본 총설에서는 음전하를 띠는 박테리아 세포막과의 상 호작용을 통해 구조와 기능을 교란시키는 양전하성 항균 제의 종류, 작용 기전, 그리고 최근 연구 동향을 종합적으 로 분석하였다. 식품 안전성에 대한 우려가 증가함에 따 라 기존 항생제를 대체할 수 있는 새로운 항균 전략에 대 한 수요가 높아지고 있다. 특히, 4차 암모늄, 폴리에틸렌 이민, 항균 펩타이드, 키토산 등의 양전하성 항균제는 박 테리아 표면에 신속하게 부착하고 세포막을 손상시켜 초 기 단계에서의 증식을 효과적으로 억제하는 강력한 항균 활성을 보인다. 이러한 물질들은 다양한 제형화 전략을 통 해 설계되어 식품 산업에서의 실용적 응용 가능성을 높이 는 데 기여한다. 본 총설에서는 이들의 분자 수준에서의 항균 작용 기전을 중심으로 고찰하고, 향후 안전성과 효 능 향상을 위한 연구 방향을 제시하였다.

본 연구에서는 국내 미기록종인 Euandrolaelaps yamauchii (Ishikawa, 1982)를 채집하여 해당종의 새로운 분포지로서 기록하였다. 또한, Euandrolaelaps yamauchii (Ishikawa)의 완모식표본과 한국산 표본을 함께 비교검경하여 개정된 분류학적 진단정보를 제시하였으며, 검경에 사용 한 현미경사진 및 도판과 국내에 보고된 Euandrolaelaps속에 대한 분류키도 함께 제공하였다.

This integrative review examined 38 published articles on the topic of formative assessment conducted in South Korean EFL settings, from 2014 to 2023. Despite strong interests in using quality formative assessments that are aimed at improving English learners’ performance, no prior systematic analyses have been performed to date. To that end, this study draws on Wiliam and Thompson’s (2008) conception of the formative assessment five-strategy model, and Yan and Pastore’s (2022) Teacher Formative Assessment Practice Scale (TFAPS), as a guiding framework to examine the extent to which formative assessment research conducted in South Korean EFL classroom settings has enacted the five key strategies and thereby promoted learning and improved teaching. For all five key strategies, more studies showcased weak evidence of implementing each strategy, and that positive student learning was more likely to be seen in studies that fully, or nearly fully, implemented the key strategies. Recommendations for enhancing formative assessment teaching and research practice are provided at the end.

To support the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) 2050 greenhouse gas reduction targets, hybrid propulsion energy management systems (EMS)—which integrate multi-energy coordination and dynamic scheduling—have become a critical pathway for enabling low-carbon transitions and improving energy efficiency in the maritime sector. This paper conducts a comprehensive and structured analysis of EMS technologies applied to ship hybrid propulsion systems. It evaluates the functional roles of EMS under varying system architectures, synthesizes mainstream energy management strategies, and identifies current technological bottlenecks, thereby contributing theoretical foundations for the green transformation of the shipping industry. The study first examines representative hybrid propulsion architectures, detailing their technical characteristics to clarify the functional positioning and optimization priorities of EMS in each configuration. It then reviews prevailing energy management and control strategies, with a focus on their integration with artificial intelligence (AI) and the emergence of adaptive and data-driven approaches. Finally, the paper identifies key challenges in hybrid propulsion EMS, proposes future research directions, and offers practical recommendations to support the advancement and implementation of intelligent energy management technologies in maritime applications.

대한민국 정부들은 복지국가를 시대적 과제로 천명하고 있음에도, 낮은 복지 지출과 높은 사회적 불안이 라는 현실에 직면해 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 상황을 타개하기 위한 전략으로 복지국가 ‘체제’의 기획을 제안 하며, 그에 필요한 관점과 방향성을 얻기 위해 복지국가이론의 계보를 탐색한다. 먼저, ‘전후 복지국가’의 팽창을 설명하는 이론들을 고찰하고, 복지체제론을 통해 그 성숙과 위기 대응 양상도 살펴본다. 다음으로, 새로운 사회경제적 환경에 조응하여 진행되는 복지국가의 재구조화, 즉 ‘탈(脫) 전후 복지국가’의 등장을 설명하는 현대 이론들을 종합적으로 검토한다. 이렇듯 복지국가이론의 계보를 살피는 것은 현행 제도의 구 조와 작동원리를 이해하고 미래 기획을 위한 아이디어를 얻는 과정이자, 대한민국이 사회권적 기본권이 적 극 구현되는 나라로 나아가는 데에 필요한 지적 토대를 쌓는 일이라고 본 논문은 주장한다.

This paper focuses on methods for quantifying landfill gas emissions, including odor, odor generation mechanisms, odor emission characteristics according to the time of waste deposition, and odor measurement data from landfills. This study analyzed the concentration ranges and median values of 22 odor compounds measured at landfill gas collection wells and various landfill surface locations across both domestic and international landfill sites. These locations included active operational areas, final cover surfaces, and leachate treatment zones. The odor with the highest measured concentration at the landfill gas collection well was H2S (with a median value of 818,616 mg m–3). During landfill operations and on the surface of uncovered landfill layers, the concentrations of NH3 (with a median value of 1,613 mg m–3) and H2S (with a median value of 279.5 mg m–3) were found to be high . Concentrations of toluene, xylene, ketones, and sulfide odors were also high at covered landfill surfaces. Additionally, NH3, styrene, and H2S had high concentrations in the leachate treatment area. The odor intensity, measured on the surface of covered sanitary landfills for domestic waste, ranged from 6 to 2,080 mg m–3 (dilution to threshold). The concentrations of NH3 and H2S were relatively high in domestic sanitary landfills. The odorous compounds that contributed the most to odor intensity were nitrogen-containing odors, sulfur-containing odors, and aldehydes. In order to effectively manage landfill odors in the future, research should be continuously conducted to accurately measure and predict odor emission fluxes from landfills. In addition, it will be necessary to develop emission reduction technologies that take into account landfill odor emission characteristics.