This study was investigating the anti-obesity effects of diets with a mixture of cheese, red ginseng and fermented mature fruit of Rubus coreanus Miquel. We fed the experimental diets (SC5, SC10) supplemented with 5% or 10% cheese containing of fermented mixture, then orally administered the extract of fermented mixture (RB100, RB300) at a concentration of 100 or 300 mg/kg body weight to SD rats with high fat diet (HFD). The results were as follows: Sample cheese groups decreased visceral fat mass and adipocyte size of stomach compared to that of HFD group. Additionally, lipid droplets of liver in sample cheese groups were smaller than that in HFD group. The serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (tChol), glucose, leptin, and insulin levels in sample cheese group were lower than that in HFD group. But, the serum adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol (cHDL) levels were higher than that in HFD group. These results suggest that fermentation of red ginseng and Rubus coreanus mixed with cheese might be helpful in preventing obesity in high fat diet-fed rats.

This study was performed to investigate the quality characteristics of lotus root tea (LT) prepared with Gardenia jasminoides powder (GLT) and Rubus coreanus Miquel powder (RLT). The proximate compositions, physicochemical properties, mineral contents, and sensory evaluations of samples were measured. GLT sample showed higher contents of crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, and moisture (p<0.001) as well as pH (p<0.001) compared to LT and RLT. In terms of color, lightness (L) and yellowness (b) of GLT were the highest among the samples, whereas redness (a) of GLT was the lowest. The results of mineral analysis showed that the mineral contents of K, Ca, and Fe of LT were the highest, whereas the content of Mg of GLT was the highest. The results of browning color intensity of all samples showed that LT had the lowest. GLT showed higher contents of water soluble solids than LT and RLT. In the sensory evaluation, the scores of color, flavor, aftertaste, feeling of throat, and overall preference of LT and GLT were significantly higher than those of RLT. From the findings, this study suggests that addition of Gardenia jasminoides powder was effective for preparation of lotus root tea in the aspects of consumer acceptability.

The black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) contains anthocyanin, tannins, gallotannin, gallic acid, ferulic acid and phenolics. It brightens the eyes and protects the liver and kidneys. It was effective for anti-aging. Thus, the purpose of this study was to inform the excellence of black raspberry and to screen antioxidant activity to ensure the possibility as a functional material. In this study, bioactive compounds in black raspberry were determined. Additionally, black raspberry was extracted by CM (chloroform:methanol, 2:1, v/v), 70% methanol and 70% ethanol, and were investigated and compared in vitro methods. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were measured to compare each different solvents. In addition, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, reducing power were determined to measure the antioxidant activity. The results were the highest in 70% ethanol extracts, and the higher the concentration showed a significantly higher antioxidant capacity. When observed the relationship between the study, antioxidant activity of black raspberry was supposed to affect by the anthocyanin, phenol and flavonoid contents.

천연에서 유래한 항산화 및 항용혈 소재개발을 위해 복분자 에탄올 추출물의 생리활성 효능평가를 실시하였다. 복분자를 에탄올 추출한 후, 획득한 추출물을 섬유아세포주인 HS68에 처리하여 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 SOD 유사 항산화 효능을 평가하였다. 또한 Sprague Dawley 렛트 적혈구 세포에 과산화수소로 산화를 유도한 후 추출물의 항용혈 효능을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 추출물은 농도 의존적으로 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 SOD 유사 활성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 렛트 적혈구를 이용한 항용혈 평가에서는 과산화수소를 단독으로 처리한 양성대조군보다 추출물을 처리한 군에서 항용혈율이 농도 의존적으로 유의하게 증가하였다. 이들 결과는 복분자 추출물이 항산화효능과 항용혈 약용 식물 소재로서의 가능성을 내는 것으로 사료된다.

본 실험은 복분자주스의 기능성 및 품질 특성에 대해 알아보고자 시중에서 판매되고 있는 오렌지주스, 포도주스와 발효음료를 비교실험을 하였다. 과즙을 함유하지 않은 음료에서 수분이 높에 측정되었고 조회분, 조단백, 조지방이 낮게 측정되었다. 이는 과일음료에서 과일 과즙의 첨가 여부에 따라 일반성분 분석에 차이가 있다고 판단된다. 복분자음료의 제조 공정 중 당도, 산도, pH, 색도를 다른 주스들과 비교한 결과 오렌지주스와 포도주스에 비해 복분자 음료의 당도는 낮은 값은 수치를 나타냈다. 아미노산 분석에서는 오렌지주스와 포도주스에서 다양한 종류에 아미노산이 측정되었다. 또한 복분자주스에서도 20%의 함량에 비하면 다수의 아미노산이 검출되었다. 하지만 발효음료에서는 4가지의 아미노산 성분이 검출되었다. 이는 과즙을 함유한 음료와 그렇지 않은 발효음료의 차이라고 판단된다. 무기성분 분석에서 오렌지주스의 칼륨의 함량이 가장 많았고, 발효음료에서는 마그네슘의 함량이 다른 음료들에 비해 높은 수치임을 알 수 있었다. 아울러, 복분자주스는 다른 음료들에 비해 낮은 Na함량을 보였고 상대적으로 높은 항산화활성을 지닌다. 이는 복분자 자체가 지니는 플라보노이드, 폴리페놀, 안토시아닌 등에서 나타나는 항암, 항바이러스, 항균작용 등으로 인한 작용으로 판단된다.

Economic injury levels (EILs) and economic control threshold (ET) were estimated for the Tea red spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida(Acari, Tetranychidae) in Rubus coreanus Miquel. T. kanzawai density increased until the early-July and thereafter decreased in all plots except the non-innoculation plot where initial density of the mite were different each 0，5, 10, 20 and 40 adults per plant branch on May 7 in 2008. And the occurrence of the densities were increased higher innoculated density than different innoculation density. The yield was decreased with increasing initial mite density and thereby the rates of yield loss was increased with increasing initial mite density. And T. kanzawai occurrence density, yields and the rates of yield loss, where initial density of the mite were different each 0,2, 5, 10 and 20 adults per plant branch on May 8 in 2009 were similar tendency to 2008 year results. The relationship between initial T. kanzawai densities and the yield losses was well described by a linear regression, Y = 0.6545X + 3.0425 (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.93) in 2008, Y = 0.9031X + 2.0899(R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.96) in 2009. Based on the relationship, the number of adults per plant branch(EILs) which can cause 5% loss of yield was estimated to be approximately 3.0 in 2008 and 3.2 in 2009. And the ET was estimated to be approximately 2.4 in 2008 and 2.6 in 2009. The relationship between initial T. kanzawai densities and occurrence density of mid-May considering the best spray timing against T. kanzawai was well described by a linear regression, Y = 0.471X + 2.495(R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.95) in 2008, Y = 0.9938X + 3.1858(R<SUP>2</SUP> 二 0.96) in 2009. Based on the relationship, the number of adults per Ieaf(ET) in mid-May which can cause 5% loss of yield was estimated to be approximately 3.6 in 2008 and 5.8 in 2009.

In this study, 5 species (Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida, Endoclyta excrescens (Butler), leaf roller caterpillar (Adoxophyes orana Fisher), Anomis mesogona (Walker), and Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche)) were found in Rubus coreanus Miquel in Jeonbuk province, from 2006 to 2008. T. kanzawai appeared in mid-May and showed three peaks in late June, mid-July, and late August. Its density was over 10 adults per leaf. A. mesogona appeared in mid-June and showed two peaks in late July, and early October. Of the 28 insect pests in pre-harvesting, the 7 main species were T. kanzawai, T. urticae, A. orana, Lygocoris lucorum Meyer, Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom), Psylliodespunctifrons Baly and Motschulskyia serrata (Matsumura). Of the 19 insect pests in after-harvesting, the 6 main species were T. kanzawai, E. excrescens, A. mesogona, A. orana, P. punctifrons and A. rosae. Growth of R. coreanus decreased when insect pests were not managed and yields decreased approx. 7% a year. Management of insect pests in field using pesticide was not different.

This study was conducted for establishment of Economic injury levels(EILs) of the tea red spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai on Rubus coreanus. T. kanzawai was innoculated on May 7 in differently 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 adults per plant. And pesticide was treated in late April, early May, middle May and late May, respectively. After inoculated of T. kanzawai, the density was increased until the mid-June and decreased gradually in all plots. And higher inoculation density were increased higher than lower inoculation density. Growth variables were not different among experimental plots except number of fruit set, but the number of fruit set and yields were decreased with increasing initial mite density. Densities of T. kanzawai on treated time of pesticide was lower in later treatment time than early treatment time. The late April treatments were not effective of pesticide in harvesting season. The rates of yield loss increased with increasing initial mite density. The relationship between initial T. kanzawai densities and yield losses was well described by a linear regression, Y = 0.6545X + 3.0425, R2=0.9313. Based on the relationship, the number of adults per plant which can cause 5% loss of yield was estimated to be approximately 3.0. And EILs was estimated to be approximately 8.3 adults/leaf in mid-May.

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of Bokbunja pudding, using various levels of Bokbunja fruit juice (140, 150, and 130 g), Bokbunja Wine (10, 20, and 20 g), gelatin (18, 17, and 16 g) and sugar (250, 200, and 150 g). In order to establish the optimal added amounts, chemical composition, saccharinity, color, texture, and sensory evaluations were conducted, and the results of various cases were analyzed and assessed. The statistical data analyses were conducted using the SPSS program. The saccharinity of the Bokbunja pudding increased with increasing amountsof added sugar. Additionally, as the amount of added Gelatin was increased, the L values (lightness) of the Bokbunja pudding decreased. Conversely, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness values all decreased with decreasing levels of added gelatin and sugar. The optimal mixing condition for the Bokbunja pudding was determined via sensory evaluation. Sensory characteristics, including flavor, sweetness, texture, and overall acceptability, were highest in the type C product. The chemical composition of the type C product was as follows: moisture 71.47%, carbohydrate 24.70%, crude protein 3.83%, crude fat 0.001%, and crude ash 0.001%. According to our results, the optimum mixing ratio for the most satisfactory sensory characteristics of Bokbunja was as follows: Bokbunja fruit juice 130 g, Bokbunja Wine 20 g, Gelatin 16 g, Sugar 150 g, Bokbunja Flavor 0.3 g, and Water 400 g.

In the growth of the Rubus coreanus Miquel fruits, the unripened (10 days) and ripened (25 days) fruits after flowering were harvested. The chemical characteristics of different maturational stages of the unripened and ripened fruits were investigated. Total amount of phenolic compounds was 4.00-7.56% in the unripened fruits and 3.78-5.57% in the ripened fruits, respectively. Furthermore, total amounts of organic acids such as malic, citric, succinic, and oxalic acids were 16.40 mg/ 100 g in the unripened fruits and 28.82 mg/100 g in the ripened fruits, respectively. In organic acids of the unripened and the ripened fruits, citric acid (8.76-15.47 mg/100 g) was the highest amount among other organic acids. Soluble sugars were significantly increased from 11.07 to 21.54% in the unripened and ripened fruits. Therefore, ripened fruits had the high levels of phenolic compounds, organic acids and soluble sugars. For the biological studies of R. coreanus, methanol extracts of R. coreanus leaves, fruits, and stems were evaluated for their insecticidal activities against Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Plutella xylostella (Lepioptera: Plutellidae) and Spodoptera litura (Lepioptera: Noctuidae) by leaf dipping method. From these results, the extract of R. coreanus leaves revealed potent insecticidal activity against P. xylostella. However, the methanol extracts of R. coreanus fruits and stems had no any insecticidal activity against M. persicae, P. xylostella and S. litura. The R. coreanus leaves have promising potential as new insecticidal agent against P. xylostella.

본 연구에서는 미성숙 복분자 추출물의 항산화 효능과 타이로시네이즈 저해 활성을 평가하고 이들의 기능성 화장품 원료로서의 응용 가능성을 확인하였다. 모든 실험은 미성숙 복분자의 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테이트 분획, 아글리콘 분획을 이용하여 진행하였다. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)법을 이용한자유 라디칼 소거 활성(FSC50)은 에탄올 추출물(6.56 μg/mL)과 에틸아세테이트 분획(6.14 μg/mL)이 대표적인 지용성 항산화제인 (+)-α-tocopherol (8.98 μg/mL)보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. Fe3+-EDTA/H2O2계에서 생성된 활성산소종에 대한 소거 활성(OSC50)은 에탄올 추출물(0.83 μg/mL), 에틸아세테이트 분획(0.84 μg/mL), 아글리콘 분획(1.13 μg/mL) 세 분획 모두 대표적인 수용성 항산화제인 L-ascorbic acid(1.5 μg/mL)보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. Rose bengal로 광증감된 1O2에 의한 적혈구 파괴에 대하여, 세 분획모두 농도 의존적(1 ~ 50 μg/mL)인 세포보호 활성을 나타내었다. 또한 50 μg/mL 농도를 기준으로 비교하였을 때, 50% 에탄올 추출물의 τ50은 296.3 min으로 가장 높은 세포보호 활성을 나타내었다. 타이로시네이즈저해 활성에서 에틸아세테이트 분획과 아글리콘 분획은 알부틴보다 높은 저해 효과를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과들로부터 미성숙 복분자 추출물은 라디칼을 포함한 활성산소종을 소거하는 항산화제로서, 알부틴을 대체하는미백 기능성 원료로서 응용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

This study was carried out in order to investigate sterilization effect and to extend storage periods of the Rubus coreanus by treating with tap water (TW), electrolyzed water (EW) and aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO2). After each treatment plot was soaked with 10, 50, 100, 200 ppm in each sterilizing solution within 30 sec, each treatment was compared during the storage time at room temperature and refrigerator temperature. As results of total plate count according to temperatures and periods, the microbial sterilizing power of each treatment plot was bigger at EW and ClO2 treatment plots than the TW treatment plot; however, it sharply increased on the high concentration ClO2 treatment plot. Futhermore, the cold storage treatment plot had more outstanding microbial sterilizing power than the room temperature treatment plot. As a result of observing the surface of the Rubus coreanus using scanning electron microscope (SEM), no microbe was seen in EW and ClO2 treatment plot. The results of measuring enzyme activity showed a more significant decrease in EW and ClO2 solutions treatment plot than TW treatment plot but gradually increased with time. The contents of total polyphenol revealed similar values on each treatment. The EW and ClO2 treatment of the Rubus coreanus could be considered as good methods for inhibiting microbial growth in fresh vegetables and fruit, thereby contributing to quality maintenance.

This study was done in order to monitor the quality properties of the granule using Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) extracts. In order to prepare the granule depending on operational parameters such as content of Bokbunja extract (X1, 0.4∼1.2 g), sugar content (X2, 6∼10 g) and citric acid content (X3, 0.1∼0.3 g), a response surface methodology was applied to monitor the optimum recipes on the organoleptic properties and Hunter's color. The optimum recipe on the organoleptic color showed extract content of 0.96 g, sugar content of 7.05 g and citric acid content of 0.232 g. The optimum recipe on the organoleptic flavor showed extract content of 0.86 g, sugar content of 6.04 g and citric acid content of 0.215 g. The optimum recipe on the organoleptic taste showed extract content of 0.92 g, sugar content of 6.39 g and citric acid content of 0.251 g. The optimum recipe on the overall palatability showed extract content of 0.86 g, sugar content of 6.65 g and citric acid content of 0.272 g. The response surface of the Hunter's color b value was similar to the response of the overall palatability; therefore, the optimum conditions accepted by the consumers were 0.8 g Bokbunja extract content and 0.6 g sugar content in the Hunter's color a value of 6.0.

This study was performed to determined the antioxidant activities, anticancer and immuno-activities of anthocyanin fraction from Rubus coreanus Miquel fruits (Bokbunja). Anthocyanin fraction extracted from Bokbunja revealed the presence of three anthocyanin components, which were tentatively identified as cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-O-xylosylrutinoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside using RP-HPLC/DAD/MS. The anthocyanin fraction from Bokbunja always showed reducing power and high scavenging activities against DPPH, hydroxy radical (OH) and superoxide anion radical (O2-) similar to general synthetic antioxidant and polyphenol compounds from plant origin. Anthocyanin fraction from Bokbunja showed high inhibition on proliferation of LNCaP and A549 cells and did not inhibit the proliferation of other cancer cells. Immuno-activities of Anthocyanin fraction from Bokbunja were investigated, it showed high promotion of human B and T cells growth about 50% and secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α by treatment after 6 days. Over all, the result of the study suggest that anthocyanin fraction from Bokbunja displays antioxidant activity comparable to that general synthetic antioxidant, also, anthocyanin fraction from Bokbunja are expected to be good candidate for development into source of anticaner and immuno-activator agent in food industry.

본 연구는 한약탕제 찌꺼기를 친환경 퇴비자원으로서 재활용하기 위하여 발효과정을 거친 퇴비(MHWC; medicinal herb waste compost)와 계분퇴비(PMC; poultry manure compost) 및 이들을 혼합한 퇴비(MHWC+PMC, 1:1)를 식재 2년생 복분자 포장에 무처리(UC; untreated control, 0), 20, 40 Mg/ha로 각각 처리하였다. 밭 토양의 화학성과 수확한 복분자 과실의 수량 및 당도변화 조사 결과는 다음과 같다. 토양 pH는 UC보다 모두 증가하여 유의적인 pH 변화 조절기능이 인정되었다. EC는 MHWC 처리구가 UC보다 0.56-0.46 배 감소를 보였으며, PMC 처리구와 차이가 있었다. 유기물 함량과 질소함량은 퇴비 종류와 무관하게 증가하였고, 가장 증가된 퇴비는 MHWC이었다. 유효인산함량은 퇴비 종류 및 처리량에 따른 차이가 있었다. 각 퇴비를 처리한 토양의 중금속 함량은 토양오염우려기준보다 낮았다. MHWC 처리구의 수량과 당도는 다른 처리구에 비해 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 보아, MHWC 처리는 복분자 경작지의 토양환경개선과 더불어 복분자 과실의 수량 및 당도를 향상시키는 효과적인 퇴비자원인 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 한약탕제 찌꺼기를 친환경 퇴비자원으로서 재활용하기 위하여 발효과정을 거친 퇴비(MHWC: medicinal herb waste compost)와 계분퇴비(PMC: poultry manure compost) 및 이를 혼합한 퇴비(MHWC+PMC, 1:1)를 식재 2년생 복분자 포장에 무처리(0), 20, 40 Mg/ha로 처리하여 꽃이 첫 개화한 시기를 기점으로 15, 20, 25 DAF(day after flowering)를 수확시기로 하여 수확한 복분자 과실의 생리활성을 조사하여 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 복분자의 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 15 DAF 과실에서와는 달리 20, 25 DAF 과실에서 유의성 있는 증가를 보였다(p<0.05). 수확시기별로는 25>20>15 DAF 순이었고, 그 함량은 40 MHWC Mg/ha가 가장 높았다. Flavonoid 함량변화는 총 페놀성 화합물 함량변화와 유사하였다. 전자공여효과는 15, 20 DAF 과실에서는 차이가 없었지만, 25 DAF 과실에서는 낮은 효과를 나타내었다. 아질산염 소거효과는 pH 1.2>4.2>6.0 순으로 pH 의존적인 경향이었으며 15, 20 DAF 과실보다 25 DAF 과실이 저하되었다. Tyrosinase 저해효과는 MHWC 처리구가 가장 우수하고 처리량에 따라 저해효과가 증가되었으며 15, 20 DAF 과실은 25 DAF 과실보다 낮은 효과를 보였다. Xanthine oxidase 저해활성은 25 DAF 과실의 MHWC 처리구에서 가장 높았고, PMC 및 MHWC+PMC처리구와 UC와의 차이는 인정하기 어려웠다. 이상의 결과에서 MHWC 처리에 따른 복분자 과실의 생리활성이 증가경향을 보여 친환경퇴비자원으로서 가치가 있는 것으로 사료되었다.

완숙 복분자딸기(Rubus coreanus Miq.) 과실부의 냉동저장 중 품질 특성의 변화를 조사하였다. 저장 초기에 비하여 과실을 저장 할수록 산도는 감소하였고, 가용성고형분은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 색상의 경우 저장 초기에는 L, a값이 35.63, 6.74 value로 전체적으로 밝은 붉은 빛을 가졌지만, 냉동 저장되어지면서 28.56, 4.13 value로 유의적으로 감소되어짐에 따라 점차 어두워지고 붉은 빛은 감소하였다. 비타민 C

복분자 부산물(박)을 유용한 천연 색소원으로 활용하기 위하여, 복분자 부산물(박)의 추출조건에 따른 색소 및 폴리페놀의 추출 특성에 대해 조사하였다. 용매 조건별 추출한 색소액의 총 흡광도는 80% 에탄올 용매에서 9.51 unit로 높은 편이었고, 폴리페놀은 에탄올 함량이 40%일 때 최고 수율이었고 에탄올 농도가 높아감에 따라 감소하는 경향이었다. 추출액의 총 흡광도는 용매에 citric acid 및 lactic acid를 첨가하였을 때 높았

This study was performed to improve antioxidant activities and skin-whitening effects of Rubus coreanus Miquel extracts by nano-encapsulation. R. coreanus was extracted at 60℃ and encapsulated by lecithin and gelagine. Nano-encapsulated extracts showed highest free radical scavengering effect as 97.62% in adding sample (500 μg/ml), compared to the extracts from conventional processes. It was showed strong inhibition effect on melanin production test by Clone M-3 cells as 55.23%. High inhibitory potency on tyrosinase was also measured as 155.8% by adding nano-sample of 1 mg/ml. The improvement of biological activity was demonstrated by real time confocal microscope. We could consider that the water soluble extracts of R. coreanus could be definitely enhanced by nano-encapsulated as a potent natural resources for antioxidant and skin-whitening agent.