내시경 유두부괄약근 절개술 후 통상적인 내시경결석제거술로 제거가 어려운 거대총담관결석에 대한 치료로 일차적으로는 소절개 내시경 유두부괄약근 절개술 후 내시경 유두부 큰풍선 확장술을 권고한다. 내시경 유두부괄약근 절개술과 내시경 유두부 큰풍선확장술 후에도 제거가 어려운 거대총담관결석의 경우에는 담도내시경하 전기수압쇄석술 또는 레이저쇄석술을 고려해 볼 수 있으며 일시적 담관 스텐트 삽입술을 권고한다. Billroth-II 수술, Roux-en-Y 문합술 등 해부학적 변화로 내시경역행 담췌관조영술이 어려운 총담관결석 환자에서는 소장내시경 또는 경피경간적 담도내시경을 통한 담석제거술을 선택적으로 시행할 수 있으며, 초음파내시경 유도하 중재 시술도 최근 시행되고 있다. 재발성 총담관결석에 대한 일차 치료로는 내시경역행담췌관조영술이 추천된다.

총담관결석의 치료를 위해 안전하고 효과적인 ERCP를 시행하려면 적절한 예방적 항생제의 사용은 필수이며, 출혈 관련 합병증 감소를 위해 항응고제의 중단과 출혈 위험성이 높은 환자들에게 EST 대신 EPBD를 시행하는 것이 필요하다. 뿐만 아니라 PEP 감소를 위한 적절한 췌관 스텐트의 삽입을 고려해야 하며, 담낭 담석이 동반되었을 경우 총담관결석의 치료가 끝났다면, 환자 상태를 고려하여 선택적으로 담낭절제술을 시행해야 한다.

총담관결석의 진단은 환자의 임상 양상과 여러 혈액, 영상 및 내시경검사 등을 통해 이루어진다. 총담관결석이 의심되는 환자에서 초기검사로 간기능검사와 복부초음파 혹은 복부 CT를 시행할 수 있으며, 이러한 초기검사 결과를 바탕으로 총담관결석의 저위험군, 중등도위험군 및 고위험군으로 분류할 수 있다. 총담관결석의 저위험군은 간기능검사가 정상이고 영상검사에서 총담관의 확장이 나타나지 않는 경우로, 이러한 환자에서는 총담관결석을 시사하는 증상이 지속되지 않는 한, 추가적인 검사는 필요하지 않다. 총담관결석의 중등도위험군은 간기능검사에서 이상을 보이거나, 영상검사에서 총담관 확장을 보이는 경우로, EUS나 MRCP 검사를 추가로 시행할 수 있으며, 추가 검사에서 총담관결석이 확인되는 경우 ERCP의 시행이 필요하다. 총담관결석의 고위험군은 임상적으로 담관염이 있거나 영상검사에서 총담관결석이 확인되는 경우이며, 다른 추가 검사 없이 진단 및 치료 목적으로 ERCP 시행이 권고된다.

2013년 본 학회에서 총담관결석 진료 권고안이 발간된 이후, 최신의 치료 기술을 반영하면서도 국내 의료 환경을 고려한 임상 진료지침 개정에 대한 요구가 있었다. 이에 대한췌장담도학회는 최근까지 발표된 국내외의 총담관결석과 관련된 중요 문헌을 수집, 분석 및 고찰 후, 전문가 집단을 대상으로 설문조사 시행, 임상진료지침을 개정하였다. 개정된 임상진료지침은 1) 총담관결석의 진단, 2) 총담관결석의 내시경 치료, 3) 난치성 총담관결석의 내시경 치료 3개 분야로 작성되었으며, 총 13개의 권고사항과 그 근거를 제시하는 형태로 기술하였다.

본 연구는 코칭연구의 다변화 및 경영학연구에서 코칭접근의 활성화를 도모 하기 위해 그동안의 연구 동향을 분석하고자 하였다. ‘경영학적’으로 접근한 전체 발간 논문의 수와 발간학회를 중심으로 빈도분석 한 결과, 2010년에 1편으로 시작하여 2023년에는 9편으로 점증하였다. ’코칭관련 학회에서 발간된 ‘경영학적 접근’의 연구 동향을 알기 위해 4개 학 회에서 발간된 전체 논문 493편을 대상으로 한국경영학회 편집위원회에서 구분 한 ①경영전략 ②경영정보 ③국제경영 ④마케팅 ⑤생산계량 ⑥인사조직 ⑦재무 관리 ⑧회계 ⑨융합에 준해 빈도분석하였다. 그 결과, 2006년부터∼2024년까지 발간된 논문 중, 동향은 인사조직, 융합, 경영전략, 경영정보의 순으로 나타났다. ‘경영학적 접근’에 따른 ‘주제어(keyword)’의 구성 동향을 알기 위해 개별 논 문의 초록에 제시된 ‘주제어’를 중심으로 빈도분석한 결과, 조직몰입, 코칭리더 십, 코칭, 직무만족, 직무스트레스, 혁신행동의 순위로 나타났다. 그리고 임파워 먼트, 자기효능감, 코칭역량,조직성과은 동일한 순위로 나타났다. 향후, 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 학회의 설립 목적과 특성을 고려한 경영학적 연구를 강화할 필요성이 크며, 특히 ‘융합’적 연구가 확충되어야 한다.

다양한 사회적 지표들은 한국 사회의 물질적 성장 수준과 사회구성원 들의 삶의 질 수준 간의 불일치를 보여주고 있다. 이 불일치는 사회의 질에 대한 학문적 그리고 정책적 관심을 유발해왔고, 사회의 질의 개념 적 도구로서 사회적 자본이 논의되어 왔다. 본 연구는 창원시 사례를 활 용하여 지역사회의 특성과 사회적 자본 간의 관계를 실증적으로 고찰하 였다. 연구결과에 의하면, 고밀도 도시지역일수록 사회경제적 지위가 상 승하지만 사회적 응집력과 지역주민 간의 호혜성 등 사회적 자본의 수준 은 하락하였다. 연구결과는 인구성장과 물질적 풍요 등 양적 성장에 치 중한 기존의 양적 발전 전략이 사회적 지속성을 고려하는 전략으로 전환 또는 확장될 필요가 있음을 시사했다. 관계형성 활성화를 촉진하는 물리 적 환경과 도시계획, 그리고 지역사회 공동체 형성을 지원하는 사회복지 정책이 융합적으로 고려될 때 지역사회의 사회적 질은 효과적으로 향상 될 수 있을 것으로 제안되었다.

With the birth of ChatGPT, it has had a strong impact on the education industry, and the education association research is also diverse. This study aims to provide reference and new ideas for academic research in the educational field by analyzing the current research status, research hotspots, and research trends of ChatGPT in the field of education, and to provide some suggestions and new initiatives for education regulatory authorities. This study mainly used literature analysis and bibliometric methods to conduct quantitative and statistical analysis on the selected 452 advanced literature. At the same time, with the help of research tools such as CiteSpace 2022, WORDART2024, and XLSX2024, the data of the literature was input to generate visual charts. Through the interpretation of the charts, conclusions were drawn. This study analyzes the main characteristics of the current research situation through the distribution of literature time, disciplinary specialties, research level, and academic journals. Secondly, the distribution of research hotspots is revealed through keyword frequency statistics and keyword co-occurrence analysis. By analyzing the author's research trends and publishing institutions, it aims to explore the development trends in this field. Finally, this study found that the number of publications on the association between ChatGPT and education showed a steady upward trend, with the main disciplines focused on educational theory and computer application technology, and the publication journals concentrated on university sponsored academic journals and Chinese core journals. The research hotspots revolve around artificial intelligence, with strong intersection between hotspots. The research authors have strong independence and weak correlation. But there is strong integration and correlation between research institutions.

This study utilizes association rule learning and clustering analysis to explore the co-occurrence and relationships within ecosystems, focusing on the endangered brackish-water snail Clithon retropictum, classified as Class II endangered wildlife in Korea. The goal is to analyze co-occurrence patterns between brackish-water snails and other species to better understand their roles within the ecosystem. By examining co-occurrence patterns and relationships among species in large datasets, association rule learning aids in identifying significant relationships. Meanwhile, K-means and hierarchical clustering analyses are employed to assess ecological similarities and differences among species, facilitating their classification based on ecological characteristics. The findings reveal a significant level of relationship and co-occurrence between brackish-water snails and other species. This research underscores the importance of understanding these relationships for the conservation of endangered species like C. retropictum and for developing effective ecosystem management strategies. By emphasizing the role of a data-driven approach, this study contributes to advancing our knowledge on biodiversity conservation and ecosystem health, proposing new directions for future research in ecosystem management and conservation strategies.

Until now, research on consumers’ purchasing behavior has primarily focused on psychological aspects or depended on consumer surveys. However, there may be a gap between consumers’ self-reported perceptions and their observable actions. In response, this study aimed to investigate consumer purchasing behavior utilizing a big data approach. To this end, this study investigated the purchasing patterns of fashion items, both online and in retail stores, from a data-driven perspective. We also investigated whether individual consumers switched between online websites and retail establishments for making purchases. Data on 516,474 purchases were obtained from fashion companies. We used association rule analysis and K-means clustering to identify purchase patterns that were influenced by customer loyalty. Furthermore, sequential pattern analysis was applied to investigate the usage patterns of online and offline channels by consumers. The results showed that high-loyalty consumers mainly purchased infrequently bought items in the brand line, as well as high-priced items, and that these purchase patterns were similar both online and in stores. In contrast, the low-loyalty group showed different purchasing behaviors for online versus in-store purchases. In physical environments, the low-loyalty consumers tended to purchase less popular or more expensive items from the brand line, whereas in online environments, their purchases centered around items with relatively high sales volumes. Finally, we found that both high and low loyalty groups exclusively used a single preferred channel, either online or in-store. The findings help companies better understand consumer purchase patterns and build future marketing strategies around items with high brand centrality.

This study investigated associations between healthy dietary practices and the odds of prediabetes among Korean adolescents. The data of 1,624 adolescents aged 12 to 18 who participated in the 2017-2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Healthy dietary practices were defined according to Health Plan 2030 criteria, and prediabetes was defined as a fasting blood glucose level of 100-125 mg/dL. After controlling for confounders, adjusting odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for prediabetes were determined for different healthy dietary practices using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Compared with adolescents who engaged in healthy dietary practices, those who did not had a 1.63-fold (95% CI: 1.12-2.37) higher odds of prediabetes. In addition, adolescents who did not consume ≥500 g of fruit and vegetables daily and those who refrained from reading nutritional fact labels, which are both subindicators of healthy dietary practices, had a 1.66 (95% CI: 1.05-2.62) and 1.58-fold (95% CI: 1.06-2.37) higher odds of prediabetes, respectively, than those who did. Increasing the proportion of adolescents engaging in healthy dietary practices, such as consuming ≥500 g of fruit and vegetables daily and reading nutritional fact labels when selecting food, is imperative.

Background: Hemiparesis not only affects the affected side but also exerts an impact on the unaffected side. Stroke patients endure muscular weakness attributable to hemiparesis, resulting in asymmetry of muscular strength between the paralyzed and non-paralyzed sides. Objectives: To investigate the correlation between lower limb muscle strength asymmetry and functional factors in patients with stroke. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 58 stroke patients participated in this study. After measuring the muscle strength of both lower limbs using manual muscle testing, the asymmetry was calculated. Functional factors such as berg balance scale (BBS), timed up and go (TUG), 10-metre walk (10MW), and modified barthel index (MBI) were measured. Results: The BBS showed positive correlations with hip, knee, and ankle strength asymmetry (P<.05). The TUG showed negative correlations with hip, knee, and ankle strength asymmetry (P<.05). The 10MW showed negative correlations with hip, knee, and ankle strength asymmetry (P<.05). The MBI showed positive correlations only with hip strength asymmetry (P<.05). Conclusion: We were found that there is a more pronounced lower limb muscle strength asymmetry in the lower extremity of stroke patients, which is associated with BBS, TUG, and 10MW.

본고는 중국어 학습자를 대상으로 30개의 단어 연상에 대한 설문조사를 실시하여, 20대 대학생의 인지적인 측면의 특징을 살펴보고, 어휘 교육 방법에 적용하고자 하 였다. 사회가 변하면서 일부 단어 연상의 결과가 예전의 인식과 달라지고 있다는 것 을 알 수 있었다. 일부 추상적인 단어에서는 반응어 종류가 매우 다양한 것으로 나 타났다. 특히 형용사 ‘빨갛다’의 경우 예전의 설문조사에서는 출현하지 않았던 단어 들이 많이 출현한 것을 알 수 있었다. 반응어 종류가 가장 많은 것은 품사별로 명사 ‘책’과 ‘영화’, 동사 ‘좋아하다’, 형용사 ‘기쁘다’로 나타났다. 조사 결과를 토대로 적용 할 수 있는 어휘 교육 방법을 제안하였다.

This study aimed to determine the association between household types and healthy dietary practices among Korean adults. A cross-sectional analysis was performed using nationwide data on 23,488 participants from the 2017-2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Based on self-reported data, the participant household types were classified into single- and multi-person households. The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for healthy dietary practices according to household types were calculated by applying multivariable logistic regression analysis after adjusting for confounders. Of total, 11.21% and 88.79% were single- and multi-person households, respectively. Compared with individuals living in multi-person households, those in single-person households had lower odds of adhering to healthy dietary practices (AOR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.98) and consuming adequate saturated fatty acids (<7% of energy) (AOR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.69-0.88). In addition, men and individuals aged 65 years living in single-person households exhibited lower odds of consuming adequate saturated fatty acids and 500 g of fruit and vegetables per day than those in multi-person households. Single-person households often find it a challenge to practice a healthy diet. Hence, nutritional policies and educational support that help individuals living alone consume healthier diets are warranted.

Background: Copy number variation (CNV) can be identified using next-generation sequencing and microarray technologies, the research on the analysis of its association with meat traits in livestock breeding has significantly increased in recent years. Hanwoo is an inherent species raised in the Republic of Korea. It is now considered one of the most economically important species and a major food source mainly used for meat (Hanwoo beef). Methods: In this study, CNVs and the relationship between the obtained CNV regions (CNVRs) can be identified in the Hanwoo steer samples (n = 473) using Illumina Hanwoo SNP 50K bead chip and bioinformatic tools, which were used to locate the required data and meat traits were investigated. The PennCNV software was used for the identification of CNVs, followed by the use of the CNV Ruler software for locating the different CNVRs. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis was performed. Results: We found a total of 2,575 autosomal CNVs (933 losses, 1,642 gains) and 416 CNVRs (289 gains, 111 losses, and 16 mixed), which were established with ranged in size from 2,183 bp to 983,333 bp and 10,004 bp to 381,836 bp, respectively. Upon analyzing the restriction of minor alleles frequency > 0.05 for meat traits association, 6 CNVRs in the carcass weight, 2 CNVRs in the marbling score, 3 CNVRs in the backfat thickness, and 2 CNVRs in the longissimus muscle area were related to the meat traits. In addition, we identified an overlap of 347 CNVRs. Moreover, 3 CNVRs were determined to have a gene that affects meat quality. Conclusions: Our results confirmed the relationship between Hanwoo CNVR and meat traits, and the possibility of overlapping candidate genes, annotations, and quantitative trait loci that results depended on to contribute to the greater understanding of CNVs in Hanwoo and its role in genetic variation among cattle livestock.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 치매 노인의 인지기능, 일상생활활동 의존도와 행동심리증상의 관계 분석 및 일상생 활활동 의존도의 매개효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 건강보험공단에서 제공하는 노인 코호트 데이터베이스(Database; DB)의 2015년 데이터를 활 용하여 이차자료분석을 시행하였다. 연구 목적에 따라 2015년 장기요양인정신청자 중 2002~2015년 중 치매 상병코드로 1회 이상 진료를 받고 장기요양인정심사 결과 1~5등급 판정을 받은 자를 선별하였 고, 총 12,363명의 자료가 분석에 사용되었다. 분석을 위해 전체 변수에서 인지기능, 행동심리증상, 일 상생활활동 의존도를 추출하였다. 세 주요변인 간 연관성과 일상생활활동 의존도의 매개효과 분석을 위 하여 경로모형을 수립하고 각 경로의 직접효과와 간접효과 및 전체 모형의 총효과를 산출하였다. 결과 : 경로분석 결과 인지기능과 일상생활활동 의존도 간 효과값은 .616(p < .0001), 인지기능과 행동심 리증상 간 효과값은 .199(p < .0001), 일상생활활동 의존도와 행동심리증상 간 효과값은 .039(p = .0005)으로 세 경로 모두 유의한 연관성을 보였다. 세 변수의 경로모형 총효과값은 .223(p < .0001)이 었으며, 간접효과값은 .024(p = .0005)으로 일상생활활동 의존도의 부분매개효과가 존재하였다. 결론 : 본 연구에서 경로모형을 통해 인지기능과 행동심리증상 간의 관계에서 일상생활활동 의존도의 매개 효과를 검증한 결과, 일상생활활동 의존도는 인지기능의 저하가 행동심리증상에 미치는 영향을 부분적으 로 매개하고 있었다. 이러한 결과는 치매 환자의 행동심리증상 완화를 위해 일상생활활동 기능 증진 프 로그램이 유용할 수 있음을 시사하며 본 연구가 중재의 필요성 및 개발의 근거로 사용되기를 기대한다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between household economic changes by COVID-19 and dietary habits in Korean adolescents. The study analyzed data from the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey in 2021. A total of 54,848 middle and high school students, 28,401 males and 26,447 females, participated in this study. COVID-19 lead to deterioration of household economy in the lower level of household economic status (p<0.001). The deterioration of household economic status by COVID-19 was associated with dietary habits such as lower breakfast intake, and higher fast food, soda drinks, and sweet drinks consumption (p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that deterioration of household economic status was significantly decreased in frequency of breakfast intake (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.67~0.80). The deterioration of household economic status by COVID-19 was also significantly associated with increased frequency of fast food (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.16~1.41), soda drinks (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.30~1.56) and sweet drinks (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.24~1.46) consumption (p<0.001). In conclusion, it was confirmed that the change in household economy caused by COVID-19 was associated with dietary habits in adolescents. As the household economy deteriorated, there was an increase in undesirable dietary habits including skipping breakfast and fast food consumption.

We performed a study to examine the association between diet quality and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our study included 3,586 women aged 40-64 years who participated in the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study subjects were classified into the NAFLD group (n=816) and the normal group (n=2,770) using the hepatic steatosis index. The anthropometric indices, blood profiles, and dietary intake data of the subjects were obtained. The waist circumference, body mass index, and the serum levels of triglycerides, fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were higher in the NAFLD compared to the normal groups (p<0.001, respectively). The intakes of protein (g/kg body weight, p<0.001), potassium (p<0.001), and vitamin A (p=0.006) were significantly lower in the NAFLD group. It was observed that the higher the total Korean Healthy Eating Index score, the lower the risk of NAFLD. A reverse relationship was shown between the NAFLD risk and the intakes of total fruits, total vegetables, vegetables excluding Kimchi and pickled vegetables, meat, fish, eggs and beans. Therefore, it is recommended that middleaged women in Korea increase their intakes of fruits, vegetables, and foods high in protein for the proper management of NAFLD.

본 연구는 혈중 비타민 E 농도와 대사증후군의 관련성을 살펴보고 비타민 E의 신체에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 한다. 분석 자료는 질병관리본부에서 시행한 국민건강영양조사 제7기 3차 (2018년도) 자료를 사용하였으며 본 연구에서는 만 19세 이상 성인은 대상으로 혈중 비타민 E의 농도를 검사한 대상 자 중 남자 944명, 여자 1,080명을 최종 분석하였다. 자료 분석은 일반적 특성에 따른 혈중 비타민 E 농도 차이는 Chi-square와 t- test로, 혈청 비타민 E 농도와 대사증후군 하부요인들 간의 관계는 Pearson 상관 관계로, 혈중 비타민 E 농도와 관련된 대사증후군 지표는 로지스틱 회귀분석을 하였다. 대사증후군의 하부 요인과 혈중 비타민 E의 회귀분석 결과 HDL-cholesterol이 정상군이 과잉군에 비해 높았으며(OR:1.042, CI:1.028-1.056), 중성지방도 정상군에 비해 유의미하게 높았다(OR:1.010, CI:1.009-1.012)(p<0.01). 따 라서 본 연구를 통하여 환자의 연령에 맞는 영양 및 건강프로그램을 개발할 것을 제안한다.

Previous works on safety behavior have paid less attention to the influence of several leadership styles on safety behavior. Among the various leadership styles, I focus on the effect of coaching leadership on safety behavior. To be specific, this paper investigates the impact of coaching leadership on safety behavior and its underlying mechanisms (mediator) as well as contextual factor (moderator). This research examines the sequential mediating effect of perceived organizational support and organizational identification in the association between coaching leadership and safety behavior. Also, work overload will negatively moderate the coaching leadership-perceived organizational support link. My results showed coaching leadership increases employee safety behavior through the sequential mediation of perceived organizational support and organizational identification. In addition, work overload functions as a negative moderator which diminishes the positive effect of coaching leadership on perceived organizational support.