Background: Various Schisandra chinensis (SC) varieties grow in diverse regions in Korea. However, there is no valid scientific evidence of these varieties. This study aimed to select the excellent resources in terms of the growth characteristics, antioxidant activities, and analysis of the active compounds of the SC collection. Method and Results: In total, 154 resources of SC were collected from various regions of Korea. The growth characteristics were measured by the number of fruit bunches, fruit number, and weight of 100 fruits. The antioxidant activities were investigated by analyzing the total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents and the radical scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS. Schizandrin A, schizandrin c, gomisin a, and gomisin N were analyzed by HPLC. Each resource showed different growth characteristics. Among the antioxidative effects, the highest 20 resources showed high antioxidant activities in selected 29 resources. Analysis of the SC lignan index showed that all resources contained more than 1.16% of active compounds. Conclusions: All of the selected 29 SC resources were shown to have excellent growth characteristics, antioxidant activities, and bioactive compound richness. Especially, SC-004, SC-007, and SC-154 showed the best growth characteristics, and SC-22, SC-40, and SC-45 showed the best antioxidant activities and bioactive compound richness.

The purpose of this study was to identify optimum fertilization technology for Neolitsea sericea and Cinnamomum yabunikkei, which are major species of broad-leaved afforestation trees. Depending on the treatment of water soluble fertilizers (N:P:K = 19:19:19, v/v/v), changes in root collar diameter, plant height, dry weight, and seedling quality index were measured as growth characteristics and changes in photochemical efficienty and chlorophyll content as physiological characteristics. After analyzing growth characteristics the highest root diameter and plant height growth were observed in 1.5 gL concentration in the case of N. sericea, and 1.0 g･L-1 in the case of C. yabunikkei. The H/D ratios in these fertilizer concentrations showed 7.0 cm･mm-1 for N. sericea and 9.3 cm･mm-1 for C. yabunikkei, which were significantly higher than any other concentrations. N. sericea and C. yabunikkei had high total dry weight, 5.92 g in the 1.5 g･L-1 treated area, and 6.01 g in the 1.0 g･L-1 treated area, respectively. The T/R ratio and seedling quality index were also significantly higher in the fertilization treatment area of high dry weight. As a result of analysis of physiological characteristics the photochemical efficiency and chlorophyll content were lower than those of healthy leaves in both species, with high values of 1.5 g･L-1 in the case of N. sericea, and 1.0 g･L-1 in the case of C. yabunikkei. According to the overall results of this study, the optimum fertilization level varies depending on the nutritional needs of respective species, and the fertilizer application rates of water soluble fertilizer suitable for the production of 2-year-old containerized seedling of N. sericea and C. yabunikkei were 1.5 g･L-1 and 1.0 g･L-1, respectively. However, it is difficult to predict the adaptation characteristics of the trees to long-term changes when using fertilizers, because this study is the analysis of the short term responses from 2 year old young seedlings. In addition, they are cultivated in greenhouses or nursery field; in this case, it is believed to be necessary to study the response of trees to rapid changes of future climate. Additionally, since the response to fertilizer concentration varies greatly depending on the tree species, it is necessary to continuously study major tree species in Korea and other species that are sensitive to climate changes.

This study was conducted to examine the antioxidant activities and physiological activities of mixture extracts (Liriope platyphylla, Schizandra chinensis and Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) with different extraction mixing ratios (MEC, 2:1:1; ME1, 1:2:1; ME2, 1:1:2; ME3, 1.34:1.33:1.33). The yield of extracts ranged from 25.33 to 33.87%. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of ME1 extracts were 1.01 g/100 g, 0.07 g/100 g, respectively. The total sugar contents of MEC extract was 22.83 g/100 g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of ME1 extracts at 1,000 μg/mL were 26.79% and 21.08%. The superoxide radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power of ME1 extracts at 1,000 μg/mL were 67.83% and 295.47 μM, respectively. The functionalities of extracts were investigated with L-132 and RAW264.7 cell lines. The extracts on different mixing ratios did not show the toxicity on L-132 and RAW264.7 cell line in 100-2,500 μg/mL. The ME1 extract of 1,000 μg/mL performed better than other extracts protective effects against oxidative stess in L-132 cells (81.22%) and the ME2 extract at 1,000 μg/mL decreased nitric oxide production by 7.48 μM which was more potent than other extracts. There results suggest that the ME1 extracts may be a useful functional food material in the food industry.

In this study, we investigated the characteristics of CCK-producing cells and mucus-secreting goblet cells with respect to stomach fish and stomachless fish of the Gobiidae in order to provide a basis for understanding the digestive physiology. Hairychin goby (Sagamia geneionema), which is stomachless fish, the numbers of mucus-secreting goblet cells is highest in the posterior intestine portion (P<0.05), while CCK-producing cells are scattered throughout the intestine. Gluttonous goby (Chasmichthys gulosus), which is stomach fish, mucus-secreting goblet cells are most abundant in the mid intestine portion (P<0.05), whereas CCK-producing cells are observed only in the anterior and mid intestine portion. Trident goby (Tridentiger obscurus) which is stomach fish, mucus-secreting goblet cells were most abundant in the mid intestine portion (P<0.05). CCK-producing cells are found in the anterior and mid intestine portion. Giurine goby, Rhinogobius giurinus which is also stomach fish, the largest number of mucus-secreting goblet cells showed in anterior intestine portion except for esophagus (P<0.05). CCK-producing cells are present only in the anterior and mid intestine portion. In S. geneionema, digestive action occurs in the posterior intestine portion to protect and functions to activate digestion. In contrast, in C. gulosus, T. obscurus and R. giurinus, their digestive action occurs in the anterior and mid intestine portion to protect and functions to activate digestion. Further studies of the modes of food ingestion by these fish, the contents of their digestive tracts, and the staining characteristics of the goblet cells need to be carried out.

The present study was performed to compare the morpho-physiological characteristics of the tetraploid and diploid varieties of Platycodon grandiflorum and to obtain basic data for cultivating a tetraploid variety with high yield and content of functional substances. The plant height of the tetraploid variety (54.0 cm) was slightly higher than that of the diploid variety. The leaf length and width of the tetraploid variety were 10.2 cm and 7.3 cm, respectively. The results obtained from the present study revealed that the form of the leaf changed from lanceolate to ovate, and the chlorophyll content in the tetraploid variety (16.7) was slightly higher than that in the diploid variety. The photosynthetic rate significantly increased (24%) to 13.4 μmol CO2·m -2 ·s -1 in the tetraploid variety from that of the diploid variety. The pollen viability of the tetraploid variety was decreased by approximately 33% with respect to that of the diploid variety, but this did not have a significant adverse effect on seed production. The fresh weight of tetraploid P. grandiflorum was 49.4 g, which was approximately 44% higher than that of the diploid variety.

We need to look into optimal light intensity of evergreen broad-leaved trees in order to ornamental value of plants growing indoors because different kinds of them have a difference of light intensity. This study was conducted to evaluate the shade tolerance with shading treatment by analyzing the growth and physiological responses of Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai and Ardisia crenata Sims, which have been considered to have potentials to grow as indoor-cultivated ornamental trees. The shading treatments were regulated with shading rations of full sunlight, and 35%, 50%, 95% of full sunlight. As a result of surveying growth under different shading rations, H/D ratio and T/R ratio of S. glabrai and A. crenata under shading treatment were higher than full sunlight. The total leaf area (cm 2 ) of S. glabra was observed to increasing by 50% shading. A. crenata showed the highest at 95% shading. S. glabrai and A. crenata under 95% shading would lower the L＊a＊b value and turn a leaf color into dark green, and the chlorophyll content was significantly decreased. The leaf color of both of these trees were determined to have a sensitive reaction to light intensity. The photosynthetic capacity of S. glabra and A. crenata were respectively the greatest at 50% shading or 95% shading, and the light compensation point of both of these trees was the lowest at 50% and 95% shading. Although it was indicated that 50% shading is suitable for S. glabrai and A. crenata to grow healthy, they actively responded to low light intensity of 95% shading as well, confirming that they have shade tolerance. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that S. glabrai and A. crenataare appropriate as indoor ornamental tree.

Characteristics of agronomy, especially good yield productivity is very important in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as human food crop. Development of elite cultivar having good traits is required for food stability. In 2013, a new wheat line called Iksan370 has been developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. Iksan370 has hard red winter wheat characteristics and better features like resistance to biotic, abiotic stress and higher yield ability than Keumkang. Heading and maturing date were delayed about ten days and period to flowering date was shorter three or four days than Keumkang. Culm and spike length of Iksan370 were 95cm and 15.3cm, averagely. This means that culm and spike length were longer than Keumkang (79cm and 7cm, respectively). It showed higher milling rate (75.5%), protein content (13.5%) and SDS-sedimentation volume (77.5ml) than Keumkang. Genotypes of six genes, GBSSA, B, D, PPO18, Pina and Pinb, were represented that were similar to Keumkang, respectively. Average yield of Iksan370 in the preliminary trial test was 6.61 tons/ha in upland. We expect that yield productivity and farm income were increased by Iksan370.

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of the content of soil chemical components and growthcharacteristics in six years old ginseng affected by application of decomposing plant residues in paddy-converted field. Theresults show that aerial parts of ginseng are no difference between press cake (PC) 200㎏/10a and control but subterraneanparts of ginseng PC 200㎏/10a, especially quantity related root fresh weight and tap root diameter, are statically about 1.6times heavier and about 1.2 times thicker than the ginseng control. Furthermore, the survival rate of PC 200㎏/10a is67.1% rise significantly compare with the control 50.7%. But compared with the PC 200㎏/10a and the PC 400㎏/10a,ginseng root growth and survival rate of PC 400㎏/10a get worse and that increase physiological disorder occurrence ratethan PC 200㎏/10a. Even though there are no significant differences between the ginseng of decomposing plant residuesexcept press cake treatment and the ginseng of control in growth characteristics, it does tend to increase the survival rateand decrease the physiological disorder occurrence rate in most fertilizer treatment except for RSC 2ton/10a, RSC 4ton/10a and RH 4kL/10a. Noted that EC is highly increased and exceeded 1.7ds/m in RSC 2ton/10a, RSC 4ton/10a and RH4kL/10a. It would be caused physiological disorder in many ways and affected ginseng growth characteristics, survival rate.

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of the content of soil chemical components and growth characteristics in five years old ginseng affected by application of manure in paddy-converted field. As all livestock manure regardless of kinds increased along with the whole soil chemical component, including the pH and EC in 2008. Change in the EC of control plot was slightly increased but not exceeded 1 ds/m over the years. However, the changes in the EC of livestock manure regardless of kinds and amounts were highly increased and irregularly exceeded 1.5 ds/m in 2012. The 5 years old ginseng root fresh weight, treatment of fertilizing pig manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (PMC 4t on/10a) and fowl manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (FMC 4 ton/10a), were superior to the others. But there were no difference between PMC 4 ton/10a, FMC 4 ton/10a and control. The standing crop rate 39.6%, treatment of fertilizing cattle manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (CMC 4 ton/10a), was best in all livestock manure. However that was relatively lower than control. Physiological disorder occurrence rates of livestock manure related with leaf and root of ginseng were also higher than that of control. If excessively using non-decomposed livestock manure, It would be caused physiological disorder in many ways. It is a big problem to be producing the quality ginseng. More research is needed to find out the economic and effective fertilizer.

열대작물인 자트로파의 염과 가뭄 스트레스에 따른 생리적 반응과 유전자 발현의 연구를 통해 바이오에너지 작물로서의 기초적 자료를 얻고자 본 실험을 수행하였다. 1. 100~cdot200~cdot300 mM NaCl의 염 스트레스와 5~cdot10~cdot20~cdot30 % PEG의 가뭄 스트레스를 처리하여 잎의 생장, 기공의 전도도, 엽록소 형광, 전해질 유출량을 조사하였다. 자트로파의 잎의 생장, 기공의 전도도, 엽록소 형광, 전해질 유출량을 통한 생육조사 결과 가뭄 스트레스 보다 염 스트레스에서 더 많은 피해를 입었다. 2. 수분 수송과 관련된 아쿠아포린 중에서 JcPIP2가 뿌리, 줄기, 떡잎 그리고 잎에서 모두 고르게 발현하고 있음을 확인하였다. 잎의 JcPIP2는 대조구와 가뭄 스트레스 처리구에서 모두 발현하는 반면, 200 300 mM NaCl 처리구에서는 잎에서 발현하지 않았다. 3. 염과 가뭄 스트레스에서 JcPIP2가 상반되는 반응을 보이는 것은 JcPIP2가 염 스트레스 관련 주요 내재 단백질과 같은 기능을 하는 것으로 판단된다. 4. 자트로파는 염 스트레스보다 가뭄 스트레스에 더 내성을 보이므로 간척지보다는 가뭄지역에서 재배하는 것이 더 유리할 것으로 보인다.

This experiment was carried out to investigate the appropriate chilling requirements for breaking dormancy by treating the dormant plant of Hanabusaya asiatica with low temperature (4℃) for different time periods. The rates of sprouting and flowering were higher with longer treatment periods at low temperature. In addition, the growth and flowering of the plant were better when it was potted after treatment at a low temperature for 90 days. The abscisic acid levels and polyphenoloxidase activity of the dormant plant increased during the low temperature treatment, reached a climax 90 days and decreased thereafter. The catalase activity was the lowest after the low temperature treatment for 90 days and increased subsequently. The peroxidase activity increased and showed a sharp rise after the low temperature treatment for more than 90 days. Considering the physiological activities of the enzymes, the changes in the abscisic acid levels, and the characteristics of growth and flowering after sprouting of the plant, the appropriate cold periods required for breaking dormancy could be 90 days.

The aim of our study was to investigate the interactive effects of container size and nutrient supply on plant growth, chlorophyll synthesis, transpiration, CO2 assimilation, water use efficiency (WUE), and nutrient uptake of vinca plant (Catharanthus roseus). A complete experiment utilizing four concentrations of fertilizer and three volumes of containers was conducted. As the container size was increased, the plant height, leaf area, and dry weight of vinca significantly increased regardless of fertilizer level. The leaf area and dry weight of vinca were highly sensitive to the container size. However, the chlorophyll contents of vinca 20 days after the transplant significantly increased with decreasing container sizes and increasing fertilizer concentrations. Significant differences in transpiration and CO2 assimilation occurred with the use of differentfertilizer solutions, but the highest values for transpiration and CO2 assimilation were in plants grown in the 15 cm-diameter containers. The highest water use efficiency was observed in the plants grown in 10 cm-containers with 4 dS/m of fertilizer, and there were no significant differences in WUE values among container sizes with fertilizer concentrations of 0, 1, or 2 dS/m. No significant difference in nutrient uptake was observed among the fertilizer levels or among the container sizes. However, at a fertilizer concentration of 4 dS/m, the uptake of several nutrients, including N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B and Fe, was higher in small containers than in larger ones.

리기다소나무 잎추출물의 항균력을 조사한 결과, 이상의 농도에서 뚜렷한 항균활성을 보였고, 광역의 병원성 및 부패성 미생물들에 대하여 항균활성을 나타내었다. 특히, 리기다소나무 알코올 추출물에서는 의 낮은 처리농도에서도 뚜렷한 항균력을 나타내었다. 또한 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 미생물의 생육저해환의 직경도 커졌으며, 알코올추출물에서 좀 더 뚜렷한 항균력을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한, 리기다소나무 잎추출물은 넓은 범위의 열 및 pH에서 안정성을

유기물 함량이 높은 토양에서는 질소 감비조건에서 관행 시비구와 유사한 수량을 확보할 수 있었던 원인은 토양중의 유기물의 무기화에 의한 암모늄태 질소의 효과적인 방출과 수량구성요소에서 초기에 충분한 분얼수의 확보 그리고 생육후반기에 등숙률의 향상이 그 주요 원인이었다. 결국 수박재배에서 시용한 유기물과 비료성분들이 벼 재배에 일정량 이용될 수 있고 이로 인하여 벼 재배에서는 질소시비량을 줄일 수 있었으며, 추가로 병해충 발생감소와 미질향상의 효과를 규산질비료 시용을 통해서 가능한 것으로 사료되었다. 규산시용에 따른 미질의 향상은 수량이 관행보다 높은 경우에는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 못하였고 비슷한 수량 조건에서는 관행구보다 우수한 미질을 나타내어 적절한 수량과 미질이 우수한 시비체계는 질소 50% 감비에 규산 200% 시용방법이 유리한 것으로 사료된다. 규산 시용에 의한 단위면적당의 광합성활성은 효과가 없었으나, 식물체 전체의 광합성량은 엽면적과 엽신건물중의 증가로 무 규산구보다 높았으며, 순광합성량에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 형광은 규산 처리구에서 효과적이었다. 결국 규산 시용으로 인한 형광특성의 개선이 벼 식물체 전체 광합성 효율을 높였고 또한 근활력과 건물중의 증가를 고려해 볼 때 수량을 증가 시킬 수 있는 포텐셜을 충분히 내재하고 있는 것으로 사료되었다. 결국 포장조건에서의 규산질비료의 시용은 칼슘과 마그네슘 등의 공조효과가 규산질 단독시용보다는 크며, 규산단독의 효과는 초장과 분얼수, 근활력, 건물중 등에서 낮은 질소시비조건보다는 높은 질소시비조건에서 더욱 유의적인 차이를 나타내는 것은 시비모델식과 일치하였다.α-amylase 활성과는 정의 상관이, 침종 시 종자의 전해질 누출과는 부의 상관이 있었으나 당 누출과는 상관이 없었다.족시킬 수 있는 제품개발이 지속적으로 이루어진다면 전통적인 콩식품 및 콩가공식품 소비는 더욱 늘어날 것으로 전망되어 진다.능력이 있었다. 그러므로 (PPARλ) 의 활성에 있어 RXR heterodimer가 사람의 백혈병세포에 대한 조절 경로로서 존재하며, PTEN의 upregulation을 통해 백혈병을 조절하기 때문에 백혈병의 예방 및 치료 접근에 (PPARλ) 와 RXR ligands가 중요한 역할을 할 것이다.제안 객체 모델에서는 객체의 상태에 따라 사용 가능한 행위가 결정되는 가상 환경을 위해 새로운 인터페이스로 컨텍스트 메뉴(context menu) 인터페이스와 동작 생성 모델을 제시한다. 정의하였다. 객체 모델에서 객체의 상태 정보와 행위 정보를 분석해 아바타가 할 수 있는 행위를 컨텍스트 메뉴로 제공하기 때문에 사용자는 가상 환경의 상태에 상관 없이 직관적으로 명령을 줄 수 있다. 또한 사용자는 기존의 2D 혹은 텍스트기반 스크립트 작성기법을 벗어나 사용자는 제안된 3D 인터페이스 기법을 통하여 실시간으로 아바타의 행위 스크립트를 작성 및 재생 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서 제시한 시스템은 기존의 아바타 중심적인 제어를 객체에 분산함으로써 효율적이고 직관적인 명령을 내릴 수 있고 또한 손쉬운 시나리오 생성을 가능하게 하였다. 본 연구에서는 제안 기법의 활용을 위해 프리젠테이션 도메인 환경의 시스템을 구축하고

This study is to identify the physiological traits of submergence-tolerant varieties of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) in Yeongnam area, southeastern part of Korea, where the reduction of rice yield due to submergence is remarkably severe. In the present study, two tolerant varieties of rice plants were selected from over 30 rice varieties grown in under a 10-day period. The tolerant varieties selected from a submerged paddy field. As a control, one intolerant variety of rice plant was chosen. Of the tolerant variety Samgangbyeo, rather than Haepyungbyeo, had a lower dissolved oxygen consumption and maintained a higher dry weight than the intolerant variety. The leaf photosynthetic rates (LPS) of the two tolerant varieties were significantly higher than that of the intolerant-variety after four days of submergence treatment. These results indicate that lower dissolved oxygen consumption in a limited pool is prevented by ethylene formation in the tolerant varieties, which may be a mechanism of submergence tolerance.

이 논문은 한발저항성이 다른 6개 보리 품종의 한발에 따른 생장, 잎의 수분포텐셜(leaf water potential, LWP), 상대함수량(leaf relative water content, RWC), 삼투압(leaf osmotic potential, OP), 삼투조정(osmotic adjustment, OA), 팽압(leaf turgor pressure, LTP), 순광합섬, 기공전도도, 엽육전도도, 엽록소형광 등의 변화를 조사하여 비교한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1 한발 처리시 토양수분포텐셜은 -0.05㎫이었고. 종료시에는 -0.29㎫로 저하하였다. Dicktoo-S 동보리 1호, Dicktoo-L, Dicktoo-T, 수원쌀보리 365호, 탑골보리 품종의 한발처리구 건물중은 각각 대조구(처리기간종 -0.05㎫ 유지)에 비하여 68%, 69%, 70%, 86%, 55%, 37%를 나타내어 Dicktoo 계통과 동보리1호의 한발저항성이 강하였고, 수원쌀보리 365호와 탑골보리는 한발저항성이 약하였다. 2. 한발저항성이 강한 품종은 삼투조정능력이 커서 한발처리에 따른 RWC와 LWP의 저하가 작았고 팽압유지능력이 컸다. 3. 한발처리에 따라 순광합성이 저하하였고 그 저하정도는 한발저항성이 큰 품종이 작았는데, 이는 한발저항성이 큰 품종이 기공전도도, 엽육전도도 및 PSII 최대양자수율(Fv/Fm)의 저하가 적었기 때문이었다. 4. 결론적으로 저항성이 큰 품종은 삼투조정에 의한 수분유지능력이 크고 이에 따라 광합성저하가 적어 상대적으로 생장의 감소가 적은 것으로 판단되었다.