Daehan Hospital was constructed over approximately three years, beginning with site formation works in 1906 and continuing through 1909 with the completion of the medical school and other facilities. Because land acquisition and construction progressed simultaneously, the project initially began with plans limited to the main building and wards, and it was not possible to establish a comprehensive master plan for the medical school, official residences, dormitories, and other auxiliary facilities. Instead, additional land was gradually acquired and developed, and further construction was carried out in phases. As initially integrated functions were differentiated, the complex expanded by functional zones. The clinical and educational functions housed in the main building were separated through the construction of the medical school, and the dormitory area within the medical school zone was later subdivided and expanded as an educational district during the period of the Joseon Government-General Hospital. While the overall site developed through zoned expansion, the original arrangement of the main building and wards followed a typical pavilion plan. This planning concept, which became a standard model of hospital layout in Europe and the United States in the late nineteenth century, was introduced to Daehan Hospital via Japan, reflecting contemporary Japanese hospital planning principles implemented through the architectural organization of the Ministry of Finance.

Racing boats operate under high-speed conditions and repetitive rapid maneuvers, where the performance of the propulsion system plays a critical role in race outcomes. The propeller is a key component that converts engine rotational power into thrust and must maintain structural stability under high rotational speeds and hydrodynamic loading. In this study, a racing boat propeller based on a carbon fiber reinforced plastic(CFRP) laminate structure was designed and a manufacturing process was established. The proposed propeller consists of a two-blade configuration in which the hub and blades are integrated into a single structure to minimize structural discontinuity under high rotational conditions. The composite propeller was fabricated using a prepreg lay-up process followed by vacuum-assisted thermal curing. In addition, flat laminate panels with the same carbon fiber lay-up configuration as the propeller were simultaneously manufactured to prepare bending test specimens for process verification. Flexural tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of the CFRP laminate structure. The results of this study provide fundamental data for the design and manufacturing of lightweight CFRP-based racing boat propellers.

This study re-evaluates the breeding history and agronomic stability traits of the garlic cultivar ‘Mansan’, emphasizing its suitability for consistent production in rapidly changing climatic conditions. ‘Mansan’ was developed from an open-pollinated seed of the genetic resource ‘14-2w’, collected in 2000. Line selection occurred from 2002 to 2010, followed by regional adaptability tests conducted in Suwon, Danyang, and Namhae from 2012 to 2014, leading to the final selection of this cultivar. ‘Mansan’ features an open plant type with milky white bulb skin, closely resembling the local cultivar ‘Danyang’. In regional trials, ‘Mansan’ achieved an average yield of 1,092 kg per 10a over three years, which is 5% higher than the control cultivar ‘Danyang’ (1,038 kg per 10a). Additionally, evaluations for resistance to major diseases, insect pests, and physiological disorders revealed that the control exhibited rates of 1.5% for secondary growth and 2.1% for leafy and non-bulbing issues, while no such disorders were noted in ‘Mansan’. This suggests that ‘Mansan’ demonstrates superior physiological stability under variable environmental conditions. In conclusion, ‘Mansan’ is a high-yielding and physiologically stable cultivar with excellent cultivation reliability. It is anticipated to replace existing northern-type garlic cultivars and contribute to increased farm income.

Odorous compounds from the operation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have increasingly become public health concerns and civil complaints. This study identifies priority management stages in WWTPs by quantitatively analyzing the distribution of complex odor and designated odor substances across key processes using a dimensionless tool (the Odor Activity Value, OAV), while providing a statistical basis and operational strategies for efficient odor mitigation in public facilities. Although there was a very poor correlation between designated odorous concentrations and complex odor level (dilution ratio), the application of the OAV yielded much more accurate results with a strong correlation (R2 = 0.7) specifically at high-temperature condition. Odor potential in the wastewater treatment processes fluctuates substantially depending on the specific unit. Statistical analysis using Kruskal–Wallis tests demonstrated that influent and sludge treatment process (return flow and centrate) produce much higher odor intensities compared to the biological reactor and secondary clarifier. Based on PERMANOVA analysis, differences in the profiles of complex odor and the OAVs of designated odorants across 6 treatment stages explained 64.1% of the total variance. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) showed that sludge treatment processes form a distinct, unique cluster, whereas sewage treatment streams present a more gradual transition of odor profiles. Statistical assessment using the Mann-Whitney U test demonstrated that mean odorants levels did not have considerable shift under high-temperature and low-temperature conditions. However, the sensory perception in higher temperatures enhanced relative to the OAVs. In conclusion, the OAV is an effective dimensionless tool, as it establishes priorities in odor management and control, offering a practical supplementary indicator for addressing civil complaints. These findings provide a robust foundation for optimizing deodorization systems designs and operational efficiency of odor mitigation systems within WWTPs.

본 연구는 창작뮤지컬 『스웨그 에이지: 외쳐, 조선!』의 제작과 발전 과정을 통해 한국 창작뮤 지컬의 제작 시스템과 흥행 전략을 분석하였다. 이 작품은 2017년 서울예술대학교 학생 창작에서 출발하여, 학교의 창작지원 제도와 한국콘텐츠진흥원의 지원이 결합된 산학협력형 창작 모델로 발전하였다. 서사는 쇼케이스 단계의 복수 중심 서사에서 ‘작은 외침이 세상을 바꾼다’는 주제 를 중심으로 한 성장 서사로 수정되었다. 주인공 ‘단’은 개인적 복수에서 사회적 이상을 추구하 는 인물로, ‘진’은 수동적 존재에서 능동적 주체로 변화하였다. 연출은 관객 참여형 구조로 발 전하며 체험적 몰입을 강화하였다. 음악은 시조와 국악의 운율을 기반으로 힙합, R&B, 일렉트로닉 등 현대음악을 융합하여 한국형 뮤지컬의 정체성을 확립하였다. 특히 「이것이 양반놀음」, 「운 명」 등의 넘버는 전통과 현대의 결합을 통해 극적 메시지를 강화하였다. 제작진은 관객 설문과 피드백을 적극 반영하는 디벨럽 시스템을 도입하였다. 또한 OST 발매, MD 제작, ‘싱어롱 데이’ 등 참여형 마케팅으로 관객과의 상호작용을 확대하였다. 신인 배우의 등용은 작품의 신선함을 높이 고 창작 생태계 순환 구조를 활성화하였다. 이러한 제작 방식은 단순한 공연소비를 넘어 ‘참여 문 화’로 확장되는 사례가 되었다. 『스웨그 에이지: 외쳐, 조선!』은 창작자의 성장, 전문가 협업, 관객 참여, 신인 발굴의 네 축을 중심으로 발전하였다. 결과적으로 본 작품은 한국 창작 뮤지컬의 새로운 제작·유통 모델을 제시한 성공적 사례로 평가된다.

This study evaluated the design, fabrication, and performance of CFRP composite propeller blades for naval applications. The blades were designed with a sandwich structure and a dovetail hub connection to achieve both high strength and reduced weight. During fabrication, the outer skin and Melamine Foam core were bonded using adhesive films and integrated through autoclave molding and post-curing. The finished blades were coated with a low-gloss urethane clear finish, and the leading-edge areas received additional coating to ensure surface protection and operational identification. Static bending tests and finite element analysis were conducted to assess failure behavior under maximum load and local stress concentrations, while natural frequency measurements(Hammer test) confirmed agreement between analytical and experimental results, verifying the reliability of dynamic response predictions. The results demonstrate that the composite blades offer superior weight reduction and vibration damping compared to metal counterparts and can serve as a foundational reference for future naval propeller design and optimization of various rotating and winged structures.

The environmental, social, and economic concerns regarding fossil fuels necessitate the demand for an efficient energy mix utilising renewable resources like biomass for sustainable development. Recent interest in the thermochemical conversion of coal and biomass into bioenergy via co-pyrolysis processes is gaining importance. This review critically assesses the behaviour of different types of coal and biomass blends during co-pyrolysis from various perspectives, including the effects of temperature, blending ratios, heating rate, synergistic and inhibitive behaviours, heat transfer mechanisms, nature of products, and their future applications. The possible synergies arising due to differences in the compositions of coal and biomass are discussed. In addition, the synergistic effect on co-pyrolysis yield is critically presented. Moreover, it is analysed that the co-pyrolysis offers higher yields of liquid and gaseous fuels compared to individual feedstock coal and biomass. Co-pyrolysis of coal and biomass can be promoted from a scientific standpoint; however, further research is still required for the integration of new technologies to enhance the effectiveness of co-pyrolysis.

이 연구의 목적은 네덜란드 안락사법의 입법과정을 분석하고 그 특징 및 함의를 찾 아보는 것으로 연구결과 다음과 같은 특징을 찾을 수 있다. 첫째, 네덜란드 안락사 비 범죄화, 즉 안락사 인정 요건은 다양한 안락사 사건에 대한 법원의 판결례를 통하여 구축되었다. 둘째, 네덜란드는 임신후기 낙태 및 영아 안락사 비범죄화를 광범위하게 인정하는 추세를 보이지만, 안락사법에서 포용하지는 못하고 있다. 셋째, 네덜란드는 1세에서 12세 미만 아동 안락사 비범죄화를 장관 부령으로 규정함으로써 아동 안락사 가 죽음으로 가는 미끄러운 경사로가 될 수 있다는 우려를 보인다. 넷째, 네덜란드의 왕립의학협회를 포함한 의료계는 안락사법 제정 및 아동 등의 안락사 비범죄화 제도 개선에 의료계가 적극적으로 입장을 개진하여 의견을 반영하고 있다. 다섯째, 네덜란 드는 중증 노인성 질환, 치매 등을 치료 불가능한 질병으로 간주하고, 안락사를 허용 함으로써 안락사의 비범죄화 요건을 완화하고 있다. 여섯째, 네덜란드는 의사가 시행 하는 안락사와 조력사망일 경우에만 비범죄화함으로써 안락사의 의학적 판정을 존중한다. 일곱째, 네덜란드는 의사의 안락사 시행의 적정성 여부를 평가하기 위한 심사위 원회를 두어 안락사 비범죄화의 남용을 억제한다. 네덜란드의 안락사법 입법과정에서 찾을 수 있는 함의는 안락사법상 명확한 안락사 또는 생명종료 요건을 규정하고, 안락사 요건 및 적절성 심사에 대한 의료계의 적극적 인 의견 표명, 아동의 안락사 의사결정의 존중 여부, 노인성 중증 치매의 안락사 허용 여부, 안락사의 적절성 여부를 심사할 심사기구 설치 등에 대한 사회적 합의가 충실하 게 선행되어야 한다는 점이다.

본 연구는 사주 서비스의 디지털 트랜스포메이션 과정에서 나타나는 특징을 도출하고, MZ세 대에 적합한 게임 요소를 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. COVID-19 팬데믹 이후 MZ세대의 디지털 소비 증가에 따라, 오프라인 사주 서비스의 온라인화 과정에서 발생한 변화를 분석하 였다. 요소 분석과 사례 연구를 통해 디지털 전환 과정을 정리하고, MZ세대의 참여를 유도할 핵심 게임 요소를 구체적으로 제안하였다. 연구에서 제안한 게임 요소는 장소성, 캐릭터성, 기 술성의 세 가지 축을 중심으로 정의된다. 장소성은 팝업스토어와 같은 특정 시간과 장소에서 의 이벤트로 몰입을 강화한다. 캐릭터성은 매력적이고 신뢰를 주는 디지털 캐릭터로 사용자와 의 상호작용을 풍부하게 한다. 기술성은 AI, 버추얼 휴먼, 예약 시스템 등 개인화된 기술을 통 해 사용자 경험을 극대화한다.이 연구는 사주 서비스가 단순 운세 제공을 넘어, 사용자가 스스 로를 탐구하고 안정감을 찾는 경험으로 자리 잡을 가능성을 보여준다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between ecotoxicity and water quality items using Daphnia magna in public sewage treatment plant process and to obtain operational data to control ecotoxicity through research on removal efficiency. The average value of ecotoxicity was 1.39 TU in the influent, 1.50 TU in the grit chamber, and 0.84 TU in the primary settling tank and it was found that most organic matters, nitrogen, and phosphorus were removed through biological treatment in the bioreactor. Using Pearson’s correlation analysis, the positive correlation was confirmed in the order of ecotoxicity and water quality items TOC, BOD, T-N, NH3-N, SS, EC, and Cu. As a result of conducting a multilinear regression analysis with items representing positive correlation as independent variables, the regression model was found to be statistically significant, and the explanatory power of the regression model was about 81.6%. TOC was found to have a significant effect on ecotoxicity with B=0.009 (p<.001) and Cu with B=16.670 (p<.001), and since the B sign is positive (+), an increase of 1 in TOC increases the value of ecotoxicity by 0.009 and an increase in Cu by 1 increases the value of ecotoxicity by 16.670. TOC (β=0.789, p<.001) and Cu (β=0.209, p<.001) were found to have a significant positive effect on ecotoxicity. TOC and Cu have a great effect on ecotoxicity in the sewage treatment plant process, and it is judged that TOC and Cu should be considered preferentially and controlled in order to efficiently control ecotoxicity.

A computational analysis was performed to study the thermal characteristics within the injection molding process of polygon mirrors in LiDAR systems. Such polygon mirrors are significantly influenced by the geometric shape of the injection mold as well as temperature and operating conditions. The analysis included the temperature distribution, heat flux, and variations in heat transfer rate of the polygon mirror from initial conditions. From the beginning of the injection process, temperature of the polygon mirror changes rapidly, leading to conductive heat transfer to the mold. There are large variations in the mirror temperature change depending on local position, and surface heat flux are affected by internal cooling path. These results are expected to be used as thermal design data for various polygon mirror processes.

In this study, we designed and manufactured a large angular contact ball bearing (LACBB) with low deformation using JIS-SUJ2 steel and analyzed changes in its structural characteristics and chemical composition upon heat treatment. The bearing was produced by hot forging and heat treatment including a quenching and tempering (Q/T) process, and its properties were analyzed using 4 mm thick specimens. A difference in the size distribution of the carbide in the outer and inner parts of the bearing was observed and it was confirmed that large and non-uniform carbide was distributed in the inner part of the bearing. After heat treatment, the hardness value of the outer part increased from 13.4 HRC to 61 HRC and the inner part increased from 8.0 HRC to 59.7 HRC. As a result of X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, the volume fraction of the retained austenite contained in the outer part was calculated to be 3.5~4.8 % and the inner part was calculated to be 3.6~5.0 %. The surface chemical composition and the content of chemical bonds were quantified through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and a decrease in C=C bonds and an increase in Fe-C bonds were confirmed.

Recently, the electron transport layer (ETL) has become one of the key components for high-performance perovskite solar cell (PSC). This study is motivated by the nonreproducible performance of ETL made of spin coated SnO2 applied to a PSC. We made a comparative study between tin oxide deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) or spin coating to be used as an ETL in N-I-P PSC. 15 nm-thick Tin oxide thin films were deposited by ALD using tetrakisdimethylanmiotin (TDMASn) and using reactant ozone at 120 °C. PSC using ALD SnO2 as ETL showed a maximum efficiency of 18.97 %, and PSC using spin coated SnO2 showed a maximum efficiency of 18.46 %. This is because the short circuit current (Jsc) of PSC using the ALD SnO2 layer was 0.75 mA/cm2 higher than that of the spin coated SnO2. This result can be attributed to the fact that the electron transfer distance from the perovskite is constant due to the thickness uniformity of ALD SnO2. Therefore ALD SnO2 is a candidate as a ETL for use in PSC vacuum deposition.

It is essential to select materials with excellent mechanical properties to prevent chemical and mechanical damage to the surfaces of materials used in machines and structures and to extend their lifespan. Co-based stellite alloy, which has wear resistance, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance, is essential for products used in harsh environments. However, due to the problem of enormous costs, research on hard facing, which uses a stellite coating layer only on the contact surface, is urgently required. Currently, high-facing research on Stellite coating layers is focused on powder, and GMAW research using wire is relatively lacking. In this study, welding experiments were performed to form stable weld beads using stellite 6 welding wire, and the correlation between parameters and weld beads was analyzed. A CMT welder was used to minimize the heat effect on the base material.

이 연구의 목적은 예비 지구과학 교사들이 선다형 문항 제작 실습 프로그램에 참여하는 과정에서 드러나는 문 항 제작 역량의 발달 양상을 이해하는 것이다. 이를 위해 예비 지구과학 교사 15명이 선다형 문항 제작 과정 중 공동 검토 과정에서 나타나는 논의에 초점을 맞춰 그 특징을 분석하였다. 구성주의 근거 이론을 토대로 3단계의 코딩을 수 행한 결과, 36개의 초기 코드, 12개의 초점 코드, 5개의 이론적 코드가 도출되었다. 코딩 범주에 근거하여 논의의 특징 을 규정하는 검토 문화와 문항에 대한 관점을 두 축으로 설정하였으며, 이로부터 수험생의 문제풀이, 조심스레 한 걸음 떼기, 짙어지는 담화를 주제로 하는 세 가지 이야기를 구성하였다. 또한 프로그램 동안 일관되게 드러나는 문항 제작 역량의 한계를 다다르지 못한 노정에 대한 네 번째 이야기로 서술하였다. 문항 제작 과정에서 드러나는 평가 전문성은 예비교사의 정체성 발달과 관련되어 있으며, 본 연구에서 적용한 개발한 프로그램의 효과와 의의 및 프로그램의 개발과 개선을 위한 시사점을 논의하였다.

아메리카동애등에(H. illucens)는 음식물 폐기물 등 유기성 폐자원을 효율적으로 처리할 수 있는 능력을 가지 고 있어 전세계적으로 주목받고 있는 환경정화 곤충이다. 하지만 유기성 폐자원을 처리 시 가장 큰 문제는 아메리 카동애등에가 먹이인 유기성 폐자원을 소화시킬 때 발생되는 악취이다. 국내에서 현재 아메리카동애등에를 사육하고 있는 농가는 223호로 조사되고 있지만 이중 악취발생 저감장치 등을 설치한 농가는 10%가 안되는 것으 로 생각된다. 따라서 국내에서 동애등에 먹이로 가장 많이 사용되는 습식사료를 먹이로 사용하였을 때 농가 사육 장 안에서 발생되는 복합악취와 지정악취 22종에 대하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 복합악취는 249배였으며, 지정악 취는 22종 중 7종(암모니아, 메틸메르캅탄, 트라이메틸아민, 아세트알데하이드, 프로피온알데하이드, 뷰틸알 데하이드, i-발레르알데하이드)가 검출되었다. 이중 가장 높은 농도를 나타낸 악취물질은 암모니아로 98.4ppm 이 분석되었다. 또한, 아메리카동애등에를 사육 시 가장 많이 발생되는 암모니아의 발생시기는 사육초기인 1~4 령보다 5령 이후 전생육기 중의 대부분을 발생시키는 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 결과는 암모니아 저감을 위한 적정시기를 설정하는데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.