This study aims to examine the public's perception of the appropriateness of metaphorical expressions used by medical professionals in medical discourse. A sample of 142 individuals were asked to evaluate the appropriateness of ten metaphorical expressions used by health-care experts. Additionally, questions were posed about the effects of using metaphors. The ten items showed variability in the degree of appropriateness, with metaphors being considered more appropriate when the target was familiar and the similarity between the source and target domains was high. Positive aspects of metaphor use by medical professionals included aiding in understanding, with respondents perceiving such professionals as kind, considerate of patients, and trustworthy. Negative aspects included difficulties in understanding when the similarity between the metaphorical targets was low, requiring lengthy and complex thought processes, and potential misunderstandings of scientific facts. Approximately 15% of respondents reported their own experiences with metaphorical expressions in medical discourse, noting that these metaphors helped them understand the illness and treatment, and induced positive behavioral changes.

Abstract Purpose : This study investigated the impact of knowledge and awareness of perception of harmful rays on the use of blue light blocking lenses among university students majoring in optometry. Methods : This study targeted 65 optometry students who responded to an online survey from September 2023 to October 2023. The survey used a survey tool with a total of 15 questions, including knowledge and awareness of perception of harmful rays and demands for guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0. Results : The overall knowledge score about UV rays and blue light was 14.00±3.10 for optometry students and 12.30±3.50 for general university students, showing that the optometry students had higher knowledge (p<0.001). In the case of use of UV-blocking lenses, 70.8% of optometry students were found to be using them, which was higher than 51.5% of general university students. The use of glasses to block blue light was found to be 41.5% of optometry students and 36.9% of general university students. The correlation between perception of the importance of blocking harmful rays and the need for guidelines for the correct selection of blue light blocking lenses was r=0.528 (p<0.001). Conclusion : Optometry students' knowledge and perception of harmful rays were found to be higher than those of general university students, and it appears to have an impact on the use of harmful ray-blocking lenses. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen education and establish guidelines for the correct selection of harmful ray blocking lenses.

최근 낮은 경사도와 편리한 보행 환경 조성으로 많은 사람들이 쉽게 접할 수 있는 무장애숲길 이 서울 도심 내에 조성되면서 이용자가 늘고 있다. 그러나 무장애숲길은 비슷한 용어인 무장 애 나눔길, 무장애 산책로, 자락길 등 여러 명칭과 혼용하여 쓰이고 있고 무장애숲길의 이용자 의 만족도와 관련된 연구 또한 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기존 선행연구들을 토대 로 도심에 조성된 다양한 형태의 길을 비롯한 무장애숲길에 대한 개념을 정립하였다. 또한, 가 장 최근에 조성되어 인프라 조성 및 향후 체계적 관리방안 마련의 필요성이 있는 대모산 자락 길(무장애 나눔길)을 대상으로 방문한 이용객들의 중요도 및 만족도 인식을 파악하였다. 연구 결과를 요약하면 첫째, 무장애숲길은 경사가 비교적 완만한 산의 초입 산자락에 평균 8% 이내 의 데크 산책로를 조성해 휠체어를 탄 장애인도 쉽게 산을 오를 수 있게 조성된 곳으로 정의 할 수 있다. 둘째, 대모산 자락길 이용자의 중요도 및 만족도에 영향을 주는 요소는 적은 교통량 및 주차시설, 교통 시설과 쾌적성 요인, 휴게시설, 근처 통신시설 순으로 나타났다. 셋째, 대모 산 자락길에 대한 중요요인의 긍정 및 부정적 요소들을 비교한 결과, 접근성, 관리가 잘 된 보 행자 통로, 안전 및 보안, 정보 센터의 가용성 등 18가지 긍정적인 요소가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같이 본 연구에서는 기존 선행연구들을 토대로 도심에 조성된 다양한 형태의 길을 비롯한 무장애숲길에 대한 용어를 정리하고 대모산 자락길의 이용자중요도 및 만족도를 분석하였다. 연구의 결과는 이용자 만족을 고려한 무장애숲길 조성계획 및 관리에 기초자료로 사용될 수 있 을 것으로 기대된다.

This study aimed to investigate the use of environmentally friendly agricultural products (EFAPs) in Chungcheongbuk-do and the perception and satisfaction of school dietitians with EFAPs. The study survey was conducted from April to Jun 2018. Among 195 dietitians, 54.4% were nutrition teachers and 51.3% were working in elementary schools. Of the participants, 65% answered that the percentage of EFAPS in the total food cost was 10~30%. The most used EFAP food group was grains (64.6%), followed by vegetables (26.2%). The main reasons for using EFAPs were subsidies for EFAPs from local governments (85.1%) and students’ health (52.3%). The average daily subsidy for EFAPs from the local governments was 201~500 won at 45.1%, and 200 won or less at 34.9%, which was based on one meal per student. In questions on satisfaction with using EFAPs, satisfaction with safety (3.93 out of 5 points) scored the highest, followed by nutrition (3.74), freshness (3.70), appearance (3.32), diversity (2.85), and price (2.78). Therefore, to expand the use of EFAPs in school food service, it is necessary to expand the provision of subsidies and increase EFAP production diversification.

The purpose of this study is to examine a corpus regarding the use of discriminatory language and its perceptions. First, we examined informal job titles that indicate social views regarding the respective workers, and then we analyzed expressions indicating negative perceptions as well as negative expressions about occupations and tasks to determine negative views or attitudes toward the workers. Summarizing the results of the analysis, ganhowon(nurse) and cheongsobu(cleaner) as inappropriate titles, nogada(physical labor) and gongdori/gongsuni(factory boy/girl) as expressions of negative perception, and nogada and wunjeonsu(driver) in negative expressions related to occupations and work occur with high frequency. Ganhowon is used with titles for women like eonni(older sister), agassi(lady), and Miss ○, cheongsobu and pachulbu(day maids) with the titles ajumma(tannie) and ajeossi(older man), wunjeonsu and gongsuni with the epithets nom(jerk) and nyeon(bitch), and nogada with the titles ilggun(workers) and inbu(laborers), and such terms as jjapsae(the fuss) with a epithet saeggi(jerk/bleeder) are used mainly as inappropriate titles. Bad behavior, deprecatory social treatment, and negligent discrimination are conveyed in these expressions of negative perception. The expressions related to occupation and work were mainly used for professionals doing less respected or socially lower work or who do not work well, and there were many expressions indicative of low status or lower rank in the job hierarchy. Lastly, references to appearance and sexuality were those most frequently used in expressions conveying other occupational discrimination, and were found to be used mainly for ganhowon and gongsuni who are young women.

We have limited knowledge on the potential pattern similarities/differences of trust’s role that may exist in information use obtained through intra- and inter-organizational relationships. This study addresses this question by investigating how trust leads to information use. Data from 338 intra-organizational and a sub-ample of 158 inter-organizational information exchange-relationships showed that trust is an important driver of the utilization of market information in both cases. Trust has no direct relationship to information use, instead has a strong indirect effect through a mediator, perceived quality of information. The effects of trust on the use of information obtained through intra- and inter-organizational relationships proved to be similar.

This study compares native English teachers (NETs) and non-native English teachers (NNETs) in their perceptions of errors as well as their actual feedback. Studies comparing NETs and NNETs have focused on actual feedback practice (Green & Hecht, 1985; T. Kobayashi, 1992), with very few studies relating this feedback to their actual perceptions of error correction (Hyland & Anan, 2006; Kim, 2007). In order to better understand this phenomenon, 26 NETs and 24 NNETs completed a questionnaire and provided feedback on a sample academic essay. The results reveal that while both groups showed differing degrees of perceptions, they did not significantly differ from each other in actual feedback, except that NETs preferred coded feedback than NNETs by explaining errors. This study implies that NNETs are as reliable as NETs in correcting errors, but that they differ in how they give feedback.

Today, mobile advertising is an important tool as interactive communication has a great potential to promote market sales. This study is to examine the effect of price perception on behavioral intention to use mobile phone-based promotions, and compare the differences in choice heuristics between levels of the intention to use mobile promotions. Multi-item scales for price perception, choice heuristics and mobile-based promotions were either developed in our qualitative study or adopted from existing scales in literatures (Lichtenstein, et al., 1993; Bettman & Park, 1980). Based on behavioral intention to use, mobile promotions were classified into three types, such as sales promotion, reward program and brand ads. All items were measured on a seven point rating scale (1=very unlikely, 7=very likely). A pilot study was conducted in which 97 female consumers who had ever redeemed mobile promotions for purchasing fashion products. Respondents were aged from 18 to 35 years (average age=23.6 years). Factor analysis revealed that price perception extracted three factors, such as price consciousness (items =4, Cronbach’s α=.90), coupon proneness (items =5, Cronbach’s α=.89), and sales proneness (items =4, Cronbach’s α=.89). Regression analysis was used to examine the effect of the price perceptional factors on use intentions for mobile promotions. For sales promotion, price consciousness (β=.27, p<.01) and coupon proneness had significant effects on intention to redeem for sales or coupon (F=13.59, p<.001, Adjusted R2=.29); price consciousness (β=.22, p<.05) and coupon proneness (β=.36, p<.01) significantly affected behavioral intention to participate in reward program (e.g., QR code events, point mileage, free gift, etc.) (F=10.34, p<.001, Adjusted R2=.23); and intention to use brand ads was significantly affected by sales proneness (β=.26, p<.05) and price consciousness (β=.24, p<.05; F=9.18, p<.001, Adjusted R2=.21). For purchasing in mobile context, consumer choice heuristic was consisted of five rules: compensatory, lexicographic, price-based conjunctive, affect-referral heuristic and sequent elimination in the mobile context. It is found that consumer choice rule was differed by intention to use mobile promotions. There was a significant difference in lexicographic (MLow=3.89, MHigh=4.63, t=-3.54, p<.01), price-based conjunctive (MLow=3.64, MHigh=4.13, t=-2.12, p<.05), and affect-referral heuristic (MLow=3.31, MHigh=4.02, t=-2.95, p<.01) between high and low levels of use intention for redemption for sales or coupon; for reward program, there was significant difference in price-based conjunctive (MLow=3.45, MHigh=4.27, t=-3.72, p<.001) or sequent elimination (MLow=4.39, MHigh=5.00, t=-2.13, p<.05) between the high and low levels of use intention. Also, there was a significant difference in price-based conjunctive rule between high and low levels of use intention for brand ads (MLow=3.49, MHigh=4.30, t=-3.76, p<.001). The findings extended a consumer choice model under mobile promotional stimuli and discussed a managerial implication to build effective promotional strategy in the context of mobile commerce..

The English language does not possess a 3rd person singular epicene pronoun normally used in a sex-indefinite or gender-neutral context, so the masculine 3rd person singular “he” has taken the role for over centuries. However, many researchers have indicated that generic he is not exclusively sex-neutral in that it evokes masculine imagery. For this reason, in English speaking countries, singular they has successfully evolved as an alternative to generic he. Nevertheless, in the Korean EFL setting, where the importance of English education has been emphasized, the actual use and perception of the English epicene pronoun has rarely been considered. In this context, this study investigated Korean EFL learners’ use and perception of the 3rd person epicene pronoun in sex-neutral contexts. The research observed that generic he was the learners’ most preferred choice of pronoun though it indeed evoked masculine images, whereas singular they was neither widely accepted, nor often used. The present study also determined to what extent the use and perception of epicene pronouns were related to and affected by linguistic and biographical variables. It was also demonstrated that simplicity in epicene pronoun use could have assumed priority over nonsexist expression among some Korean EFL learners. The present study has implications in that it contributes to epicene pronoun education in Korean EFL settings, and to build awareness in Korean EFL learners regarding the issue of sex bias in language.

본 연구는 백두대간 등산로가 지닌 자원과 이용의 특성, 등산이용에 따른 환경영향에 대한 등산객 인식을 파악함으로써 이용과 관리상의 현안과제를 도출하고 등산경험 제고와 보다 효과적인 백두대간 등산로 관리정책의 입안과 집행을 위한 자료를 제공하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 백두대간 등산로를 입지와 지형적 특성을 고려한 3가지 유형으로 구분하여 각 구간별 이용행태와 등산객에 의해 발생할 수 있는 생태적, 물리적, 사회적 환경요소들의 영향수준에 대한 등산객의 인식을 분석하였다. 분석결과 이용행태는 구간별로 차이를 보이지 않았으며 백두대간 등산로는 휴양이나 여행과 같은 다목적의 이용보다는 순수한 등산의 목적지로 인식되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 등산로 주변 생태적 환경은 이용 만족도와 상관관계를 보이지 않았으나 등산로 폭과 같은 물리적 환경의 변형은 백두대간 이용경험에 부정적 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타났다. 사회적 환경 지표의 경우는 만족도와 상관관계가 없는 것으로 분석되었는데 이는 현행 백두대간 등산로의 이용밀도가 낮은 것에 기인한 결과로 판단된다. 백두대간 등산로의 생태적, 물리적, 사회적 환경에의 영향은 비교적 양호한 수준으로 현재까지 이용 경험의 질 저하는 나타나고 있지 않으나 향후 이용수준의 증가가 예상됨에 따라 제환경 영향요소간의 상호작용과 변화를 모니터할 수 있는 체계적 관리방안의 도입이 필요하다.

본 연구는 강원도 소재의 치악산국립공원, 오대산국립공원, 그리고 설악산국립공원을 방문한 탐방객들과 공원사무소에서 근무하는 관리자들의 공원 이용 및 관리 관련 속성에 대한 인식을 파악하고 비교함으로써 효율적인 공원관리방안 수립에 필요한 기초 정보의 제공에 그 목적을 두고 수행되었다. 응답자 직접기입 방식의 설문조사가 각 국립공원 주 진입부에서 공원방문을 마치고 귀가하는 401명의 탐방객들과 세 곳의 국립공원에 근무하고 있는 공원관리자 67명 대상으로 실시되었다. 연구결과, 탐방객에 의한 부정적인 영향으로서 공원내 환경훼손의 심각성, 환경훼손의 유형, 훼손원인에 대해 집단간 인식의 차이가 나타났다. 또한 제시된 18개 공원관리 및 이용 관련 항목에 걸친 집단별 인식비교 결과 쓰레기 문제 자연 및 문화자원의 훼손문제, 호객행위, 위생 및 안내시설의 청결과 부족, 등산로 훼손 등 10개 속성에 대해 탐방객과 관리자 집단간 인식의 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Vending machines play an important role of giving convenience and simplicity in modem life style. So they became an indispensible element in life of modern people. This study was peformed to investigate customer's actual status in use as well as the degree of satisfaction and requirement of food and beverage vending machines. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. About the advantage of using the vending machines, respondents answered 'convenience' for 50.2% and 'closeness' for 33.6% of all the answers. About the dissatisfaction for vending machine, three factors of 'inappropriate taste, temperature. quantity' and 'unsanitary pakage material and food' were the main causes. 2. About the credit of food quality,48.6% of respondents answered' some what doubtful'.58.1% of respondents pointed out that they couldn't confide in freshness and shelf-life' 3. 48.2% of respondents agreed that vending machines would be needed more in the future. Respondents wanted lots of food to be served from vending machines. The foods which respondents wanted to be served from vending machines were noodle(30.8%), rice(19%), pastry(18.2%), bread(17.45) gruel(7.3%) and snack(7.3%).

본 연구는 글로벌 드럭스토어의 국내 진화형인 헬스 앤 뷰티 스토어(Health & Beauty Store)의 체험지각요소가 이용자에게 이용 만족과 지속적인 이용의도에 있어 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위하여 진행되었다. 이용자들이 H&B스토어에서 쇼핑과 더불어 체험요소 여부에 반응하며 매장을 이용한다는 전제하에 Pine & Gilmore(1998)의 체험경제이론을 바탕으로 4가지 체험지각요소(오락성요소, 정보성요소, 현실도피요소, 미적요소)를 H&B스토어의 체험지각요소에 적용시켜 연구를 진행하였다. 그 결과, H&B스토어의 체험지각요소 중 오락성요소, 현실도피요소, 미적요소가 이용자 만족도에 정 (+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었고, H&B스토어의 체험지각요소 중 오락성요소가 이용자의 지속적 이용의도에 정(+) 의 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 이용자가 H&B스토어에서의 재미와 즐거움, 매장과 쇼핑에 대한 몰입, 디스플레이 요소 등을 높게 지각할수록 이용자의 만족도가 높아진다는 것을 알 수 있는 반면, H&B스토어에서 제공하는 정보는 이용자의 만족 여부와 관련이 없음을 알 수 있다. 이상의 연구 결과가 H&B스토어 이용자의 소비문화에 맞는 매장 체험요소 기획에 있어 기초자료로서 도움이 되고, 또 향후 진행되는 H&B스토어에 대한 연구에 대한 초석으로 기여할 수 있게 되기를 기대한다.

본 연구는 그림책을 활용한 장애이해교육에 나타난 예비유아교사의 인식 변화를 알아 보고, 이를 기초로 추후 장애유아통합교육을 더욱 활성화하기 위한 교사양성방안을 모색 하는데 목적을 가지고 있다. 연구대상은 D지역 유아교육과 2학년에 재학 중인 예비유아 교사 22명이며, 교육 전후 예비유아교사들이 작성한 지적장애 및 자폐성장애인에 대한 사회적 거리감 질문지와 반성적 저널, 그림책 분석자료 및 교육계획안을 수집하였다. 자료분석을 위해 혼합연구방법을 적용하였으며, 양적분석은 SPSS 18.0 프로그램을 사용하여 대응표본 t-검정, 질적분석은 Nvivo 11.0프로그램을 사용하여 저널 중심으로 분석하였 다. 본 연구 결과, 그림책 활용 장애아이해교육을 통해 예비유아교사의 지적장애와 자폐 성장애에 대한 사회적 거리감이 유의미하게 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 반성적 저널 을 통해 예비유아교사들은 타자화 된 장애에 대한 경계를 허물고, 장애통합교육이 장애아와 비장애아 모두를 위한 교육이며, 장애유아통합교육을 담당하는 교사로서의 소명감 을 인식하게 된 것을 알 수 있었다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the perception of walking environment and use of neighborhood facilities of rural female elderly, who are the most susceptible to ambulatory problems. The study showed that parks, senior centers and hospitals were among the most frequently used neighborhood facilities by rural female elderly, while bus stations and senior centers were recognized as the closest facilities. Frequency of use was higher for paid sports facilities rather than parks. Hospitals and health centers were facilities that were desired to be in close proximity. Social support, self-efficacy, and attitude were the factors that affected walking environment. Street trees, accessibility to parks, and street lights were factors that showed a positive relationship with total time of walking activity while perceived crime rate and slopes were perceived as environmental challenges for groups that walked under 150 minutes per week. One factor that negatively affected walking was the lack of sidewalks on streets. Providing parks and walking trails within neighborhood, pleasant walking environments, and safe sidewalks would contribute to improved perception of neighborhood and walking of older rural women.

This research was conducted to find out the correlation of well-being perception and well-being behavior in reference to use of plant resources. We analyzed the survey of 94(25 male, 69 female) about the well-being perception and well-being behavior by t-test, one way ANOVA, Scheffé test, and Pearson's correlation analysis by using SPSS/WIN. The results were as follows: First, female outdid in perception of mind-oriented and self-oriented in contrast with male. In part of well-being behavior, females were more active on wellbeing behaviors for foodstuffs and environmental factors while males for clothes factor. Second, mind-oriented and self-oriented perceptions of well-being showed up significant correlation according to the frequency of being with plants or forests for leisure for the last 3 months, and well-being trend, sport-leisure, clothes and housing features in well-being behavior also correlated with the frequency of it. And mind-oriented, self-oriented perception of well-being and environmental features in well-being behavior according to the frequency of purchasing plants for emotional happiness showed up significantly differences. Third, the higher mind-oriented perception of well-being is, the more well-being behavior including wellbeing trend, foodstuffs, health, housing, and environment increase. The higher the self-oriented is, the more well-being behavior including sport-leisure, housing, and environment increase.