농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서는 용도별 품종의 다양화를 위해 답리작 적응 과자용 밀 품종 ‘고소’를 개발하였다. 고소밀은 1998년도에 연질인 고분밀을 모본으로 하고, 숙기가 빠른 올밀을 부본으로 인공교배하여 SW98148 조합을 육성하였다. 경기도 연천에서 집단재배 후 계통을 전개하여 초형과 수형이 양호하며 내한성이 강한 계통인 SW98148-YB-9-2-4-1-3-1을 2006년부터 2개년간 생산력 검정을 거쳐 ‘익산 320호’로 계통명을 부여하였다. 그 후 2008년부터 3개년 동안 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 숙기가 빠르며 수량성이 높고, 과자적성이 우수하여 2010년 농작물 직무육성 신품종심의회에서 ‘고소’로 명명하였다. 고소밀의 파성은 Ⅱ형으로 춘파형이고, 엽색은 녹색이며 이삭은 방추형이고, 종자는 중간 크기로 적색이다. 출수기와 성숙기는 밭상태 조건에서 각각 4월 28일과 6월 7일, 논상태에서는 각각 4월 25일과 6월 4일로 비슷하다. 고소밀의 리터중(799 g/L)과 천립중(42.5 g) 은 금강밀(804 g/L과 46.7 g)보다 낮고, 내한성(4.4%)과 수발아(4.0%) 저항성이 강하고, 내도복성이 높다. 고소밀의 제분율(63.77%), 단백질(9.8%), 침전가(30.0 ml)과 글루텐(7.2%) 함량은 금강밀(73.6%, 12.6%, 50.0 ml과 10.8%)보다 낮고, 과자적성이 우수하였다. ‘고소밀’의 HMW-GS 조성은 Glu-A1에서 2*, Glu-B1에서 7+8을 나타내 금강밀과 조성이 같았으나, Glu-D1에서 2.2+12가 발현되었다. GBSS 조성은 금강밀과 같은 야생형이고, Pinb-D1은 야생형으로 금강밀과 다른 특성을 나타냈다. 지역적응시험에서 밭상태 수량은 657 kg/10a, 논상태 수량은 561 kg/10a로 금강밀보다 21%와 7% 증수하였다.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is the precocious germination condition of grains while the spike is still in the mother plant. Because PHS in wheat drastically reduced the quality and economic value of wheat grain, the improving PHS wheat is one of the most important breeding goal in Korean wheat breeding program In this study, we evaluated PHS and germination index (GI) in 33 Korean wheat cultivars, and performed transcriptome analysis between Keumkang (susceptible) and Woori (tolerance). A total of 33 Korean wheat cultivars were used for PHS (28 cultivars) and GI assessment in greenhouse. The DAF (Day After Fertilization) 35 of keumkang and Woori spikes were harvested to perform transcriptome analysis using RNA-sequencing. Each transcriptome was compared with PHS or ABA treated DAF 35 Keumkang and Woori spikes. The PHS in 28 Korean cultivars and GI in 33 cultivars were ranged from 1.33% to 87.44% and from 0.01% to 2.41%, respectively. Woori was demonstrated the second lowest PHS and the lowest GI, however, Keumkang was 23th of 28 cultivars in PHS and 13th of 33 cultivars in GI analysis. Six cDNA library from the DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori wheat grain, PHS treated DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori, and ABA treated DAF 35 of Keumkang and Woori were constructed and sequenced. A total of 53.37 Gb of high-quality reads were obtained using HiSeq 2500. The average mapping rate of assembled transcripts were 88.98%. The differentially expressed genes (DEG) revealed total 332 DEG (105 annotated) were upregulated in DAF 35 Woori library, total 5694 DEG (4623 annotated) were upregulated in PHS treated DAF 35 Keumkang library in comparison with DAF 35 Keumkang library. A total of 86 DEG (51 annotated) were upregulated in PHS treated DAF 35 Woori library in comparison with PHS treated DAF 35 Keumkang library. The Gene ontology and further analysis will be discussed.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) results in lower yields for rice and other crops, especially in rainy season before harvest. By using gene based functional studies to reveal the mechanism of PHS related pathways can be a good way in breeding for more PHS resistant accessions. Orthologous genes, which are homologous genes that diverged after a speciation event, generally maintain a similar function in different species to that of the ancestral gene in which they evolved from. Applied with a McDonald-Kreitman Test (MKT), we examined more than 10,000 orthologous genes between rice (Oryza sativa) and Brachypodium (outgroup) based on different phenotypic groups in order to find some fast evolutionary genes in rice PHS. Three groups which represented the PHS susceptible (group 1), PHS medium (group 2) and PHS resistant (group 3) were separated based on the phenotype and each group was examined with the outgroup for MKT. Total 60 fast evolutionary genes that have a positive selection with FDR ≤ 0.05 were found in the three groups, and 19, 5 and 8 genes were specific existed in group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Annotation of these genes were conducted and the predicted functions were investigated, leading that one Ethylene receptor-like gene that may related to PHS based on the previous studies, which need to be validated later, however. In addition, network analysis of these characterized genes were also investigated, which could reveal the connection of genes between each other. Moreover, the association study between the candidate gene ethylene receptor and the PHS phenotype was performed and indicated that this gene is significantly correlated with PHS in rice. All these above indicated that with this orthologous based method, we can find some important candidate genes that may play an important role in some traits.

Among the diverse crops, rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been domesticated as a staple carbohydrate sources mainly in Asia region, and RDA Genebank at the National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAAS) has conserved about 37 thousand rice accessions accordingly. Seed dormancy, one of domesticated traits, prevents pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) which causes degradation of grain quality in cereal crop. In previous study, we surveyed the variation of seed germinability of diverse 200 rice germplasm and detected the three distinguished groups besides admixed types; the first group (G-1) revealed high germinability at harvesting time, and the second group (G-2) and third group (G-3) acquired high germnability subsequent to after-ripening and dormancy breaking process, respectively. To reduce environmental effects on detected variation of germinability, we selected representative 14 accessions which have similar heading date of each group and measured the degree of PHS using freshly harvested panicles. Variation of PHS showed similar tendency of germinability group; generally, high PHS for G-1, low PHS for G-2 and no PHS for G-3. To resolve genetic and physiological factors concerning on PHS and seed dormancy, we checked the change and variation of ABA known for critical regulator for seed dormancy, and high PHS accessions interestingly revealed high ABA content in 10 DAF. Based on these study, we plan to analyze genetic factors affecting the degree of seed germinability and PHS.

Since global climate changes drastically, pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is expected to pose serious problems in rice production. CBL-interacting serine/threonine protein kinases (CIPKs) have been implicated to play important role in regulating various abiotic stresses such as cold, salinity and drought. In this study, to understand the function of this gene under pre-harvest sprouting in rice, a cDNA clone encoding CBL-interacting protein kinase 15 was isolated from rice flowers. We constructed a recombinant vector carrying the CIPK15 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and Tnos terminator and transformed into rice using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Insertion of the gene was verified in transformants using HPT resistance test and genomic PCR. Transcriptional profiling using tissues of wild type, Gopum, revealed expression of the gene in whole plant tissues with level of expression highest in the seeds suggesting possible role in dormancy. Comparative expression analysis of the gene in transgenic and wild type through semi-quantitative RT-PCR and real-time PCR showed higher expression in transgenic rice lines. Moreover, screening in the mist chamber showed overexpression lines that were resistant to the PHS. This result suggests the involvement of CIPK15 in the regulation of pre-harvest sprouting.

“Jojoong”, a winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It was derived from the cross “Suwon272/Olgeuru//Keumkang/Suwon252” during 2002. “Jojoong” was evaluated as “Iksan360” in advance yield trial test in 2011. It was tested in the regional yield trial test between 2012 and 2014. “Jojoong” is an awned, semi-dwarf and hard winter wheat, similar to “Keumkang” (check cultivar). The heading and maturing date of “Jojoong” were earlier to “Keumkang”. “Jojoong” had lower test weight (799 g/L) and 1,000-grain weigh (35.6g) than “Keumkang” (816 g/L and 45.5g, respectively). “Jojoong” showed resistance to winter hardiness and pre-harvest sprouting, which lower withering rate on the high ridge (10.5%) and rate of pre-harvest sprouting (10.5%) than “Keumkang” (31.7 and 21.4%, respectively). “Jojoong” showed similar protein content (12.5%), SDS-sedimentation volume (43.5ml) and gluten content (8.6%) to “Keumkang” (12.9%, 58.5ml and 8.5%, respectively). It showed higher lightness (93.17) in flour color than “Keumkang” (91.95, respectively). “Jojoong” showed higher lightness (81.50) of noodle dough sheet than “Keumkang” (80.95). “Jojoong” exhibited similar hardness (3.84N) and higher springiness and cohesiveness of cooked noodles (0.94 and 0.66) compared to “Keumkang” (3.88N, 0.90, and 0.62, respectively). Average yield of “Jojoong” in the regional adaptation yield trial test was 5.09 MT/ha in upland and 5.35 MT/ha in paddy field, which was 9% and 8% higher than those of “Keumkang” (4.67 MT/ha and 4.92 MT/ha, respectively).

The influence of rainfall during the ripening stage on pre-harvest sprouting, seed viability, and seed quality was investigated in two Korean rice cultivars, Shindongjin and Hopum. When the rainfall was artificially treated in a greenhouse, HP started to pre-harvest sprouting at three days of rainfall treatment (DRT), but Shindongjin did not show pre-harvest sprouting at 40 DAH treatment and just 0.3~0.8% at 50 DAH, which was much lower than 15.3~ 25.8% of Hopum in the same treatment. After harvest, the seed germination of Hopum decreased about 10~25% compared to non-treated seeds, but that of Shindongjin decreased much little rate than that of Hopum. The seed longevity tested by accelerated aging decreased with prolonged rainfall period in both cultivars, but the varietal difference was clear; Shindongjin could withstand longer accelerated aging than Hopum. Shindongjin maintained its germination (>50%) ability after 15 days of accelerated aging regardless of the rainfall treatment period and time, but Hopum dropped below 50% germination ability after only 5 days of accelerated aging. In conclusion, rainfall during the ripening stage induced not only pre-harvest sprouting, but also reduced seed quality and longevity during storage, which varied between two cultivars.

‘중모1017’은 중부지역 적응 고품질 품종을 육성할 목적으로 2002년 하계에 중생이고 내도열병 및 흰잎마름병 저항성인 수원462호와 쌀의 외관 품위가 좋고 도정특성이 좋은 영덕34호를 교배하여 SR27934-GH1-29-1계통을 선발하고, 수원529호로 계통명을 부여하여 2009～2011년 3개년간 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 그 우수성이 인정되어 2011년 12월 농촌진흥청 농작물 직무육성 신품종선정위원회에서 ‘중모1017’로 선정되었다. ‘중모1017’은 중부평야지 보통기 재배에서 평균 출수기가 8월 16일로 ‘화성’보다 6일 늦은 중만생종이다. 간장은 65 cm로 ‘화성’의 83 cm보다 18 cm작은 단간 내도복성이고, 이삭길이, 주당 이삭수 그리고 이삭당 입수는 20 cm, 14개 그리고 93개로 ‘화성’과 같았다. 등숙비율은 81.0%로 ‘화성’보다 약간 낮고, 현미 천립중이 22.0 g으로 ‘화성’과 비슷한 중립종이다.‘중모1017’의 도열병저항성은 잎도열병, 이삭도열병 및 내구저항성 검정 결과 ‘화성’보다 강한 저항성을 보였지만, 흰잎마름병, 줄무늬잎마름병, 오갈병 및 멸구류에 대한 저항성이 없었다. ‘중모1017’은 도복과 수발아에 강한 반응을 보였지만 내랭성은 ‘화성’보다 약한 반응을 보였다, 입형은 현미 장폭비가 1.71로 단원립이고, 백미외관은 심복백이 거의 없어 맑고 투명하였다. 단백질함량은 6.4%, 아밀로스함량은 18.0%로 ‘화성’의 7.1% 및 20.8%보다 낮아 식미관능검정 결과 0.53으로 ‘화성’보다 밥맛이 월등히 우수하였다. 또한 밥알의 경도가 부드럽고 치반점도와 균형도가 낮고 식은밥과 무균포장밥의 식미가 우수하여 무균포장밥 또는 가공밥용으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다. 제현율과 도정률은 ‘화성’보다 약간 낮고 현백률은 비슷하였지만 도정된 쌀의 완전미율이98.8%로 화성(94.7%)보다 높아 완전미 도정수율은 75%로 ‘화성’보다 우수하였다. ‘중모1017’의 쌀수량은 ‘09∼’11년 3개년 간 7개소에서 실시한 지역적응시험 결과 보통기 보비재배 평균 5.01 MT/ha로 대비품종 ‘화성’과 비슷한 수량성을 보였다. ‘중모1017’의 재배적지는 중부 평야지 이다.

1. 생산지에 따라 벼 종자의 수발아립률 차이가 컸던 호 품벼의 출아율과 발아율을 조사한 결과, 수발아율 8% 인 시료는 수발아율이 1%인 시료에 비해 발아율과 출 아율, 종자활력이 30% 낮았다. 2. 수발아율이 높은 시료는 수발아립의 변색 정도가 심 하고 미발아율과 부패율이 높았다. 수발아립은 배가 돌출하고, 변색된 배유와 곰팡이 감염이 관찰되었으며 배유의 1/2이상이 변색된 종자는 발아율이 매우 낮았다. 3. 종자의 발아 진행정도에 따라 현미의 변색이 심해졌 는데, 싹이 3 mm이상일 경우 배유의 1/2정도가 변색 되었다. 4. 발아 종자는 싹이 3 mm이상일 때부터 재발아율이 크 게 떨어졌으며 퇴화촉진처리 후 발아율의 감소가 더 컸다. 특히 퇴화촉진처리한 발아 종자는 싹이 2 mm부 터 종자활력이 크게 감소하였다. 결론적으로 수발아 발생이 심할수록 파종기 발아율과 출 아율의 감소가 크고, 수발아가 3 mm이상 발생하면 발아율 이 크게 저하될 것으로 생각된다. 또한 수발아는 동일 품종 과 동일 지역에서도 포장 간 차이가 크게 발생할 수 있으므 로 재배관리에 주의해야 한다.

국립식량과학원에서 수발아와 붉은곰팡이병 등에 대한 내재해성이 강한 국수용 밀 품종 육성을 목적으로 1997년도에 금강밀과 은파밀을 인공교배 한 F1을 모본으로 하고 다시 금강밀을 부본으로 인공교배하여 SW97005 조합을 육성하였다. 경기도 연천에서 집단재배 후에 계통을 전개하여 초형과 수형이 양호하고 내한성이 강한 계통인 SW97005-B-26-5-4-1-1-1을 2005년과 2006년도 2년간 생산력검정을 거쳐 ‘익산319호’로 계통명을 부여하고, 2007년부터 3개년 동안 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 내한성이 강하고, 수발아 저항성이며 붉은곰팡이병에 중도저항성이고, 수량이 많을 뿐만 아니라 국수가공적성이 우수하여 2009년 농작물 직무육성 신품종심의회에서 ‘수안밀’로 명명하였다. 그 후 국립종자원의 재배심사를 거쳐 2013년 종자산업법제55조에 따라 품종보호 등록 원부에 등록되었다. 수안밀의 파성은 III형으로 양절형이고, 엽색은 녹색이며 이삭은 방추형이고, 종자는 중간크기로 적색이다. 출수기와 성숙기는 밭상태 조건에서 각각 4월 25일과 6월 4일로 금강밀보다 1일 빠르고, 논상태에서는 각각 4월 23일과 6월 4일로 동일하다. 내한성과 수발아 저항성이 강하고 붉은곰팡이병은 중도저항성이다. 수안밀의 제분율은 금강밀보다 약간 낮고, 단백질 함량과 회분함량이 낮아 밀가루 색이 밝고 단백질적 특성은 국수용에 적합하다. 천립중은 43.7 g으로 금강밀보다 약간 적은 소립이며, 지역적응성 시험에서 밭상태 수량은 594 kg/10a, 논상태 수량은 563 kg/10a로 금강밀보다 3%와 8% 증수하였다.

“Sooan”, a winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It was derived from the cross “Keumkang/Eunpa//Keumkang” during 1997. “Sooan” was evaluated as “Iksan319” in advance yield trial test in 2006. It was tested in the regional yield trial test between 2007 and 2009. “Sooan” is an awned, semi-dwarf and hard winter wheat, similar to “Keumkang” (check cultivar). The heading and maturing date of “Sooan” were similar to “Keumkang”. “Sooan” had similar test weight (817 g/L) and lower 1,000-grain weigh (43.7g) than “Keumkang” (817 g/L and 46.2g, respectively). “Sooan” showed resistance to winter hardiness and pre-harvest sprouting, which lower withering rate on the low ridge (0.2%) and rate of pre-harvest sprouting (0.2%) than “Keumkang” (9.2 and 25.8%, respectively). “Sooan” showed lower protein content (12.7%), SDS-sedimentation volume (42.0ml) and gluten content (10.5%) than “Keumkang” (13.1%, 57.8ml and 10.8%, respectively). It showed higher lightness (90.08) and lower redness (-1.11) and yellowness (8.80) in flour color than “Keumkang” (89.81, -1.15 and 9.46, respectively). “Sooan” showed higher lightness (81.34) of noodle dough sheet than “Keumkang” (80.28). “Sooan” exhibited lower hardness (3.84N) and similar springiness and cohesiveness of cooked noodles (0.91 and 0.65) compared to “Keumkang” (4.54N, 0.93, and 0.63, respectively). Average yield of “Sooan” in the regional adaptation yield trial test was 5.94 MT/ha in upland and 5.63 MT/ha in paddy field, which was 3% and 8% higher than those of “Keumkang” (579 MT/ha and 520 MT/ha, respectively).

“Joongmo2012”, a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It was derived from the cross “Sinmichal/Keumkang” during 2006. “Joongmo2012” was evaluated as “Iksan357” in advance yield trial test in 2010. It was tested in the regional yield trial test between 2011 and 2013. Its heading date was May 2 in upland and May 1 in paddy filed conditions, and Maturing date was June 8 in upland and June 8 in paddy field, which were similar to Keumkang, respectively. It showed 628 in number of spikes per m2, 34 of grain number per spike, 47.6g of 1,000 grain weight, and 762g of test weight. “Joongmo2012” showed susceptible to Fusarium head blight (Scab) in test of specific character although “Keumkang” is susceptible to scab. “Joongmo2012” had lower flour yield (68.4%) than “Keumkang” (73.5%, respectively). “Joongmo2012” showed similar ash (0.40%), lower protein content (11.7%), SDSsedimentation volume (39.8ml) and gluten content (8.1%) than “Keumkang” (0.41%, 12.7%, 55.8ml and 9.2%, respectively). It showed higher lightness (92.70) in flour color than “Keumkang” (91.51, respectively). “Joongmo2012” exhibited lower hardness (3.19N), similar springiness and higher cohesiveness of cooked noodles (0.90 and 0.66) compared to “Keumkang” (4.21N, 0.90, and 0.62, respectively). The average grain yield in the regional yield trial was 5.48MT/ha in upland and 4.47 MT/ha in paddy field, which were higher 5% and similar than those of the check cultivar, Keumkang, respectively

Since global climate changes drastically, pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is expected to pose serious problems in rice production. CBL-interacting serine/threonine protein kinases (CIPKs) have been implicated to play important role in regulating various abiotic stresses such as cold, salinity and drought. In this study, to understand the function of this gene under pre-harvest sprouting in rice, a cDNA clone encoding CBL-interacting protein kinase 15 (CIPK15) was isolated from rice flowers. This gene is 2,818 bp long with 1,332 bp coding region that encodes a polypeptide of 443 amino acids. We constructed a recombinant vector carrying the OsCIPK15 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and Tnos terminator and transformed into rice using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Insertion of the gene was verified in transformants using HPT resistance test and genomic PCR. Transcriptional profiling using tissues of wild type, Gopum, revealed expression of the gene in whole plant tissues with level of expression highest in the seeds suggesting possible role in dormancy. Comparative expression analysis of the gene in transgenic and wild type through semi-quantitative RT-PCR and real-time PCR showed higher expression in transgenic rice lines. Moreover, screening in the mist chamber showed overexpression lines that were resistant to the PHS. This result suggests the involvement of OsCIPK15 in the regulation of pre-harvest sprouting.

본 연구는 벼의 출수 후 일수에 따라 수발아 양상을 조사하고 수발아 피해가 발생할 수 있는 시기를 예측하여 수발아 방제를 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 수행하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 벼 등숙기간 중 호품벼는 출수 후 20일, 신동진벼는 출수 후 30일부터 수발아 조건이 충족되면 발아가 시작되었으며, 50% 이상의 종자가 발아력을 갖는 시기는 호품벼가 약 35일, 신동진벼가 약 45일이었고, 출수 후 50일에는 두 품종에서 모두 80% 이상의 종자가 발아하였다. 2. 한 이삭 내에서 종자의 위치에 따른 수발아의 순서는 상위부 > 중위부 > 하위부 순으로 나타났으며 지경별로는 2차 지경보다는 1차 지경의 것이 높게 나타났다. 3. 수발아 검정 시 미발아된 종자는 배의 미숙, 종자휴면, 종자의 등숙불량 (불완전립)이 원인인 것으로 판단되었다. 4. 출수 후 30~45일의 등숙중기에 신동진벼는 호품벼보다 종자 휴면성이 높았다.

국내 밀 재배 환경에서 수발아 저항성 밀 품종 육성의 기초 자료를 제공하기 위하여 금강밀 등 31 품종을 이용하여 2년 동안 조사한 농업 형질과 종자 특성이 수발아율 및 GI에 미치 는 영향을 평가하였다. 농업형질은 출수기, 성숙기, 간장, 수 장, 망장, 경수와 1수립수를 조사하였고, 종자 특성으로는 리 터중, 천립중, 종자의 길이, 폭과 두께를 측정하였다. 수발아 관련 특성으로는 모래묻이법을 이용한 수발아율과 종자 휴면 성과 상관 있는 GI를 조사하였다. 수장과 경수는 년차간 변이 가 없었으며, 리터중은 년차간 및 품종간 차이가 없었고, 이외 나머지 농업형질과 종자 특성 및 수발아율은 년차간, 품종간 및 품종과 년차간 상호작용에서 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났 다. 농업형질은 수발아 특성과 상관이 없었지만, 출수기와 성 숙기는 1수립수 및 종자 길이와 상관을 나타냈으며, 천립중과 종자 길이는 간장과 망장과는 정의 상관을 1수립수와는 부의 상관을 나타내었다. 수장과 경수는 종자 폭 및 두께와 상관을 보였다. 천립중은 수발아율 및 GI와 정의 상관을 나타내었으 며(r = 0.618, P < 0.001, r = 0.525, P < 0.01), 종자의 길이, 폭과 두께 역시 수발아율 및 GI와 정의 상관을 나타내었다. 백립계 품종은 적립계 품종에 비하여 리터중을 제외한 모든 특성에서 높은 값을 나타내었으며, 수발아율과 GI 값도 높게 나타났다. 적립계 품종인 수안밀, 수강밀, 알찬밀과 고소밀은 수발아 저항성이면서 휴면성이 강한 품종으로, 국내 밀 육종 프로그램에서 수발아 저항성 육성 모재로 이용할 수 있을 것 이다. 국내 밀 품종의 수발아 저항성 증진을 위한 계통 선발 에서 종피색과 종실의 무게와 크기도 고려해야 한다.

“Hojoong”, a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Iksan, Korea, during the period from 2006 to 2012. The heading and maturing dates of this variety were May 2 and June 10 in upland, and May 3 and June 7 in paddy field, respectively. It is an It is an awned, semi-dwarf and soft red winter wheat. Culm and spike length of “Hojoong” were 79cm and 9.1cm. It had lower test weight (803 g/ℓ) and 1,000 grain weight (39.5g) than “Keumkang”. It showed resistance to pre-harvest sprouting, which lower rate of pre-harvest sprouting (5.5%) than “Keumkang”. “Hojoong” had lower flour yield (66.7%) and ash content (0.38%) than “Keumkang”. It showed lower protein content (11.3%) and lower SDS-sedimentation volume (34.0㎖) and amylose content (20.5%) than “Keumkang”. It showed higher high viscosity (204BU) and lightness of noodle dough sheet (80.63). It showed different composition in HMW-GS compositios (2.2+12), PPO18 (876bp), GBSS B (null type) and Puroindolines composition compared th “Keumkang”. Average yield of “Hojoong” in the regional adaptation yield trial test was 5.51 ton/ha in upland and 5.10 ton/ha in paddy field. “Hojoong” would be suitable for the area above –10℃ of daily minimun temperature in January in Korean peninsula

“Baechal”, a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Iksan, Korea, during the period from 2006 to 2012. The heading and maturing dates of this variety were May 1 and June 5 in upland, and May 2 and June 8 in paddy field, respectively. It is an It is an awned, semi-dwarf and hard white wheat. Culm and spike length of “Baekchal” were 75cm and 8.7cm. It had lower test weight (794g/ℓ) and 1,000 grain weight (35.7g) than “Keumkang”. It showed moderate to pre-harvest sprouting, which lower rate of pre-harvest sprouting (13.7%) than “Keumkang”. “Baekchal” had similar ash content (0.47%) and protein content (13.1%) to “Keumkang”. It showed lower gluten content (9.6%), SDS-sedimentation volume (38.2㎖) and amylose content (6.5%) than “Keumkang”. It showed higher high viscosity (643BU), water absorption (213%), expansibility of cooking (357%). It showed different composition in HMW-GS compositios (2*), PPO18 (876bp), GBSS (waxy type) and Puroindolines composition compared th “Keumkang”. Average yield of “Baekchal” in the regional adaptation yield trial test was 4.89 ton/ha in upland and 4.83 ton/ha in paddy field. “Baekchal” would be suitable for the area above –10℃ of daily minimun temperature in January in Korean peninsula

수발아 평가와 GI 평가는 정의 상관을 나타내었고, GI 평가는 년차간 변이를 나타내지 않아서 향후 수발아 저항성 계통 평가에 활용이 가능하지만 품종과 연차간 상호작용에서 변이가 나타나기 대문에 향후 지속적인 평가를 통하여 활용여부를 결정해야 할 것으로 생각한다. 수강밀과 우리밀은 수발아율과 GI 모두 낮게 나타나서 수발아 저항성 자원으로 활용될 수 있으며, 국내 밀 품종에는 없지만 수발아 저항성 외국 자원에서 나타나는 Vp-1Bb와 Vp-1Bf는 수발아 저항성 증진을 위해 도입을 고려해야 할 것이다. 염색체 4AL에 존재하며 외국 밀 품종에서 효과적으로 활용되고 있는 SSR 마커인 ZXQ118와 Xhbe03를 이용하여 국내 밀 품종을 평가한 결과, 국내 밀 품종의 변이 폭이 다양하지 않아 이들 표지 인자를 이용하여 수발아 저항성 품종을 구별하기는 어려웠기 때문에 앞으로 국내 밀에서 수발아 저항성 계통 선발에 활용이 가능한 마커 개발에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

“Joah”, a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Iksan, Korea, during the period from 1997 to 2011. The heading and maturing dates of this variety were April 26 and June 8 in upland, and April 28 and June 6 in paddy field, respectively. It is an awned, semi-dwarf and soft winter wheat. Culm and spike length of “Joah” were 78 cm and 8.4 cm. It had lower test weight (763g/L) and l,000-grain weight (43.0 g) than “Keumkang”. It showed moderate to pre-harvest sprouting, which lower rate of pre-harvest sprouting (12.3%) than “Keumkang”. “Joah” had lower flour yield (66.3%) and ash content (0.33%) than “Keumkang”. It showed higher lightness (92.29) of flour color than “Keumkang”. It showed lower protein content (11.5%) and gluten content (10.7%) and lower SDS-sedimentation volume(29㎖) and mixing time of mixograph than “Keumkang”. It was showed higher amylose content and high viscosity than “Keumkang”. It showed different compositions in HMW-GS compositions (2.2+12), PPO 18 (876bp) and Puroindolines composition compared to “Keumkang”. “Joah” showed similar firmness (2.20N) and higher volume of sponge cake to “Keumkang”. Average yield of “Joah” in the regional adaptation yield trial was 6.44 ton/ha in upland and 5.26 ton/ha in paddy field. “Joah” would be suitable for the area above -10℃ of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.

“Joongmo2008”, a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It is an awned, semi-dwarf and hard winter wheat. The heading and maturing date of “Joongmo2008” were similar to “Keumkang”. Culm and spike length of “Joongmo2008” were 87 cm and 8.6 cm. It had similar test weight (800g/L) and higher 1,000-grain weight (46.7g) than “Keumkang”. It showed resistance to winter hardiness and moderate to pre-harvest sprouting, which lower rate of pre-harvest sprouting (9.8%) than “Keumkang”. “Joongmo2008” had higher flour yield (73.5%) and higher ash content (0.49%) than “Keumkang”. It showed similar lightness (90.01) of flour color than “Keumkang”. It showed higher protein content (16.4%), gluten content (13.4%), SDS-sedimentation volume(59㎖) and mixing time of mixograph than “Keumkang”. “Joongmo2008” had lower amylose contetn (24.5%) and higher viscosity (153BU) than “Keumkang”. It showed same compositions in HMW-GS compositions(5+10) and Puroindolines composition compared to “Keumkang”. “Joongmo2008” showed lower firmness (0.74N) of and higher bread volume of baked pan-bread to “Keumkang”. Average yield of “Joongmo2008” in the regional adaptation yield trial was 4.54 ton/ha in upland and 3.67 ton/ha in paddy field. “Joongmo2008” would be suitable for the area above -10℃ of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.