본 연구는 버섯산업의 현황 및 개선과제에 대한 분석을 바탕으로 계층적 분석방법(AHP)을 적용하여 개선과제의 우선순위를 도출하였다. 버섯산업의 4개 부문 내 11개 개선과제를 선정하고, 버섯산업 관련 전문가 32명에 대한 설문조사를 통하여 실증분석을 진행하였다. AHP 분석결과 버섯산업의 부문별 우선순위는 수출·마 케팅부문이 1위, 가공부문이 2위, 유통부문이 3위, 그리고 생산부문이 4위의 순으로 나타났다. 세부적인 개선과제에서는 품질 및 가격 경쟁력 강화가 1위, 다양한 제품 개발에 대한 지원 확대가 2위, 그리고 버섯의 국내가격 안정이 3위의 순으로 우선순위가 나타났다. 한편 신선도 유지를 위한 포장재개선, 재배시설 현대화, 저장비·물류비 지원 확대 등은 우선순위가 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다. AHP분석에서 1순위로 나타난 ‘품질 및 가격 경쟁력 강화’를 위해서는 국내 연구기관의 연구개발(R&D)에 대한 지원 확대가 필요하다. 그리고 생산농가들도 버섯의 품질 향상을 위한 적극적인 교육 참여 및 안전성 확보를 위한 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다. 또한 소비자 선호 조사를 통해 기능성 버섯 품종 개발 등 다양한 품종의 개발 및 생산이 필요하다. AHP분석에서 2순위로 나타난 ‘다양한 제품 개발에 대한 지원 확대’를 위해서는 국내외 소비자의 특성에 맞는 제품 개발이 필요하다. 그리고 트렌드(trend)를 반영한 신상품 및 기존 제품에 대한 품질 개선의 노력이 필요하다. 또한 수출국별로 버섯의 레시피(recipe) 개발 등 가공산업의 부가가치를 높일 수 있도록 적극적인 정책 지원이 필요하다. AHP분석에서 3순위로 나타난 ‘국내가격 안정’을 위해서는 생산단계에서 버섯 출하를 조절할 수 있는 출하조절 기구를 만들어 시기별, 품목별 생산량을 조정하여 과잉생산으로 인한 가격 하락을 막아야 한다. 또한 버섯이 과잉 생산될 경우 국내 물량을 신속하게 해외로 수출함으로써 국내 가격에 영향이 없도록 출하와 수출 간의 긴밀한 협력도 필요하다. 버섯산업의 종합적인 발전을 위해서는 부문별로 나누어 어느 한 부문만의 중요성을 강조하기는 어렵다. 버섯의 생산, 가공, 유통, 수출·마케팅이 유기적으로 연결되어 있으므로 어느 한 부문의 집중적인 개선 및 지원도 필요하지만, 산업 전반을 거시적으로 파악하여 전반적으로 개선하는 노력도 병행되어야 할 것이다.

The total mushroom production in Korea in 2015 comprised about 200,000 ton with a value of about 700 billion won (one trillion won if mushroom factory products are included, 1 $=1,128 won). This is almost equal to the amounts generated by flowers and medicinal crops. Even though the cultivation area and the number of farms have been decreased since 2006, the scale of the farms is increasing. Also mushroom productivity and consumption (4.9 ㎏ / person in 2015) are steadily increasing. Major cultivated species are Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Lentinula edodes and Agaricus bisporus, which cover 90% of the total production. Shelves, logs, plastic bags or plastic bottles are mostly used for cultivation depending on the kind of mushroom. Mushroom export estimated about 43 million $ in 2016. Major exported mushrooms are Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus eryngii, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Tricholoma matsutake and Agaricus bisporus that are destined for the U.S., the Netherlands, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan and several other countries. Mushroom research in the RDA started in 1967. In the beginning, development of cultivation methods using rice straw was studied together with distribution of improved strains of the button mushroom. The costs of button mushroom production strongly increased due the improving national economy, shortage of workers, increase of wages and the oil crisis in the nation. This caused a weak competitive position for button mushroom export and resulted in reduction of the button mushroom cultivation area. After development of a cotton waste cultivation method for the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreastus), this mushroom was popularized and mainly studied. Development of automated plastic bottle cultivation systems in the 1990s changed shelf cultivation to mass production. The bottle system was applied to the oyster mushroom but also to F. velutipes and P. eryngii. Mushroom research in the RDA nowadays focuses on analysis of mushroom genetics in combination with development of new mushroom varieties, mushroom physiology and cultivation. Further studied are environmental factors for cultivation, disease control, development and utilization of mushroom substrate resources, post-harvest management and improvement of marketable traits. Finally, the RDA manages the collection, classification, identification and preservation of mushroom resources.

Worldwide production of mushrooms has been increasing by 10–20% every year. Recently, Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis have become popular mushroom species for cultivation. In particular, China exceeded 8.7 million tons in 2002, which accounted for 71.5% of total world output. A similar trend was also observed in Korea. Two kinds of mushrooms— Gumji (金芝; Ganoderma) and Seoji—are described in the ancient book 'Samguksagi' (History of the three kingdoms; B.C 57~A.D 668; written by Bu Sik Kim in 1145) during the Korea-dynasty. Many kinds of mushrooms are also described in more than 17 ancient books during the Chosun-dynasty (1392~1910) in Korea. Approximately 200 commercial strains of 38 species of mushrooms were developed and distributed to cultivators. The somatic hybrid variety of oyster mushroom, ‘Wonhyeongneutari,’ was developed by protoplast fusion, and distributed to growers in 1989. Further, the production of mushrooms as food was 199,829 metric tons, valued at 850 billion Korean Won (one trillion won if mushroom factory products are included) in 2015. In Korea, the major cultivated species are P. ostreatus, P. eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, Lentinula edodes, Agaricus bisporus, and Ganoderma lucidum, which account for 90% of the total production. Since mushroom export was initiated in 1960, the export and import of mushrooms have increased in Korea. Technology was developed for liquid spawn production, and automatic cultivation systems led to the reduction of production cost, resulting in the increase in mushroom export. However, some species were imported owing to high production costs for effective cultivation methods. In academia, RDA scientists have conducted mushroom genome projects since 1997. One of the main outcomes is the whole genome sequencing of Flammulina velutipes for molecular breeding. With regard to medicinal mushrooms, we have been conducting genome research on Cordyceps and its related species for developing functional foods. There are various kinds of beneficial substances in mushrooms; mushroom products, including pharmaceuticals, tonics, healthy beverages, functional biotransformants, and processed foods have also became available on the market. In addition, compost and feed can likewise be made from mushroom substrates after harvest.

World wide mushroom productions have been increased to 10-20% and more various mushrooms have been attempted to cultivate. Similar trends were also observed in Korea. More diverse mushroom varieties such as Pleurotus eryngii, Hericium erinaceus and Agrocybe aegerita have been attempted to cultivate in larger areas. In these days, 235 varieties of 33 different mushroom species have been cultivated. However only 50 varieties were protected by the law. Since 1960s, mushroom industry had been considered as one of the major export industries in Korea and mushroom production has been rapidly increased. In 2008, total mushroom production was about 198,209 ton, which were about 800 billion won (one trillion won if include mushroom factory products). Major cultivated species are Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, Lentinula edodes and Agaricus bisporus, which cover 90% of total production. We believed that the protection of mushroom vavarieties by the law is one of the main problems to be solved. Also, more studies to develop better mushroom production methods with low cost and improve the distribution structures are certainly required. In these days, the export of mushroom has been increased in Korea. We imported more mushrooms than exported for last 4 years, however, it has been changed that export is getting bigger in these days. Because we developed the liquid spawning and automatic cultivation systems, which lead the reduction of mushroom production cost and resulted in the increasement of export. If we develop better post-harvest system, it is certain that the mushroom export should be more important in the future. As an alternative way, some Korean companies are planning to build the plants in main export countries. Mushroom industry has promising future because mushroom is good for your health.

Gyeongbuk Agricultural Technology Administration carried out the nation opinion research to mushroom industry in 115 of the citizen and the provincials from 10/17/2008 to 10/18/2008. Which was for both grasping the citizen’s opinion and habits and understanding farmers’. The result of the research is the following. 37.4 percent people preferred Lentimus edodes among the all respondents and 27.0 percent preferred Flammulina velutipes. As for the purchasing place, 57.4 percent buy them in large retail stores, 40.9 percent buy them in traditional markets. 67 percent of the respondents mainly use them in fall, 31.3 percent use them in winter. 88.7 percent of them mainly eat the mushrooms at home, 11.3 percent is at restaurants. 63.5 percent of them responded that the price of mushrooms was resonable, 26.1 percent answered that was expensive. In appearance, 27 percent of them chose yellow Flammulina velutipes as a goodlooking mushroom, 19.1 percent chose Lentimus edodes .

버섯산업의 활성화 자료를 제공하고, 정책수요를 발굴하기 위해 버섯산업에 대한 국민의식조사를 실시한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 가. 전체 응답자 중 37.4%가 표고, 27.0%가 팽이, 16.5%가 느타리라고 응답한 반면, 6.1%가 영지버섯, 8.7%가 상황버섯이라고 응답한 것으로 볼 때 대중화된 식용버섯을 식용으로 선호하였다. 나. 57.4%가 대형마트, 40.9%가 재래시장이라고 응답한 반면, 2.6%가 백화점, 5.2%가 소매점이라고 응답한 것으로 볼 때 대부분의 버섯소매유통이 대형마트와 재래시장에서 이뤄지고 있다. 다. 67%가 가을, 31.3%가 겨울이라고 응답한 반면, 20.9%가 봄, 22.6%가 여름이라고 응답한 것으로 볼 때 가을철에 많은 비중이 소비되지만 봄, 여름철에도 적지 않은 양이 소비되는 것을 알 수 있으며 버섯은 연중 소비되는 농산물로 인식하고 있다. 라. 88.7%가 가정집, 11.3%가 식당이라고 응답한 반면, 1.76%만이 야외라고 응답한 것으로 볼 때 가정주부들을 대상으로 한 소규모의 포장기술개발 및 식당에서의 소비촉진을 위한 홍보를 강화할 필요성이 있다고 생각된다. 마. 63.5%가 보통이다, 26.1%가 비싸다고 응답한 반면, 2.6%가 매우 비싸다, 4.3%가 싸다, 1.7%가 매우 싸다고 응답한 것으로 볼 때 현재의 버섯가격은 보통이라고 인식하고 있다. 바. 27.0%가 황금팽이, 19.1%가 표고, 16.5%가 영지라고 응답한 반면, 2.6%가 만가닥버섯, 7%가 목이버섯, 새송이가 10.4%라고 응답한 것으로 볼 때 유색의 버섯을 관상용으로 선호하며, 무채색의 버섯 및 아직 대중화되지 않은 버섯은 관상용으로 선호하지 않음을 알수 있다.

I analysed strength, weakness, opportunities and treats of Korean mushroom industry on the various aspects. There are approximately 30,000 mushroom farmers in Korea. Mushroom production is occupied with 2.3% of agricultural production. Especially mushroom have abundant strength and opportunities as well-being health food than any other agricultural products. I selected 30 kinds of urgent strategic items. Namely, mushroom variety breeding for UPOV, system establishment of spawn supply, diagnosis and clinic, acceleration of mushroom consumption , marketing prior to production, cheap supplements developments, fundamental tariff reduction, information and PR activation, machinery development for labor reduction, recycling of post harvest media, mushroom clinic and diagnosis kit development for popular complaints, functional mushroom developments, demand and supply system development of mushroom, mushroom extension organization establishment, advance of Agaricus bisporus, advance of breeding technic, standard of mushroom quality, establishment of mushroom research institute, PR of mushroom superiority. counter plan of nature disaster, tax exemption application of oil, second grade electric tax application, side effect of government assistance project, mushroom study and training institute establishment, hobby field enlargement of mushroom, diversification of mushroom consumption, competition power enlargement of shelf cultivation farmers, heightening of GAP awareness and harmony of organization groups.

세계의 버섯 생산량은 매년 10-20% 증가해 왔으며 다품목화 되어가고 있다. 최근에는 큰느타리, 백령느타리 등이 새로운 품목으로 재배 면적이 증가하고 있다. 우리나라에서는 고려시대 저술한 김부식의 삼국사기(1145년)에 처음으로 금지(영지)와 서지가 기록되었고, 조선시대에는 16종류 이상의 농서 또는 의학서에서 버섯의 이용이 기록되었다. 상업적으로 이용되는 버섯으로는 지금까지 25종의 160품종이 보급되었다. 하지만 품종보호등록은 8품종만이 이루어져 아주 적은 편이다. 버섯산업이 1960년대 수출산업으로 육성되면서 자실체 생산량은 계속 증가해왔다. 2003년에는 181,828톤으로 생산가액 약 8,000억원을 능가할 것으로 추정된다. 버섯의 유효성분이 많이 알려지고 있는데 항균, 항염증, 항종양, 항바이러스, 항세균과 항기생물, 혈압조절, 심장혈관 장애 방지, 콜레스테롤 과소혈증과 지방과다 혈증 방지, 항당뇨, 면역조절, 강신장, 간장독성 보호, 신경섬유 활성화, 생식력 증진의 효과가 있다. 따라서 버섯 의약품, 건강음료, 가공식품, Biotransformation에 의한 신기능성 제품 개발 등이 이루어지고 있다. 또한 버섯은 환경정화 기능이 뛰어나 환경오염 물질의 정화가 가능하며, 버섯재배후 배지를 이용하여 퇴비생산, 가축사료 생산에 이용된다. 한국의 버섯산업은 이미 가장 빨리 성장하는 농업 투자분야로 되었다. 그러나 버섯산업의 국제 경쟁력 강화를 위하여 국내고유의 품종개발에 의한 품종보호등록이 시급하다. 또한 저렴한 생산기술 개발과 유통구조 개선에 의한 생산량 조절이 이루어져야 버섯산업이 더욱 발전할 수 있을 것이다.