Despite its historical association with oppression, fear, and marginalized femininity, modern reinterpretations of the figure of the witch position it as a symbolic entity combining historical context and literary imagination. This study analyzes contemporary fashion designs that incorporate witch imagery, focusing on the designs' representational methods and aesthetic characteristics. It includes a literature review examining evolving perceptions of witches across different eras as well as visual and formal analyses of post-2010 fashion collections, using image and text materials from Showstudio.com and other online sources. In various realms of visual culture–including art, film and drama, advertising, product design, and halloween costumes–the image of the witch is no longer confined to traditional iconography. Instead, it is continuously reimagined, taking on expanded and multifaceted meanings that attest to its unique and evolving nature. This study identifies two primary expressive types: direct iconographic appropriation, employing traditional motifs such as pointed hats, black cloaks, and pentacles; and metaphorical suggestion, using dark tones, deconstructed silhouettes, and layered styling to imply the witch's essence. The analyses also highlight three aesthetic characteristics: empowered sensuality, expressed through sheer fabrics and dramatic makeup; supernatural mysticism, combining natural and occult symbols; and uncanny playfulness, which subverts traditional motifs through fantasy and humor. Ultimately, the witch in contemporary fashion serves as both a stylistic code and a visual signifier of cultural narrative and identity. This reimagining has contributed to the development of new aesthetic systems in fashion and broadened the visual culture and design innovation discourse.

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) is a widely cultivated winter forage crop known for its high yield and nutritional value. This study evaluated the processing characteristics and feeding performance of IRG-based pellets in Hanwoo cattle (Bos taurus coreanae) and Korean native black goats (Capra hircus). IRG was harvested at the optimal growth stage and processed into two pellet formulations: IRG ≥80% (with up to 20% soybean meal) and 100% IRG. Feeding trials were conducted under ad libitum feeding conditions. Hanwoo cattle showed higher intake of 100% IRG pellets (7.9 kg/day/head) than IRG ≥80% pellets (7.5 kg/day/head, p<0.05), with similar average daily gain (0.9 ± 0.4 kg/day/head). Conversely, black goats exhibited significantly lower intake of IRG ≥80% pellets (54.6 g/day/head) compared to 100% IRG pellets (266 g/day/head), likely due to reduced palatability associated with soybean meal inclusion. These findings suggest that IRG pellets are suitable for Hanwoo cattle, while further optimization of pellet size and formulation is required to improve acceptance in goats. Future studies should assess long-term impacts on digestion, rumen fermentation, and metabolic responses.

This study was conducted from 2022 to 2024 at the Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science (RDA), in Cheonan, Korea, to develop a medium-maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The newly developed tetraploid cultivar, named ‘Spider’, is characterized by its green leaves, semi-erect growth habit in late autumn, and erect growth habit in mid-spring. With a heading date of May 16, ‘Spider’ is classified as a medium-maturing variety. Compared to the control cultivar ‘Kowinmaster’, ‘Spider’ has a 1.0 mm wider leaf blade, a 1.6 cm longer leaf blade, and is 5 cm taller in plant height. Its dry matter yield (10,169 kg/ha) is significantly higher than that of ‘Kowinmaster’ (p<0.05). The crude protein content of ‘Spider’ is 10.4%, which is 0.2% higher than that of the control. Additionally, ‘Spider’ has a neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of 49.5% and an acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of 26.6%, showing a 2.2% lower NDF and a 0.2% higher ADF compared to ‘Kowinearly’.

The Magnus airfoil can convert wind energy into kinetic energy, driving the boat forward. The rotating cylinder at the airfoil's leading edge enhances lift and reduces drag, positioning it as a promising technology for boundary layer flow control. This study, based on the NACA0015 airfoil, employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate the effect of cylinder diameter on the aerodynamic performance of the Magnus airfoil. The Reynolds number is set to 4×10⁵, with an angle of attack of 18°, a rotational speed ratio of 1.4, and cylinder diameters ranging from 6% to 13% of the airfoil's chord length. Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze and compare the lift and drag characteristics, vorticity distribution, pressure distribution, and flow field structure for varying cylinder diameters. The results show that a high-speed rotating cylinder, when placed at the airfoil’s leading edge, effectively suppresses flow separation on the suction surface, delays boundary layer development, and enhances the overall aerodynamic performance of the airfoil. For the Magnus airfoil studied, the optimal diameter of the rotating cylinder at the leading edge is found to be 12% of the chord length.

With the increasing demand for energy conservation and emissions reduction in the shipping industry, suctionbased turbine sails have emerged as a novel wind energy utilization technology and have become a research hotspot. This study focuses on the aerodynamic performance of suction-based turbine sails with the aim of investigating the effects of suction intensity and suction port position on their aerodynamic characteristics. By employing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations using the Re-Normalization Group (RNG) k–ε turbulence model and the SIMPLE algorithm, this study provides a detailed analysis of lift and drag coefficients, pressure distribution, and vorticity distribution under various combinations of suction intensity (γ) and suction port position (α). The results show that variations in suction intensity significantly affect the lift and drag characteristics of the turbine sail, while changes in the suction port position directly influence the attachment and separation behavior of airflow on the sail surface. Furthermore, a synergistic effect is observed between γ and α—their interaction not only alters the flow distribution but also plays a critical role in determining the overall performance of the turbine sail.By comprehensively considering the influence of these two factors, the study draws key conclusions for optimizing the design of suction-based turbine sail, providing valuable theoretical insights and technical guidance for their practical application in wind-assisted marine propulsion.

본 연구에서는 부산연안에 위치한 9개소의 백사장(해수욕장)을 대상으로 해양수산부 연안침식 실태조사에서 조사된 평균해빈 폭, 평균단면적, 전빈기울기 등의 현장관측자료를 이용하여 장기 해안선 변동특성을 분석하였다. 그리고 부산 연안 인근에 위치한 장기 해양파랑 관측자료와의 연관성을 평가하였다. (1) 2009년부터 2023년까지 15년간의 해빈 관측자료로부터 평균해빈폭의 평균값이 큰 해빈 의 순서대로 나열하면 해운대 60.18 m, 송도 57.82 m, 송정 49.56 m, 광안리 48.45 m의 순이었다. (2) 해빈의 전빈기울기 평균값이 큰 순서대 로 살펴보면 감지 13.80°, 중리 8.54°, 송도 7.87°의 순이었다. 해빈의 전빈기울기가 클수록 연안침식에 의해 평균해빈폭 및 단면적이 작게 나타났다. (3) 외해에서 유입되는 파랑에너지는 천해로 진입하는 과정에서 약 50% 정도의 에너지 손실이 발생하였다. 평균 해빈폭의 변화 는 외해 해양파랑의 월별 총에너지 변동과 동일한 시점에 변화하였다. 해양파랑 총에너지 값이 큰 경우에는 해빈의 폭이 줄어들었고 해 양파랑 총에너지가 작게 내습하는 시점(2015년, 2016년, 2021년)에는 해빈폭이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다.

본 연구는 식물군집구조 분석을 통해 팔공산국립공원 칠곡 가산산성내 식생 특성을 파악하여 지속적인 관리와 보호 에 필요한 자료를 구축하고자 진행되었다. 칠곡 가산산성은 팔공산국립공원 내 위치한 문화유산이며, 국립공원 용도지 구 구분에 따라 공원자연보존지구에 해당하는 지역으로 보전가치가 높은 지역이다. 칠곡 가산산성 내 96개 조사구에 대한 식물군집구조 분석 결과, TWINSPAN과 DCA 분석을 통해 소나무-낙엽활엽수군락(Ⅰ), 소나무군락(Ⅱ), 서어나 무-소나무군락(Ⅲ), 소나무-서어나무군락(Ⅳ), 물푸레나무-고로쇠나무군락(Ⅴ), 물푸레나무-물오리나무군락(Ⅵ), 아까 시나무-밤나무군락(Ⅶ), 느티나무-낙엽활엽수군락(Ⅷ)의 총 8개 군락으로 나뉘었다. 이는 조림수종인 아까시나무, 밤나 무, 물오리나무가 우점하는 인공림 군락(Ⅵ, Ⅶ)과 자생수종이 우점하는 자연림 군락(Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅷ)으로 구분할 수 있다. 인공림은 관리를 통해 기후적 특성에 맞는 자연림으로의 천이 유도가 가능할 것으로 사료되며, 이를 통해 국립공원 자연자원 보전에 필요한 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 판단된다. 하지만 본 연구는 칠곡 가산산성을 중심으 로 수행하였기에 팔공산국립공원 전체 지역의 식물군집구조를 파악하기에 한계가 있으므로 팔공산국립공원 전 지역을 대상으로 하는 연구가 필요하다.

This study investigates how lake morphology, water quality, and water-level fluctuations (WLF) collectively shape wetland plant communities across 90 lakes in the Republic of Korea. By analyzing morphological indices (Index of Basin Permanence; IBP, Rawson Index; RI), WLF, water quality, and vegetation data, we identified four distinct lake groups through cluster analysis. Group C, comprising large dams, was characterized by the highest IBP and extreme WLF. Despite having favorable water quality, this group exhibited the lowest species richness, suggesting that severe physical disturbance from WLF is a primary limiting factor for wetland plant community. In contrast, Group A (estuarine reservoirs) showed stable water levels but high nutrient concentrations, which led to eutrophic conditions and communities dominated by a few tolerant species. Group D, which included small agricultural reservoirs and floodplain wetlands, had complex shorelines (highest RI) and supported the higher diversity of aquatic plants. This indicates that habitat heterogeneity can mitigate moderate physical disturbances and enhance richness. Canonical Correspondence Analysis and Variation Partitioning Analysis revealed that community structure is primarily influenced by hydrological disturbance, chemical stress (eutrophication), salinity, and shoreline complexity. These analyses confirmed that the interplay of these environmental factors explains community variation more effectively than any single factor alone. Our findings demonstrate that lake plant communities are shaped by a complex interaction of geomorphological, hydrological, and chemical factors. Therefore, effective lake management must adopt an integrated approach, considering both water-level regulation and shoreline complexity to enhance ecological integrity.

To conduct a comprehensive assessment of aquatic ecosystems, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of lentic ecosystems such as lakes, in addition to rivers. This requires analyzing the characteristics of biological communities in lakes and developing appropriate assessment indices. In this study, we analyzed the distributional characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrate communities collected from 90 lakes between 2022 and 2024, according to four categories of lake types (inflow stream type, lake size, salinity characteristics, and trophic states). The environmental variables used to classify lake types (catchment area, altitude, area of water, electrical conductivity, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a) all followed a log-normal distribution with positive skewness. Most of the lake types were characterized by inflow from lowland small streams, small or middle size, and freshwater lakes. However, in terms of trophic states, many lakes were assessed as mesotrophic or eutrophic. Analysis of seven community structure characteristics (taxa richness, taxa abundance, dominance, diversity, richness, evenness, and Lake Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assessment Index, LBAI) and two functional groups (feeding and habitat) showed clear changes primarily associated with trophic states, while other lake types showed irregular increase or decrease or similar levels. In the CCA, which analyzed dominant taxa by abundance and six environmental variables, the distribution patterns of lakes were more clearly distinguished by salinity characteristics related to electrical conductivity, unlike the community indices. The results of this study are expected to serve as basic data for future monitoring and assessment of lake aquatic ecosystems using benthic macroinvertebrates.

식물은 고유한 생태적지위를 가지고 있고 생태적지위는 물리적인 환경요인 만으로 설명할 수 없고 공간적인 개념을 포함하여 설명하는 것이 필요하다. 다양한 생육지를 포함하여 조사하고 생육지의 질적인 측면을 평가에 고려하는 것은 중요하다. 함안, 의령 및 질날늪 일원에서 총 21회(22일)에 걸쳐 출현식물을 조사하였고 그 결과로 139과 447속 826종 13아종 53변종 2품종 894분류군으로 정리되었다. 함안 지역에서는 127과 385속 642종 11아종 45변종 1품종 699분류군, 의령 지역에서는 130과 384속 657종 10아종 43변종 2품종 712분류군이 조사되었다. 남강의 지류 습지인 질날늪 일원에 대한 조사로는 102과 289속 455종 9아종 24변종 1품종 489분류군이 조사되었다. 환경부지정 멸종위기 야생식물은 세뿔투구꽃과 가시연이 조사되었고 고유종으로는 19분류군이 조사되었다. 식물구계학적특정식물 Ⅴ등급 4분류군, Ⅳ등급 12분류군이 조사되었다. 멸종위기야생식물을 포함한 주요 식물은 대부분 소규모 분포지를 점유하였고 개체수도 적었다. 조사지역의 습지에서 핵심적인 식물은 가시연으로 평가되는데 최근 종자의 공급원이 훼손되었기 때문으로 평가되었다. 외래식물은 총 98분류군이 조사되었고 귀화율은 10.96, 도시화지수는 15.88이었다. 생태계교란 식물은 환삼덩굴, 돼지풀, 단풍잎돼지풀, 미국쑥부쟁이, 가시박, 도깨비가지, 가시상추, 양미역취, 물참새피 9 분류군이 조사되었다. 단풍잎돼지풀은 비교적 최근에 확산한 것으로 평가되었고 가시박은 남강 주변에 걸쳐 군락을 형성하고 있었다. 조사지역에서 환삼덩굴, 칡 및 외래식물의 확산에 따라 식물다양성이 높다고 평가되는 가장자리 공간이 축소되 는 추세였다. 따라서 향후 지역적으로 식물다양성의 감소가 예상되었다.

This paper focuses on methods for quantifying landfill gas emissions, including odor, odor generation mechanisms, odor emission characteristics according to the time of waste deposition, and odor measurement data from landfills. This study analyzed the concentration ranges and median values of 22 odor compounds measured at landfill gas collection wells and various landfill surface locations across both domestic and international landfill sites. These locations included active operational areas, final cover surfaces, and leachate treatment zones. The odor with the highest measured concentration at the landfill gas collection well was H2S (with a median value of 818,616 mg m–3). During landfill operations and on the surface of uncovered landfill layers, the concentrations of NH3 (with a median value of 1,613 mg m–3) and H2S (with a median value of 279.5 mg m–3) were found to be high . Concentrations of toluene, xylene, ketones, and sulfide odors were also high at covered landfill surfaces. Additionally, NH3, styrene, and H2S had high concentrations in the leachate treatment area. The odor intensity, measured on the surface of covered sanitary landfills for domestic waste, ranged from 6 to 2,080 mg m–3 (dilution to threshold). The concentrations of NH3 and H2S were relatively high in domestic sanitary landfills. The odorous compounds that contributed the most to odor intensity were nitrogen-containing odors, sulfur-containing odors, and aldehydes. In order to effectively manage landfill odors in the future, research should be continuously conducted to accurately measure and predict odor emission fluxes from landfills. In addition, it will be necessary to develop emission reduction technologies that take into account landfill odor emission characteristics.

This study analyzed the emission characteristics of major air pollutants (dust, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, and carbon monoxide) emitted from domestic public waste incineration facilities based on their operating elements. Using automatic measuring equipment for smokestacks (TMS), data was collected from 97 facilities from 2015 to 2023. The emission source unit (kg/ton) was evaluated based on the facility’s capacity, aging level, and incineration type. Emissions were calculated, and descriptive statistical analysis was performed based on the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the larger the facility capacity, the lower the average emission and volatility, which suggests that the operational stability of large facilities is high. On the other hand, facilities that had deteriorated for 10 to 15 years had the highest emission rates, and emissions decreased in facilities that were aged more than 20 years. In addition, the pyrolysis and high-temperature melting incineration facilities had lower NOx and HCl emissions than the conventional incineration type. Furthermore, CO showed the greatest volatility overall, which was found to be particularly difficult to manage in facilities in the early to mid stages of aging. These results provide empirical evidence that the structural characteristics and incineration type of incineration facilities have a significant impact on air pollutant emissions and can serve as useful basic data for policy-making, including for implementing region-wide initiatives and planning major repairs in the future.

Peppers belong to the Solanaceae family and are highly valued worldwide for their flavor, nutritional content, and economic benefits. They contain various antioxidant compounds and vitamins associated with numerous health advantages, such as boosting metabolism and reducing inflammation. In addition, peppers are an important agricultural crop, contributing significantly to income along their value chain and serving as an indispensable ingredient in many dishes. However, domestic pepper production has steadily declined, mainly due to increased production costs. Peppers require a significant amount of labor during the harvest season, leading to high labor expenses. As a result, mechanized harvesting is emerging as a potential solution to address this issue. Research on mechanical harvesting of peppers has focused on developing harvesting machines, breeding suitable varieties, and exploring innovative cultivation methods appropriate for mechanization. Although similar research has been conducted in Korea, significant results have yet to be achieved. This review summarizes cases of mechanical pepper harvesting and outlines the traits and cultivation methods required for its effective implementation. For successful mechanical harvesting, the ideal cultivar should be suitable for once-over harvesting, with characteristics such as simultaneous and uniform ripening, low plant height, narrow branching angles, resistance to lodging, and ease of pedicel detachment from the stem. Moreover, fundamental research is essential for developing cultivation methods that do not rely on stacking and for determining optimal planting distances.

This study examined the influence of multiple factors—particularly occupant presence and air purifier operation—on indoor PM2.5 concentrations across 104 households in the Seoul metropolitan area. Both indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were continuously monitored and integrated with time-specific survey data to analyze spatial and temporal patterns of indoor exposure. Results showed that occupant presence significantly elevated indoor PM2.5 concentrations, especially during periods of high activity (08:00~15:00 and 18:00~20:00). The indoor/outdoor (I/ O) concentration ratio was also significantly higher during these periods, indicating that occupant activities were a major contributor to indoor PM2.5 concentrations. Air purifier use was found to be associated with a consistent reduction in indoor PM2.5 concentrations, regardless of occupancy status. Notably, the I/O ratio also decreased when air purifiers were in operation, demonstrating their effectiveness in controlling both indoor emissions and the infiltration of outdoor pollutants. These findings provide empirical evidence of the multifactorial dynamics governing indoor PM2.5 exposure and highlight the importance of occupant-centered and time-specific strategies for effective residential air quality management.

This study investigated nutrition quotient (NQ) scores of 283 Vietnamese marriage migrant women and their children in Korea and analyzed the influence of maternal dietary adaptation factors on children's dietary quality. The survey was conducted from February 3, 2025 to February 28, 2025. Based on the acculturation theory, mothers were classified into five dietary adaptation types: complete-assimilation, mixed assimilation-separation, integrated-separation, marginalization, and passive-adaptation. Among preschoolers, the complete-assimilation type had the highest total scores of balance (89.0) and practice (83.4), the lowest score of moderation (30.8), and the highest overall NQ-P score (77.8). Among preschool children, the passive-adaptation type showed the lowest total scores for all domains except moderation. In school-age children, the mixed assimilation-separation type had the highest total scores, while the passive-adaptation type had the lowest scores across all domains except moderation. Among mothers, the complete-assimilation type had the highest total scores in balance (88.0), moderation (66.1), and practice (89.6) domains with, the highest overall NQ-A score (82.1), while the passive-adaptation type had the lowest total scores in all domains except moderation. These results confirm that maternal dietary adaptation can affect children's dietary quality highlighting the importance of dietary education and support for mothers during this stage.