Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an important pest for both stone and pomefruits. In a previous study, we selected four best plant extracts [Nicotiana tabacum L., Allium sativum L., Zanthoxylumpiperitum (L.) DC., and Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.] against first instar larva, and here we evaluated them against adultstage (<5 d old) in laboratory. N. tabacum applied at 2 mg/ml showed highest corrected mortality of 85 and 100% infemale and male, respectively, within 168 h of exposure. Combined spray of N. tabacum and A. sativum showed LT50of 103.5 and 63.9 h on female and male, respectively. We also evaluated the deterrent effect of the plant extracts onovipositioning, and found that female laid less egg (29) on N. tabacum treated twigs at the concentration of 4 mg/twig.Thus N. tabacum can be a potential botanical insecticide against G. molesta.

This study was conducted to certify the effect of aqueous extracts from fifty medicinal plants on the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in vitro. Each aqueous extract was prepared by combining one-part medicinal plants with twenty-parts distilled water at 80°C for 8 h. Among the fifty medicinal plants, Allium sativum L. and Cinnamomum cassia Presl were regarded as an effective anti-hangover substance. Allium sativum L. extract increased ALDH activity more than 2 times compared with ADH activity, enhancing the acetaldehyde degradation. Cinnamomum cassia Presl extract dramatically inhibited ADH activity compared with ALDH activity, thus potently decreasing the acetaldehyde formation. ADH and ALDH activities were proportionally inhibited according to the increased concentration of Cinnamomum cassia Presl extract. The aqueous extract of Cinnamomum cassia Presl at a concentration of 45.33 μg/mL inhibited ADH activity by 52.8% and ALDH activity by 11.0%.

본 시험은 항염에 효과가 있다고 알려진 식물 추출물의 첨가가 반추위 발효와 메탄 생성에 미치는 영 향을 알아보기 위해 in vitro 실험을 수행하였다. 항염과 항산화 효과가 있는 산뽕나무, 뽕나무, 예덕나 무, 오동나무, 방아풀과 은행나무 6종을 선발하였다. 반추위액과 McDougall buffer 혼합액 15mL과 티 모시 0.3g, 각각의 추출물을 기질의 5%로 넣고 39℃에서 3, 9, 12, 24, 48 그리고 72시간 배양하였다. 항염 효과가 있는 식물 추출물의 첨가는 반추위 발효 성상(pH, 건물소화율, Glucose 농도, 암모니아 농도, 단백질 농도, 미생물 성장량, 휘발성지방산)에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 총 가스 발생량은 각기 다른 양상을 보였으며, 이산화탄소 발생량은 48시간대에서 예덕나무와 방아풀에서 대조구에 비해 유의 적(p<0.05)으로 높았다. 또한 메탄 발생량은 배양 초기에는 대조구보다 첨가구에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 감소하였으나, 발효가 진행될수록 대조구에 비해 첨가구에서 더 많은 메탄이 발생하였다. Polyphenol과 flavonoid는 은행나무 추출물구에서 가장 높았다. 본 시험의 결과에서 항염에 효과가 있는 식물 추출물 을 in vitro 반추위 배양액에 첨가하였을 때, 반추위 발효에는 영향을 미치지 않았고, 메탄은 초기 발효 에 저감 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 약용식물 추출물을 함유한 숙취해소 음료가 항산화 및 알코올 분해에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여, 약용식물 추출물의 총 페놀성화합물 함량, 총 플라보노이드 함량 및 DPPH radical 소거활성 및 ALDH(aldehyde dehydrogenase) 활성을 측정하였고, 약용식물 추출물을 함유한 숙취해소 음료의 복용이 음주 후 호흡 중 알코올 농도에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 항산화활성은 빼빼목 추출물 에서 높은 수치(total phenolic compound 97.5.6mg/g, total flavonoid 306.5mg/g, DPPH radical 소거능 80.1%)를 나타냈으며 Acetaldehyde(ALDH)에 대한 활성은 헛개 및 울금 추출물에서 306% 및 292%로 가장 높은 활성을 나타내어, 헛개 및 울금 추출물이 ALDH 제거에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 헛개 및 울금 추출물이 함유된 숙취해소 음료를 이용하여, 임상실험을 실시한 결과, 시간경과에 따라 대조군에 비해 숙취해소음료 섭취군에서 알코올 농도가 감소되는 경향을 나타냈으며 흡연자에 비해 비 흡연자가, 남성에 비해 여성에게 숙취해소 음료의 섭취가 더 효과적인 것으로 확인되었다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of antiprotozoal plant extracts on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane emission. Ruminal contents were collected from two ruminally-fistulated steers (Average BW: 450±30 kg) consuming 60% Timothy hay and 40% concentrate with free access to water and mineral block. Plant extracts, Lonicera japonica, Torreya nucifera, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Poncirus trifoliate and Citrus junos, which have been known to have antiprotozoal and antiparasitic effects were added (5% of substrate) to the in vitro ruminal fermentation bottles containing the mixture of rumen fluid and McDougall’s buffer. The McDougall buffer (1000 ml) and ruminal inoculums (500 ml) were combined and 20 ml added to the 50 ml fermentation vessels containing 300 mg of substrate (DM basis). The fermentation vessels were placed in an incubator at 39°C for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h with shaking. Plant extracts addition was decreased (p<0.05) acetate:propionate compared with control except with T. nucifera addition. Total gas production was increased (p<0.05), whereas methane emission was decreased (p<0.05) by all plant extracts compared with control at 12 h incubation. Methane emission at 24 h incubation was decreased for Lonicera japonica, Torreya nucifera, and Zanthoxylum schinifolium compared with control as well. In addition, methanogenic archaea was decreased (p<0.05) by all plant extracts at the 12 h incubation. These results indicate that the plant extracts may decrease methane emission by inhibiting methanogenesis without the decrease of total gas production in 12 h in vitro ruminal fermentation. Therefore, plant extracts which have the antiprotozoal effect may be promising feed additives for ruminants as a methane inhibitor

본 시험은 질산염함유 식물 추출물을 이용하여 in vitro 반추위 발효성상 및 반추위 메탄 발생에 미 치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 공시재료는 감자, 당근, 배추, 상추 및 시금치 추출물을 사용하 였으며, 발효 기질은 2mm로 분쇄된 timothy 0.3g을 사용하였다. In vitro 실험은 조사료(timothy) 및 배합사료를 6:4의 비율로 급여한 반추위 cannnula가 시술된 한우 암소에서 채취하였다. 반추위액과 McDougall’s buffer를 1:2의 비율로 혼합한 발효액을 0.3g timothy와 식물 추출물이 담긴 50mL serum bottle에 혐기상태로 20mL 분주한 뒤, 39℃에서 9, 12, 24, 48시간 동안 발효하였다. pH는 발 효 시간이 증가함에 따라 점점 감소하며, 6.31~6.96으로 정상범위였다. 건물 소화율은 9시간 배추 추 출물구에서 유의적으로 낮았고, 암모니아 농도는 감자, 배추, 상추 추출물구에서 대조구에 비해 첨가구 에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮았으며, 반추위 미생물 성장량은 발효 24시간대의 당근 추출물구에서 높았 다(p<0.05). Acetate와 propionate 농도는 대조구에 비해 첨가구에서 유의적으로 낮았으며(p<0.05) butyrate 농도는 첨가구간에 발효시간별로 각각 다른 양상을 보였다. 총 가스 발생량은 발효 12시간 및 24시간대에서 배추, 상추, 시금치 추출물구에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮았으며, 메탄 발생량은 감자, 배 추, 시금치 추출물구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮았고, 이산화탄소 발생량 또한 첨가구에 비해 대조구에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮았다. 결과적으로 본 시험에 사용된 5종의 질산염 함유 식물 추 출물은 반추위 발효에 악영향을 미치지 않으면서 메탄저감 효과를 나타내었다. 특히 배추 추출물은 반 추위내 메탄발생을 저감시킬 수 있는 식물추출물로서 가능성이 높은 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 건조된 까마중(Solanum nigrum L.) 전초의 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테 이트 분획, 아글리콘 분획을 이용하여 항산화 실험을 진행하였다. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)을 이용한 자유라디칼 소거 활성(FSC50)은 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테이트 분획, 아글리콘 분획에서 각각 215.46 μg/mL, 42.43 μg/mL, 52.28 μg/mL이였다. Luminol-의존성 화학발광법을 이 용한 Fe3+-EDTA/H2O2 계에서의 총항산화능(OSC50) 평가에서, 까마중 50% 에탄올 추출물은 25.25 μ g/mL, 에틸아세테이트 분획은 7.05 μg/mL, 아글리콘 분획은 6.25 μg/mL를 나타냈다. 1O2로 유도된 적혈구 세포손상에 대한 보호효과 측정에서는 까마중 50% 에탄올 추출물 및 아글리콘 분획은 5~25 μ g/mL 농도에서는 세포보호효과를 나타냈으나 높은 농도에서는 세포보호 활성을 나타내지 않았다. 이러 한 결과를 통해 까마중 추출물 및 분획물들은 항산화 활성을 가지고 있지만, 세포 수준에서는 비교적 높은 농도에서 활성산소로 유도된 세포 손상을 촉진할 수도 있음을 시사한다. 따라서 화장품 등에 까마 중 추출물을 응용할 때는 사용상 주의가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 탄닌 함유 식물 추출물을 이용하여 in vitro 반추위 발효성상, 미생물 성장 및 메탄생성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 반추위액은 농후사료와 조사료(timothy)를 40:60의 비율로 급 여한 반추위 cannula가 시술된 한우 암소에서 채취하였다. 본 실험에 사용한 식물 추출물은 상수리나 무(Quercus acutissima), 밤나무(Castanea crenata), 참가시나무(Quercus salicina), 졸참나무 (Quercus serrata) 그리고 떡갈나무(Quercus dentata)를 사용하였으며, 식물 추출물은 한국식물추출물 은행에서 분양받아 사용하였다. 반추위액과 McDougall buffer를 1:2의 비율로 혼합한 배양액을 0.3g timothy와 식물 추출물(기질의 5%)이 담긴 50mL serum bottle에 혐기상태로 15mL를 분주하였다. Serum bottle은 39℃, 120rpm으로 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 및 72시간 동안 배양하였다. 본 실험 결과 배 양 시간이 지날수록 pH는 점점 감소하였으며, 정상범위에 포함되었다. 건물소화율은 대조구에 비해 첨 가구에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 낮았다. 암모니아, 총 가스 생산량 및 이산화탄소 발생량은 대조구에 비 해 첨가구에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 차이가 없었으나, 24시간 메탄 발생량은 대조구에 비해 전 첨가구에 서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 낮았다. 미생물 성장량은 첨가구에 따라 각각 다른 양상을 나타내었고, acetic acid 및 propionic acid는 대조구에 비해 첨가구에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 낮았다. Real-Time PCR에서 섬유소 박테리아(R. albus, R. flavefaciens) 및 메탄 생성균(Ciliate associated methanogen)은 대조 군에 비해 유의적(p<0.05)으로 감소하였다. 결과적으로 본 실험에 사용한 탄닌 함유 식물 추출물 5종 모두 반추위 발효에 영향을 미치지 않으며, 메탄저감 효과를 나타내었다. 특히 상수리나무에서 반추위 발효성상에 악영향을 미치지 않으며 메탄 발생을 저감하는 식물 추출물로 적합하다고 생각된다.

Extracts from Aloe vera leaves, Aloe arborescens leaves, Aloe vera callus, Portulaca oleracea and cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) bean husk (CBH) were prepared using acetone, chloroform, ethanol, hexane, and water. Solvent extracts of Aloe vera leaf had very high antioxidant activities showing IC50 values in the ranges of 0.02-0.17 mg/ mL, and had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content among the tested samples. We hypothesized that Aloe vera leaf and CBH extracts might possess considerable in vitro anti-glycation activities. Indeed, these extracts strongly inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end-products from RNase in the presence of ribose. The chloroform extract of Aloe vera leaf showed the strongest inhibition of AGE formation (99.9%), followed by the 95% acetone extract (92.8%) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, exhibiting higher anti-glycation activities than those of AG and rutin (73.4% and 96.1% at 1 mg/mL, respectively). The anti-glycation activity of all extracts was correlated positively with their total contents of phenolics and flavonoids. We conclude that Aloe vera leaf extracts and their constituents may be used as anti-glycation agents.

The Plant Extract Bank was established by 21 Century Frontier R&D Program. It has began selling a research plant extract samples to support many Korean scientists since 2001. The plant extracts were tested for insecticidal activities. A total of 19,100 ethanolic and methanolic extracts of differentplant species from 23 nations including Costa Rica, Philippines, India and South Africa were evaluated for their larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, the major vector of dangue, dangue hemorhagic fever and yellow fever. The larval mortalities were observed 24h after treating the larvae to the extracts. At 500 ppm, 754 extracts showed >80% larval mortality in the 24h exposure. Among the extracts tested, the highest larval mortality was observed in the methanol extracts of Piper guianense, P. nigrum, P. mocropodum, P. sem-immersum, P. magen and P. pubicatulm.

The objective of this study was to know the in vitro effects of supplemental anthelmintic plant extracts on the inhibition of protozoa for reducing methane production in the rumen. A fistulated Holstein cow was used as a donor of rumen fluid. The plant extracts (Lonicera japonica, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Pyrethrum, Torreya nucifera, Ruta graveolens) known to have anthelmintic effect were added to the in vitro fermentation bottles containing the rumen fluid and medium. The rumen protozoal population was depressed by the addition of Pyrethrum, Torreya nucifera and Ruta graveolens. The methane production was also significantly (p<0.05)reduced by addition of Pyrethrum (2.20 ml/g DM), Torreya nucifera (2.36 ml/g DM) and Ruta graveolens (2.20 ml/g DM). The microbial growth in the treatments of Ruta graveolens or anthoxylum piperitum was the greatest after 12 h and 24 h incubations, respectively. The results of this study indicated that anthelmintic plant extracts appeared to reduce methane production by inhibition of ruminal protozoa related with the methanogens living endosymbiotic in protozoal cells.

The larvicidal and repellent activities of 33 plant extracts against two mosquitoes as Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus were examined using direct contact application for larva and a patch test for adult. Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. alpinum, Cnidium officinale, Ginkgo biloba, Magnolia kobus, and Magnolia denudate at 1,000 ppm caused 100% mortality to Cx. pipiens larva within 24 hr. Ailanthus altissima, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Houttuynia cordata, Mentha arvensis, Phyllostachys nigra, and Parthenocissus tricuspidata showed over 90% mortality to Cx. pipiens. C. zawadskii var. alpinum, C. officinale, G. biloba, M. kobus, M. denudate, and P. nigra gave 100% mortality at 1,000 ppm to Ae. albopictus. Acorus gramineus, Campanula takesimana, and D. crassirhizoma, showed 97.8%, 94.5%, and 94.4% mortality to Ae. albopictus at 24 hr, respectively. Five plant extracts (C. zawadskii var. alpinum, C. officinale, G. biloba, M. kobus, and M. denudate) showed 100% mortality both Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus. However, A. altissima gave 90% larvicidal activity to Cx. pipiens, whereas 7.8% mortality to Ae. albopictus. Several plant extracts which have highly larvicidal activities, were determined repellency against two mosquitoes species.

곳감 생산 현장에 적용하기 위해 식초, 자몽추출물 등 총 6종의 추출물에 대한 배합비를 설정하였고, 그 결과 우수한 활성을 가지는 천연 복합 활성제의 최종적인 혼합비는 정향 18.18%, 계피 9.90%, 감초 9.09%, 천궁 4.55%, 자몽종자출물 4.55% 및 사과 식초 54.54%임을 확인하였다. 대조구 및 처리구의 수분 함량을 측정한 결과는 항갈변 실험과 항진균 실험, 항갈변/항진균 실험 모두에서 전체적으로 1주차에 비해 6주차에서 수분의 함량이 증가 하였으며 측정 주차 별로 control이 처리구에 비해 수분 함량이상대적으로 낮았다. 당도 변화에서는 건조가 진행됨에 따라 전반적 곶감의 당도는 증가하였다. 항갈변/항진균 실험에서 30∼39 °brix로 높은 당함량을 보였다. 경도를 측정한 결과에서는 control과 처리구는 거의 비슷하였으며 6주 뒤 평균적으로 0.5∼0.8정도 줄어들었다. 색도변화에서는 △값의 변화는 건조 기간 중감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 천연 추출물은 곶감의 건조기간 중에 나타나는 품질저하를 효과적으로 억제하고 유해성 논란이 되고 있는 유황훈증법을 대체할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The BIG11003 strain was isolated as protein-degrading actinomycetes from cucumber farm. The effect of plant natural resources (Azadirachta indica L and Sophora angustifolia) of juveniles and the hatching of eggs of Meloidogyne sp. were examined the laboratory. The nematicides (fosthiazate), actinomycetes protease and S. angustifolia extract resulted in 45.6, 46.6 and 51.23% mortality of J2 of M. incognita. The nematicides (fosthiazate), A. indica L and S. angustifolia extract resulted in 2.06, 3.96 and 6.22% hatch of egg of M. incognita. Antinematode activity test had done after the formulation of liquid (Nemastar) with mixture of additives and inerts into selected highly active natural material and actinomycetes protease. In pot and field experiments, the nemastar had good control efficacy against plant root-knot nematodes. Anti-nematode activity of strain BIG11003 from phylogentic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences, it is suggested the Streptomyces koyangensis.

Medicinal plant extracts from 27 plant species in 20 families were tested for their larvicidal activity against house fly, Musca domestica (L.). Responses varied with plant material and concentration. Among plant species tested, Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica showed 100% larvicidal activity against M. domestica at 10 mg/g concentration. Larvicidal activities of Atractylodes japonica, Saussurea lappa, Asiasarum sieboldi, and Gleditsia japonica var. koraiensis were 89.3, 85.3, 93.3 and 96.6% at 10 mg/g concentration, respectively. Extracts of Prunus persica, Curcuma longa and Paeonia moutan produced moderate activity. Larvicidal activity of other plant extracts was less than 50%. Among test plant species, Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica showed the most potent larvicidal activity. The active constituent of P. leptostachya var. asiatica roots was identified as the leptostachyol acetate by spectroscopic analysis. The LC50valuesofleptostachyolacetateagainstM. domestica larvae was 0.039 mg/g. Naturally occurring medicinal plant extracts and Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica root–derived compounds merit further study as potential house fly larval control agents or lead compounds.

A total of 5,000 ethanolic and methanolic extracts of different plant species from 23 nations including Costa Rica, Vietnam, Philippines, India, South Africa, Pakistan and Peru were evaluated for their larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, the major vector of dangue, dangue hemorhagic fever and yellow fever. The larval mortalities were observed 24h after treating the larvae to the extracts. At 500 ppm, 179 extracts showed >80% larval mortality in the 24h exposure. Among the extracts tested, the highest larval mortality was observed in the extracts of Piper guianense, Piper nigrum, Piper mocropodum, Piper sem-immersum, Piper magen and Piper pubicatulum. The LC50 value of extract P. guianense, P. nigrum, P. mocropodum, P. sem-immersum, P. magen and P. pubicatulum were 8.84, 11.48, 8.84, 13.86, 9.48 and 10.12 ppm against Ae. aegypti. It is suggested that P. guianense, P. nigrum, P. mocropodum, P. sem-immersum, P. magen and P. pubicatulum can be developed as potent larvicidal agents against Ae. aegypti.

The methanol extracts and essential oils from 9 medicinal plants, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, Cryptomeria japonica, Hedera rhombea, Prunus mume, Taxus cuspidatal, Paulownia coreana, Kalopanax pictus, Paris verticillata, and Ixeris dentata were tested for their insecticidal activity against larvae of P. xylostella by topical application method. And the methanol extracts and essential oils obtained from Paris verticillata and Ixeris dentata were subjected to a screening test for their antifeeding activities, pupation and adult emergence of P. xylostella by a leaf-dipping method at a concentration of LC50 value. The methanol extract from all parts of P. verticillata and the essential oil from all parts of I. dentata exhibited potent activity with LC50 of 6.34 and 6.53(g/L) 5days after treatment. And the essential oil from all parts of P. verticillata and I. dentata have shown strong antifeeding activity compared to those of methanol extracts against larvae of P. xylostella. Also, the methanol extract and essential oil of P. verticillata and I. dentata gained 37.5%, 5.0% of pupation and 22.5%, 2.5% of adult emergence, respectively.

The methanol extracts and essential oils from 9 medicinal plants, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, Cryptomeria japonica, Hedera rhombea, Prunus mume, Taxus cuspidatal, Paulownia coreana, Kalopanax pictus, Paris verticillata, and Ixeris dentata were tested for their insecticidal activity against larvae of S. exigua by topical application method. And the methanol extracts and essential oils obtained from Paris verticillata and Ixeris dentata were subjected to a screening test for their antifeeding activities and pupation and adult emergence of S. exigua by a leaf-dipping method at a concentration of LC50 value. The methanol extract from the bark of C. japonica, the leaf of H. rhombea and all parts of P. verticillata exhibited potent activity with LC50 of 5.02, 4.21 and 5.46(g/L) 5days after treatment, respectively. But all of the essential oils except for I. dentata with LC50 of 4.92(g/L) had shown high potential insecticidal activity compared to the methanol extracts against S. exigua. And the essential oil from all parts of P. verticillata and I. dentata have shown stronger antifeeding activity than those of methanol extracts against larvae of S. exigua. Also, the methanol extract and essential oil of P. verticillata and I. dentata affected growth pattern showing those of 32.5%, 10.0% of pupation and 27.5%, 10.0% of adult emergence of S. exigua.

In this study, we investigated the nematicidal activities of 102 Korean domestic plant extracts which have not been tested before against B. xylophilus. Nematicidal activity of plant extracts were varied according to plant species and extraction part. Among 102 plant extracts, 42 plant extracts in 22 families showed >50% nematicidal activity against pine wood nematode at 10 mg/mL concentration. Among 31 wood extracts, very strong nematicidal activity (100%) was produced from extract of Neolitsea aciculate, Prunus sargentii and Rhus chinensis at 10 mg/mL concentration. Extracts from Camellia japonica, Carpinus cordata, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Eucommia ulmoides, Ilex cornuta, Myrica rubra, Vaccinium bracteatum, and Zelkova serrata showed strong nematicidal activities (80-99%). The other samples exhibited activities <80%. In a test with leaf extracts, strong neamticidal activity was observed in extract of Machius japonica (100%) followed by Picea koraiensis (99.4%), Meliosma oldhamii (82.7%), and Zelkova serrata (81%). The other 37 plant species revealed <80% mortality. Strong nematicidal activity (>80%) was observed from bark extract of Carpinus cordata, Comus kousa, Cryptomeria japonica, Machius japonica, Quercus glauca and Zelkova serrata. Nematicidal activity of other 19 bark extracts was less than 80%. Twig extract of Smilax china and fruit extract of Forsythia koreana showed 86.6 and 81.4% nematicidal activity at 10 mg/mL concentration, respectively.