemoprevention or therapeutic agents for human colorectal cancer.

Background: Many menopausal women suffer from health problems including metabolic diseases such as dyslipidemia and osteoporosis. Thus they need natural products and functional foods particularly highly nutritional food products, that can help alleviate these diseases. This study was carried out to determine the effect of Drynariae Rhizoma water extract on the lipid and bone metabolism of ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats.Methods and Results: The animals were randomly divided into six dietary groups comprising SHAM-operated rats, OVX rats (normal diet), and OVX-DR rats (Drynariae Rhizoma extract). After 8 weeks, plasma, liver, and fat samples were collected to analyze the lipid metabolism, plasma Ca, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide (CTx) concentrations, which are biochemical makers of bone metabolism. The left femurs of rats were also collected for histological analyses. OVX counteracted menopause induced body weight gain, as well as increases in triglycerides, total cholesterol, and free fatty acids. The Drynariae Rhizoma group showed low levels of triglycerides, high HDL-cholesterol, and decreased lipogenesis based on activity of the lipid-regulating enzymes (fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme). Decreased serum levels of ALP and osteocalcin were observed in Drynariae Rhizoma group.Conclusions: The results of this study show that Drynariae Rhizoma extract may effectively regulate hyperlipidemia and improve bone density.

본 연구에서는 다양한 생리활성을 가진다고 알려져 있는 약용열매인 산수유, 오미자, 복분자 및 구기자 4종의 기능 성식품 소재로 활용하고자 혼합비율별로 추출한 열수 추출 물의 이화학적 특성 및 항산화 활성을 조사하였다. 약용열 매 혼합비율에 따른 열수 추출물의 pH는 3.22~3.52로 산성 을 나타내었으며, 당도는 M3이 3.20 °Brix로 다른 시료에 비해 낮았고 산도는 3.60~5.85%으로 오미자 혼합비율이 높은 구간에서 5.85%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 추출수율은 M2, M1, MS, M4 및 M3 순으로 나타났으며, 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 14.54 및 5.65 g/100 g으로 복분자 혼합비율이 높은 추출물인 M3에서 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. DPPH 및 ABTS radical 소거활성은 M3이 250~1,000 μg/mL 농도에서 25.80~86.09% 및 33.43~90.49% 로 가장 높게 나타났다. FRAP 및 환원력은 M3가 250~1,000 μg/mL 농도에서 각각 0.36~0.86 μM 및 0.21~0.96으로 가장 우수하였으며, 모든 혼합 열수 추출물에서 농도 의존적으 로 증가하였다.

본 연구에서는 연화 열수 및 에탄올 추출물의 3T3-L1 지방세포 분화 및 ROS생성 저감효과를 구명하기 위하여 3T3-L1 전지방세포 분화과정 중 연화 열수 및 에탄올 추출 물에 의한 지방축적과 ROS 생성을 관찰하였다. 연화 열수 및 에탄올 추출물은 XTT assay에서 100, 200 및 400 μg/mL 농도에서 세포 독성을 보이지 않았다. 지방세포 분화 중 세포 내 지방축적 및 ROS 생성량을 비교한 결과, 연화 열수 및 에탄올 추출물을 처리한 지방세포의 경우 지방축적량과 ROS 생성량 모두 유의적으로 억제되는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 연화 열수 및 에탄올 추출물을 처리함으로써 지방세포 분화와 관련된 전사인자인 PPARγ, C/EBPα 및 aP mRNA의 발현을 유의적으로 감소시켰으며, ROS의 생성과 관련이 있는 주요 유전자인 NOX4 및 catalase의 유전자발현 또한 유의적으로 감소하였다. 이 결과를 통해 연화 열수 및 에탄 올 추출물이 3T3-L1 지방세포 내 중성지방의 축적 억제 효과와 더불어 ROS 생성 억제에 효과적으로 작용함을 확인 하였다. 따라서 연화 열수 및 에탄올 추출물은 비만과 같은 대사증후군 관련 질환의 개선을 위한 천연물 기능성 소재로 의 활용이 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 추출방법을 달리하여 블루베리 열수추출물들간의 항산화 활성 차이를 비교하였다. Autoclave를 이용한 가압가열추출(AE), 오븐을 이용한 추출(OE), 끓인 증류수에 혼합 후 sonication한 추출(HWSE), 끓인 증류수에 산을 첨가한 후 sonication한 추출(HWASE) 및 15분간 끓여 추출(BE) 등의 방법으로 추출물을 제조하고, 총 폴리페놀, 플라보노이드 및 안토시아닌 함량을 확인하고 ABTS, alkyl 및 DPPH radical 소거능 실험과 Fe2+ ion chelating 활성을 확인하였다. 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량 모두 AE에서 각각 3.47±0.16 mg GAE/g 및 1.59±0.19 mg RE/g으로 가장 높은 값을 나타냈다. 한편 이와는 반대로 총 안토시아닌 함량은 AE가 가장 낮은 함량을 나타냈으며, HWSE(5.29 mg/g) 에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈다. ABTS와 alkyl radical 소거능 측정 결과, AE가 가장 우수한 소거능을 나타냈으며, DPPH radical 소거능 실험에서는 AE와 더불어 안토시아닌 함량이 가장 높은 HWSE이 우수한 활성을 나타냈다. Fe2+ ion chelating 활성 측정 실험에서는 모든 추출물이 유의적 차이 없이 높은 활성을 나타냈다. 또한 SOD activity 측정 실험에서 AE가 가장 우수한 활성을 나타냈으며, H2O2에 의해 유도된 세포독성 또한 AE가 가장 효과적으로 억제시켰다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 추출 조건에 따른 항산화 활성 차이를 수율 대비로 비교하였을 때, 가장 낮은 활성을 나타냈던 HWASE에 대비하여 AE는 ABTS radical scavenging activity 1.90배, alkyl radical scavenging activity 2.32배, DPPH radical scavenging activity 1.72배, SOD assay 1.65배, H2O2에 의해 유도된 세포독성에 대한 보호효능 1.84배의 우수한 항산화 활성을 나타냈다.

Osteoporosis induces a bone mineral density loss due to imbalance of bone homeostasis that is achieved by osteoclasts (which are involved in bone resorption) and osteoblasts (which are involved in bone formation). Thus, this study was performed to evaluate the effects of hot water extract of the Achyranthes bidentata Blume (ABB) and Panax ginseng (Gin) on osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation. In this study, there was no cytotoxicity by ABB, 50 and 100 μg/ml of Gin significantly decreased cell viability of RANKL-induced osteoclast in RAW264.7 cell (p < 0.01). But, it was 50 μg/ml of ABB and Gin mixtures increased due to protective action of ABB. Furthermore, Gin contained groups (Gin, ABB and Gin mixtures) were inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, and increased in osteoblast differentiation activity. Gin clearly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by decreased calcitonin and TRAP (p < 0.01). Also, these extracts significantly increased calcium accumulation formation of osteoblastic differentiation reagents-induced osteoblast in MC3T3-E1 cell (p < 0.05). These results suggest that ABB and Gin mixtures may be a potential as drug for the treatment of osteoporosis.

When processing with wood floor covering on wet ondol floor, there are frequent defects caused by floor condensation, floor loosening, lowering of adhesiveness, wood contraction and swelling. The working method is still conventional with problems of lower indoor heating efficiency. Accordingly, ordinary wood floor covering is too expensive without any special functions or features, and it is necessary to suggest reasonable solutions or methods.

이 연구의 목적은 전통적으로 사용되고 있는 천연염색의 원료인 천연염료, 즉 천연색소의 열수추출물과 플로랄워터 의 항산화 활성을 확인하는 것이다. 항산화 활성은 총 페놀 함량 분석과 DPPH 라디칼 소거능, ABTS 라디칼 소거능, 단일항산소 억제 효과로 확인하였다. 열수추출물에서 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성을 나타내는 IC50 값은 0.0085～3.5 mg/mL를 나타내어 일부 색소 추출물의 DPPH 소거 활성이 우수하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 특히 오배자, 소목 추출물이 8.5 μg/mL, 19.1 μg/mL로 높은 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성을 나타내었는데, 비교 물질로 주로 사용되는 ascorbic acid의 10.5 μg/mL 만큼 높은 우수한 항산화력을 가지는 것을 확인 하였다. 단일항산소 억제 효과 역시 오배자, 소목 추출물에 서 각각 0.21, 0.12 mg/mL을 나타내어 높은 소거 활성을 띄는 것으로 강한 빛에 의해 야기되는 활성산소의 피해로부 터 생물체를 보호해주는 것을 알 수 있었다. 총 페놀 함량도 열수추출물에서 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 반면, 플로라워 터의 항산화 활성은 열수추출물 대비 미비한 효과를 보였으 나 황련, 황벽천초근의 경우 열수추출물 보다 우수한 결과 를 나타내었다. 플로라워터의 경우 액상시료를 첨가하여 수행되는 실험 방법에 의해 정량적 수치를 명확히 나타내기 어렵기 때문에 연구방법적 측면에서 개선이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 결론적으로 일부 천연색소 추출물은 생물체의 산화적 스트레스로부터 야기되는 활성산소를 억제하는 중 요한 역할을 하며, 보다 심도 깊은 연구를 진행한다면 새로 운 생물 소재로 활용성이 높을 것으로 사료된다.