Mongolian herders rely significantly on grazing their animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, yaks, and camels, in broad rangelands throughout the year. The availability of appropriate forage, the amount of hay and forage to be kept, and whether the animals will acquire physical strength from the pasture to make it through the impending cold season are all determined by the meteorological conditions of the year. Herders' principal source of income is animals, therefore preventing mortality is a top priority. In Mongolia, meadows are a major element determining cattle live weight. However, in the summer of 2022, Mongolia faced a drought, which resulted in inadequate pastures and starved cattle. Livestock might lose weight in these situations due to a lack of supplemental feeding.

The purpose of this research is to better understand what factors influence on households’ waste sorting behavior at source in Mongolia. To accomplish the goal, this study conducted online survey with self-report questionnaire method and the 353 participants’ data were collected through Facebook groups and pages related to house owners’ associations and waste recycling related non-profit organizations. The results show that the underlying factors determining the intention of waste sorting at source are (1) motivational bases such as prior beliefs and social norms; (2) and an ability/knowledge about the waste sorting at source. Furthermore, the intention is crucial predictor of the real behavior of waste sorting at source, but the most important one is an opportunity to do so. The conclusions and the recommendations are provided.

본 논문은 몽골 제8대 후렐수흐 대통령의 취임사를 통해 첫째, 취임사 에 나타난 대내외적 환경적 요인에 대한 인식은 무엇인지? 둘째, 취임사 에 나타난 주요한 국정 목표는 어떤 내용인지? 셋째, 취임사에 나타난 국정 목표는 어떤 기능을 중심으로 전개되는 목표들인지? 마지막으로 취 임사에 나타난 국정 목표들의 정향의 특징은 무엇인지? 를 중심으로 분 석을 진행하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 취임사에 나타난 국정 목표에 영향을 준 대외적 요인으로는 유일하게 코로나19 요인을 강조하고 있었다. 국내 환 경에 대한 상황인식은 모든 분야에서 부정적인 인식이라기보다는 긍정적 인 인식을 가지고 있었다. 둘째, 취임사에 나타난 주요한 국정 목표로는 정치, 경제, 사회, 외교, 환경 등 5개 분야의 목표를 담고 있었다. 셋째, 취임사에 나타난 국정 목표의 주요한 기능은 다음과 같았다. 정치목표는 합의기능과 통합기능의 성격을 띠고 있었으며 경제목표는 생산기능의 성 격을 띠고 있었다. 사회목표는 통합기능과 집행기능을 담고 있는 것으로 분석되었고 환경목표와 외교목표는 집행기능을 중심으로 전개될 것으로 분석되었다. 넷째, 취임사에 나타난 국정 목표의 특징은 우선 크라크와 디알의 유형화 모형으로 본 특징은 기능적인 측면에서 보면 생산기능과 통합기능 그리고 집행기능을 중심으로 한 목표 정향을 가지는 특징을 보 였다. 그리고 취임사의 함의적 특징은 대통령 출마 공약을 이행하려는 의지를 담은 정향을 보인다는 특징과 대외적 목표보다는 대내적 목표를 중심으로 국정 목표의 정향을 정하고 추진하겠다는 의지로 나타났다.

This study examined the antioxidative and lipid accumulation inhibitory effects of 14 plants from Mongolia and Myanmar on 3T3-L1 and HepG2 cells. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) of 14 plant extracts were measured, and the antioxidative activities were analyzed using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC. After measuring the pancreatic lipase levels and performing the thiobarbituric acid assay, the degree of lipid accumulation was determined by lipid (Oil Red O) staining and triglyceride assay in 3T3-L1 and HepG2 cells. M. paniculate (259.43 mgGAE/g) and C. benghalensis (130.78 mgNAE/g) had the highest TPC and TFC, respectively, among the 14 plants. R. acicularis Lindl. had the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH. The ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC results showed that the antioxidant activity of 11 species was higher than that of the positive control. The pancreatic lipase inhibitory effect of C. angustifolium Scop. was reduced to 23.65% at 0.1 mg/mL, and the level of lipid peroxidation of C. abrorescens Lam. was 0.63 nmol/mg. Five selected plants inhibited the lipid accumulation and triglyceride content, respectively, in 3T3-L1 and HepG2 cells. These results provide scientific evidence for developing functional foods using 14 plants from Mongolia and Myanmar, which have antioxidant activities and lipid accumulation reduction effects.

이 논문의 목적은 몽골 농업의 연구 현황과 과제를 파악하 는 것이다. 몽골의 농업 분야는 몽골 농촌에서는 문화 그 자체이며 농촌 가구 고용의 핵심 동력이다. 하지만, 몽골 농업 분야는 1990년대에 몽골이 자유시장 경제로 체제전환을 하면서 오히려 성장 동력을 잃고 있다. 특히 몽골 농업 연구에 관한 투자가 매우 낮은 수준에 머물러 있는 동안 농업 분야 종사자와 연구진 사의 간극은 더 커지고 있으며 농업 분야의 연구 투자가 이러한 격차를 좁히는데 기여할 뿐 아니라, 몽골 농업의 성장 동력을 다시 회복하는 데 기여할 것이다.

작년 2019년 11월, 세계몽골학회(IAMS)와 사단법인 중앙아시아학회(KACAS)는 우리 나라 국립중앙박물관에서 <세계몽골학회 제3차 아시아학술회의>를 열었다. 학술회의 주제는 ‘몽골의 문화유산－고고학과 문헌자료’였고, 세계 10개 나라의 몽골학 연구자 62인이 주 제발표를 하였다. 그 가운데 몽골정부의 문화정책 담당자 3인이 몽골의 문화유산정책과 몽골학 정책에 대해 소개한 바 있다. 따라서 이 글에서는 몽골정부의 문화정책과 몽골학 정책에 대해 언급하고, 세계 각국이 개최한 전시사례를 중심으로 흉노, 튀르크, 위구르, 거란, 몽골제국 등 몽골의 문화자산을 바탕으로 중앙유라시아의 문화정체성을 어떻게 보여주고 있는지 살펴보고자 한다.

1920년대 동북지방의 요양벽화묘에서부터 발굴이 시작된 한대 벽화묘는 섬서, 하남, 하 북 등에서 100여기에 가까운 수가 발굴되었다. 한대 벽화묘의 발달에서 동한 후기에는 동 북, 북방, 하서를 잇는 북부지역이 벽화묘 축조의 중심지로 떠오른다. 이들 북부지역 동한 벽화묘들은 한대 고분벽화 문화의 분포에서 동일한 소재를 공유하면서도 지역적 특징의 형성이 관찰된다. 고구려 고분벽화의 연원에 중요한 자료로 최근 북방지역에 발견된 벽화묘들의 연구의 필요성에 주목하여 내몽고와 섬서성 북부 지역을 포함하는 중국 한대 북방지역 벽화묘의 지역적 특징을 살펴보았다. 한대 고분벽화의 분포와 전파에 중요한 자료를 제공한 새로운 벽화묘들로는 섬서 북부의 陝西定邊郝灘東漢壁畫墓, 陝西靖邊楊橋畔東漢壁畫墓, 陜西 靖邊楊橋畔鎮楊橋畔二村南側渠樹壕漢墓, 陝西靖邊楊橋畔渠樹壕漢壁畫墓가 있다. 내 몽고에는 內蒙古鄂托克旗巴彥淖爾鄕鳳凰山1號墓, 內蒙古鄂托克旗烏蘭鎭米拉(蘭)壕漢 墓, 内蒙古卾爾多斯巴日松古敖包漢代壁畫墓 등이 있다. 본문에서는 이러한 북방지역 벽화묘의 구조와 벽화의 특징을 정리한 후 관중지역 서한 후기 벽화묘들과 비교하여 지역 간 연관관계를 고찰하였다. 섬북과 내몽고지역 동한벽화묘와 관중지역 서한벽화묘의 공통점은 첫째는 수렵도, 천상도와 같은 특정 주제의 공유, 둘째는 소재의 배치와 표현방법의 계승, 셋째는 벽화의 바탕면을 녹색이나 적색으로 칠한 후에 그 위에 벽화를 그리는 제작 방법의 유사성이다. 주제와 배치 및 표현방법의 연속성은 관중지역의 사민이 북방지역으로 이루어지면서 화본의 유통과 화공집단도 같이 이동한데서 배경을 찾을 수 있을 것이다. 섬북과 내몽고지역의 수렵도와 산악도의 구성, 인물도의 구성과 배치 등은 고구려의 초기 고분벽화가 형성되는데 하 나의 연원을 북방지역에서 찾을 수 있도록 시사해준다는 점에서 중요한 자료라고 할 수 있다.

최근 산림훼손이 심각하게 진행되고 있는 몽골의 수도 울란바토르 근교 산림과 초지 토양의 이화학적 특성을 분석, 비교하였다. 유기물함량은 초지토양이 평균 17.0%로, 산림토양보다 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 유기물함량은 해발고가 낮을수록(R2=0.742) 그리고 양이온교환용량(CEC)이 클수록 높은 경향을 보였다(R2=0.597). CEC도 초지토양이 평균 35.3cmolc + kg-1으로, 산림토양 보다 유의하게 높았고(p<0.05), 교환성 양이온 중 특히 칼슘의 집적이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 염기포화도는 평균 62.4∼129.7%로, 100%를 초과하는 토양도 많았고, 염기포화도가 높을수록 pH가 높아지는 경향을 보 였다(R2=0.665). 총질소 함량은 0.05~0.93%의 범위를 나타냈으며, 산림보다 초지토양에서 더 높았다 (p<0.05). 총질소 함량은 유기물함량이 높을수록 높은 값을 나타냈으며(R2=0.699), C/N비는 산림토양 28.8~43.0 그리고 초지토양 12.8~18.4로 각각 나타났다(p<0.05). 토양의 이화학적 특성 간 상관분석 결과, 유기물함량과 전질소, 유기물함량과 총인, 유기물함량과 CEC 그리고 토양 pH와 염기포화도는 서 로 정의 상관관계 그리고 CEC와 암모늄태 질소, 전질소와 총인 그리고 C/N비와 염기포화도는 부의 상 관관계가 각각 나타났다(p<0.05). 중금속 함량은 아연과 납이 가장 많이 검출되었으나, 도심과 비교하 면 아주 미미한 수준이었다. 이러한 연구결과들은 향후 몽골의 산림복원 과정을 모니터링 하는데 유용 하게 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

최근 고고학의 성과에 기반하여 몽골에서 흉노시대의 암각화가 새롭게 조명되고 있다. 암 각화 연구에서 문제가 되는 것은 편년에 대한 문제이다. 최근 연구자들이 홉드 아이막(Khovd aimag) 야만 오스(Yamaan us) 계곡의 하난 하드(Khanan khad)에 있는 두 대의 수레마차 (布帳馬車), 돈드고비 아이막(Dundgov’ aimag) 델 올(Deel uul)의 수레마차 그림, 그리고 중국 네이멍구자치구(內蒙古自治區)의 몬 올(Mon’ uul)의 암각화와 러시아 연방의 예니세이(고를로스, Gorlos) 강의 중류에 위치한 아르고 올(Argo uul)의 암각화, 보야르(Boyar) 의 암각화 등을 기원전 2세기에서 기원후 2세기로 비정함에 따라 흉노 암각화에 대한 기준 작을 마련할 수 있게 되었다. 흉노 암각화의 특징은 동물을 반대 방향 또는 서로를 바라보게 하여 쌍으로 그린 양식인 데, 비가 제 때 내려 가뭄을 피하고 풍요로운 수확을 얻기를 바라는 농경민들의 바람을 상징한 것으로 연구된다. 또한 고대 신화와 영웅 서사시에서 말이나 사슴은 구원자와 조력자의 보호자나 조력자로 등장하는 것을 참고할 때 물을 숭배하는 신화학의 반영으로 보는 의견도 있다. 흉노시대의 암각화가 주로 몽골에서만 분포되는 것은 동물과 자연 현상을 숭배하는 방식에서 하늘과 땅, 조상들의 영혼에 제사를 지내는 형태로 점차 변화한 것과 관련이 있다. 더 나아가가 문자가 사용되면서 바위에 그림을 그려 제사를 지내던 관습이 점차 소멸한 것으로 본다.

Many countries around the world have been pursuing the mission to fulfill the right to education of persons with disabilities. The usage of ICT has been well recognized internationally as essential to foster education, access to information and knowledge, and assist in the learning and teaching process. Furthermore, ICT has the great potential to ensure inclusion for persons with disabilities. The Government of Mongolia has been making efforts toward ensuring inclusion. However, the integration of ICT in schools for students with disabilities still needs further development through proper ICT policy. Therefore, this study intended to formulate the major principles of ICT Policy for improving ICT integration in education to meet the needs of students with disabilities. In this study, the content analysis of 39 academic articles from the period of 2006-2018 has been conducted in order to identify the best practices from other countries and find the applicable ones to Mongolia. As a result of this study, 7 principles have been formulated to improve ICT integration in education for students with disabilities in Mongolia.

Recently, there is an increasing the pavement distresses such as rutting with an increase in heavy vehicles on the road in Mongolia. Rutting is the longitudinal depression in the wheel path in asphalt pavements and it causes a hydroplaning and severe safety concern for users. This study aims to develop paving material that can prevent rutting on the road pavement by improving the durability of the asphalt mixture in Mongolia. Therefore, this study was carried out using the technique of reinforcing the material by adding fibers to conventional asphalt mixture. Fibers have been used to reinforce various materials for many decades in various parts of the world. It is generally understood that asphalt is strong in compression and weak in tension. Adding fibers with high tensile strength can help increase the strength of a mixture[1]. A mixture of glass fibers was used in this study to evaluate the performance characteristics. In coordination with the City of Ulaanbaatar, The test section selected in this study was Peace Avenue in Ulaanbaatar. The test section was a bus lane with severe rutting by heavy vehicles. The designated road test section performed cutting and overlay using five asphalt mixtures: Glass Fiber-reinforced Asphalt, Hot Mix Asphalt(10mm, 19mm), Polymer Modify Asphalt(2 types). The performance survey was conducted after the summer. As a result, No noticeable cracks were observed in glass-reinforced mixture section and the rut-depth of the glass-reinforced mixture is lower than other mixtures[2].

The small-scale sewage treatement system with A2/O process was applied to evaluate applicability for Mongolian sewage, It was designed to have 10 m3/d flowrate and installed in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. During over 6month operation BOD, COD, TN, TP removal efficiency were measured and operation condition was optimized. In addition, MLSS concentration its internal circulation rate and DO were adjusted properly. BOD, COD showed average 88 perecent of removal and TN and TP achieved 81 percent and 88 percent removal efficency, respectively. Maxium influent concentration of BOD, COD, TN and TP was 214 mg/L, 300 mg/L, 24.3 mg/L and 5 mg/L respectively, which were decreased to 4.1 mg/L, 5.6 mg/L, 1.3 mg/L and 0.15 mg/L by the test system. This study show possibility tham small-scale sewage treatment system could be a useful system for scattered sewage wastewater treatment.

The potato production area in Mongolia can be divided into four regions such as central agricultural region, western agricultural region, eastern agricultural region, and gobi agricultural region based on climate and soil conditions. The potato cultivation area increased by over two times for twenty years from 7,806 ha in 1994 to 16,821 ha in 2012. Amounts of potato production also increased by over four times from 53,957 tons in 1994 to 245,935 tons in 2012. The average yield per ha increased by about 8 tons, 15.0 ton/ha in 2012 more than 6.9 tons/ha in 1994. This result is attributed to successful supply of virus-free seed potatoes through the ‘Mongolian Potato Program’ (MPP). The potato import volume decreased dramatically from 35,884 tons in 2008 to under 34 tons in 2013 and the export volume was 3,500 tons in 2013 and 4,800 tons in 2014. Potato breeding program in Mongolia began in the relatively recent years and the important selection criteria were yields, drought tolerance, early maturity, and deep yellow skin and flesh colored variety. The seed potato systems have been improved as follows: traditional clonal selection system(1974-1976), virus free tissue culture system(1988-1990), and MPP seed system( 2004-2008). In the future in Mongolia, combined potato processing facilities are needed for the overproduced potatoes. The official development assistance (ODA) fund being supported for 12 years was stopped along with MPP project termination in 2015, so Mongolia is faced with the difficulty that have to maintain the seed potato system by itself.

Amphibians and reptiles are included in two independent classes which are upper units of animal kingdom and inseparable members of biodiversity in Mongolia as well as important part of ecosystem. If these animals are taken from the ecosystem, that normal natural substance nutrient cycle and energy flow will be destroyed. In order to keep the ecosystem balance, there is a need to study and protect the herpetologcal species same as with other biological groups. When amphibians dominating in Nothern region which has more lakes, streams and ponds, as a true terrestrial animal reptiles are mainly occur in Gobi Desert region of the country. There are 6 species of amphibians in Mongolia belongs to 4 families of 2 orders and 21 species of reptiles in Mongolia belongs to 13 genera 6 families of 2 suorders. Our diversity is low, comparing with the Middle Asia, Northeast Asia and Central Asian herpetoligical species, due to harsh continental climate of Mongolia. From the viewpoint of evolution, whole class of amphibians and reptiles could be a relict and since they are cold-bloooded animal, its very difficult to live in dry and cold climate. Even species diversity is poor, Mongolian herpetological composition is unique, highly adopted in country’s harsh climate and originated a long time ago. There are two main characteristic in herpetilogical species composition of Mongolia. First, marginal population of widely distributed Palearctic species entered. Second, core zone of species originated in Central Asia is Mongolia. Based on these two characteristic, objective and future trend of herpetoligical study might determined. Recently climate changes and human impacts on environment negatively influencing on the marginal population species in Mongolia. In mongolia, totally 6 species of amphibian species are recorded; from class Amphibia, order Urodela, family Hynobiidae one species distributed- Hynobius keyserlingii, from order Anura, family Bufonidae two species: Bufo raddei and Bufo pewzovi, from Hylidae family: Hyla japonica, from Ranidae family 2 species: Rana amurensis and Rana chensinensis. Recently some study including Hynobius keyserlingii in Salamandridae family, but we are preffering previous classification which including the species in independent family “Hynobiidae”. The origin of Mongolian amphibian fauna divided into Central Asia-Mongolia, Siberian - Europe, Eastern and Middle Asia (Munkhbayar, 1973). There are total of 21 species of reptiles in two suborders (snake, lizard) of a order (Squamata) distributed in Mongolia, from these 13 species of 13 genera of 6 families are lizards, as follows Kaspischer even-fingered gecko – Alsophylax pipiens, Przewalski’s wonder gecko – Teratoscincus przewalskii, Gobi naked-toed gecko – Cyrtopodion elongates, Mongolian agama – Laudakia stoliczkana altaica, Toad-head agama – Phrynocephalus versicolor, Sunwather toadhead agama – Ph.helioscopus, Sand lizard – Lacerta agilis, Viviparous lizard – L.vivipara, Mongolian racerunner – Eremias argus, Variegated racerunner – E.vermiculata, Stepperunner – E.arguta, Multiocellated racerunner – E.multiocellata and Gobi racerunner – E.przewalskii, and 8 species are snakes as follows Tatar sand boa – Eryx tataricus, Slender racer – Coluber spinalis, Steppes ratsnake – Elaphe dione, Amur rat snake – E.schrenckii, Grass snake – Natrix natrix, Steppe ribbonracer – Psammophis lineolatus, Northern viper – Vipera berus and Halys pit viper – Gloydius halys. The origin of Mongolian reptilian fauna divided into three complex groups (Peters, 1982): West Palearctic forest centered originated species (Viviparous lizard, Grass snake and Northern viper), East Palearctic forest centered originated species (Mongolian racerunner, Halys pit viper and Steppes ratsnake), and Desert centered originated species. Desert centered originated species divided into as complex of Turan (Sunwather toadhead agama, Squeaky pygmy gecko, Stepperunner, Tatar sand boa and Steppe ribbon racer) complex of Tuvd (Mongolian agama), and complex of Mongolia (Plate-tailed gecko, Tuva toad-head agama, Gobi racerunner, Variegated racerunner and Slender racer). Also some researchers divided the fauna as follows Euro-Siberian cool zone, Manjuur, Central Asian, South Palearctic (Asian) and Palearctic and then these species included in Central Asian complex such as Sunwatcher toadhead agama, Mongolian agama, Plate-tailed gecko, Gobi naked-toed gecko, Mongolian racerunner, Multiocellated racerunner, Gobi racerunner and Slender racer (Orlova et al., 1986). At the second International Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop (11-15 September, 2006), participants assessed the status of 27 Mongolian reptile and amphibian species using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. The assessments revealed a number of trends affecting the amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Six Mongolian reptile and amphibian species were identified as regionally threatened. Of these, four species are amphibians and two are reptiles. One species, the stepperunner (Eremias arguta) is categorized as Data Deficient. This does not necessarily imply that it is facing a lower risk of extinction than those identified as threatened, but highlights a requirement for more extensive research (Terbish et al.,2008). Steppes ratsnake and Halys pit viper are in 8 biotopes, Mongolian toad is in 6 biotopes, Mongolian racerunner is in 5 biotopes, Siberian salamander, Siberian wood frog, Asiatic grass frog are in 2 biotopes, European grass snake, Steppe ribbon racer are in a biotope. Also lets discuss results of some sites’ estimation. About 60 Asiatic grass frogs are estimated from the 1000 m transect at bank of Dagsh River in Dariganga. While 14 Asiatic grass frogs are estimated from the 1000 m transect at bank of Nariin River in head of Nomrog. Three hundred Mongolian toads are estimated from a hectare at some sites of Mongol Daguur preserve (Munkhbaatar, 2004). Conservation of Mongolian amphibians and reptiles are being held as follow : Register and conserve in the Mongolian Red Book. There are 9 species of gerpetofauna have been registered in the Mongolian Red Book, and these are Siberian salamander, Pewzow’s toad, Japanese tree frog, Asiatic grass frog, Gobi naked-toed gecko, Sunwatcher toadhead agama, Stepperunner, Tatar sand boa and Slender racer. Amphibians and reptiles have been conserved at Special Protected Area Network. In 2008, 61 areas from Mongolian land, which are about 14% or 21.9 million hectares, have been protected as Protected Area.