The present study investigated the effects of forage cutting and baler mixing on the chemical compositions, fermentation indices, and aerobic stability of whole crop rice (WCR) haylage. The WCR (“Youngwoo”) was harvested at 48.4% dry matter and ensiled into a 300 kg bale silo with forage cutting (whole crop without cutting vs. 5 cm of cutting length). The WCR forages were ensiled without baler mixing process (CON) or with (MIX). The concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of whole crop rice before ensiling were 48.4, 9.70, 2.57, 6.11, 41.2, and 23.5%, respectively. The forage cutting did not affect the chemical compositions, fermentation indices, microbes, and aerobic stability of WCR haylage (p>0.05). The CON haylages tend to be higher in NDF content (p<0.10). The MIX haylages had lower in lactate (p=0.019), and lactate:acetate ratio (p<0.001). The MIX haylages had higher in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (p=0.010). Therefore, this study concluded that the fermentation quality of WCR haylage improved by baler mixing, but had no effects by forage cutting.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the quality of high moisture rye silage. Rye forage (Secale cereale L.) was harvested at the heading stage (27.3% of dry matter (DM)) and cut into approximately 3-5 cm lengths. Then, the forage divided into 4 treatments with different inoculants: 1) No additives (CON); 2) Lactobacillus brevis strain 100D8 at a 1.2 x 105 colony-forming unit (cfu)/g of fresh forage (LBR); 3) Leuconostoc holzapfelii strain 5H4 at a 1.0 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage (LHO); and 4) Mixture of LBR and LHO (1:1 ratio) applied at a 1.0 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage (MIX). About 3 kg of forage from each treatment was ensiled into a 20 L mini-bucket silo in quadruplicate for 100 days. After silo opening, silage was collected for analyses of chemical compositions, in vitro nutrient digestibilities, fermentation characteristics, and microbial enumerations. The CON silage had the highest concentrations of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (p = 0.006; p = 0.008) and a lowest in vitro DM digestibility (p < 0.001). The pH was highest in CON silage, while lowest in LBR and MIX silages (p < 0.001). The concentrations of ammonia-N, lactate, and acetate were highest in LBR silage (p = 0.008; p < 0.001; p < 0.001). Propionate and butyrate concentrations were highest in CON silage (p = 0.004; p < 0.001). The LAB and yeast counts were higher in CON and LHO silages compare to LBR and MIX silages (p < 0.001). However, the mold did not detect in all treatments. Therefore, this study could conclude that L. brevis 100D8 and Leu. holzapfelii strain 5H4 can improve the digestibility and anti-fungal activity of high moisture rye silage.

The present study investigated effects of microbial additives and silo density on chemical compositions, fermentation indices, and aerobic stability of whole crop rice (WCR) silage. The WCR (“Youngwoo”) was harvested at 49.7% dry matter (DM), and ensiled into 500 kg bale silo with two different compaction pressures at 430 kgf (kilogram-force)/cm2 (LOW) and 760 kgf/cm2 (HIGH) densities. All WCR forage were applied distilled water (CON) or mixed inoculants (Lactobacillus brevis 5M2 and Lactobacillus buchneri 6M1) with 1:1 ratio at 1x105 colony forming unit/g (INO). The concentrations of DM, crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of whole crop rice before ensiling were 49.7, 9.59, 2.85, 6.74, 39.7, and 21.9%, respectively. Microbial additives and silo density did not affect the chemical compositions of WCR silage (p>0.05). The INO silages had lower lactate (p<0.001), but higher propionate (p<0.001). The LOW silages had higher lactate (p=0.004). The INO silages had higher yeast count (p<0.001) and aerobic stability (p<0.001). However, microbial counts and aerobic stability were not affected by silo density. Therefore, this study concluded that fermentation quality of WCR silage improved by microbial additives, but no effects by silo density.

The present study was aimed to estimate the effect of ensiling period and bacterial inoculants on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics on rye silage harvested at delayed stage. Rye (Secale cereale L.) was harvested after 20 days of heading stage (29.4% dry matter, DM). The harvested rye forage was applied with different inoculants following: applications of distilled water (CON), Lactobacillus brevis (LBB), Leuconostoc holzapfelii (LCH), or mixture of LBB and LCH at 1:1 ratio (MIX). Each forage was ensiled into 20 L mini bucket silo (5 kg) for 50 (E50D) and 100 (E100D) days in triplicates. The E50D silages had higher in vitro digestibilities of DM (IVDMD, p<0.001) and neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD, p=0.013), and lactate (p=0.009), and acetate (p=0.011) than those of E100D, but lower pH, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and yeast. By inoculant application, LCH had highest IVDMD and IVNDFD (p<0.05), while MIX had highest lactate and lowest pH (p<0.05). The CON and LCH in E50D had highest LAB and yeast (p<0.05), whereas LBB in E100D had lowest (p<0.05). Therefore, this study concluded that LCH application improved the nutrient digesbility (IVDMD and IVNDFD) of lignified rye silage, and longer ensiling period for 100 days enhanced the fermentation characteristics of silage compared to ensiling for 50 days.

본 연구는 미네랄 첨가제가 한우사 바닥에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험은 경남 진주시 소재 한우 번식우 농장에서 실시하였다. 우방당 미네랄 첨가제를 5 ㎏ 첨가하였으며, 시험구로는 무첨가구(CON); bentonite 시험구(BN); illite 시험구(IL); 및 fly-ash 시험구(FA)로 두었다. 각각의 시험구로 4개의 우방을 이용하였으며, 우방당 5마리 한우 암소를 공시하였다. 미네랄 첨가제를 처리한 후 각 우방당 5곳에서 0, 7, 14, 21 및 28일에 우분을 채취하였다. 샘플은 건물, 발효특성, 미생물 성상 및 가스 발생량 분석에 이용되었다. 전 기간 동안 건물과 acetate 함량은 미네랄 첨가제에 의한 영향은 나타나지 않았다. 무첨가구에서 7, 14 및 28일에 유기물 함량은 가장 높았고(p<0.05), 조회분 함량은 가장 낮았다 (p<0.05). IL 시험구에서는 14, 21 및 28일에 총 질소 함량이 가장 높았고(p<0.05), IL, BN 및 FA 시험구에서는 각각 14, 21 및 28일에 무첨가구보다 대장균이 낮았다(p<0.05). FA 시험구에서는 28일에 살모넬라 수가 가장 높았다(p<0.05). IL 시험구에서는 28일에 암모니아 발생량이 가장 높았고 (p<0.05), 황화수소는 전기간 동안 검출되지 않았다. 28일간 결과값을 평균하였을 때, 무첨가구에서 유기물 함량이 가장 높았고(p<0.05), 조회분 함량이 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). IL 시험구에서 총 질소 함량이 가장 높았고(p<0.05), BN 시험구는 ㏗가 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 대장균 수는 IL 시험구에서 가장 낮았고(p<0.05), 살모넬라 수는 무첨가구 보다 IL과 FA 시험구에서 더 낮았다(p<0.05). 따라서, 본 연구에서 광물질 첨가제는 분 중 가스 발생량에는 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 병원성 미생물인 대장균은 illite와 fly-ash 처리 시에 억제되는 효과가 있었다.

The basalt fiber is expected to become a trend for industrial fibers as they have better properties of heat-resistant, non-combustion, absorbent, soundproof, moistureproof, lightweight, corrosion resistant, and high strength properties. Also, the fiber is found to be non-toxic and harmless to the human body. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the chemical and mineral compositions of powdered sludge of basalt produced at seven sites on Jeju Island for the development of fire resistance insulating material for a building. The results showed that the basalt stone sludge is made from only sodium calcium aluminum silicate and ferridioside components unlike the basalt rock.

This study was carried out to investigate the chemical properties of safflower seeds cultivated at some areas in Korea. Safflower was used as one of the functional foods and medicinal plants for many centuries. Porximate compositions of safflower seeds were moisture, 4.8~8.1%, crude protein 16.5~19.5%, crude ash 2.7~3.3%, curde fiber 38.5~43.4%, and crude fat 16.6~24.4%, respectively. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine were the major amino acids and their contents were 2,587.4~3,143.5 mg%, 1,315.8~1,654.8 mg%, and 1,171.9~1,484.2 mg%. K, P, Ca, and Mg were major minerals and their contents were 611.6~886.3 mg%, 501.5~596.7 mg%, 208.5~641.2 mg%, and 530.6~639.5 mg%, respectively. The free sugars that were identified include raffinose, sucrose, glucose, fructose. α-tocopherol content was 0.14~3.82 mg%. Contents of vitamin C was 0.43~3.39 mg%. The safflower seeds fatty acids were palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linoleic acid. The major fatty acid was linoleic acid it’s content was 74.8~82.9%.

In this study, three kinds of bainitic steel plates are manufactured by varying the chemical compositions and their microstructures are analyzed. Tensile and Charpy impact tests are performed at room and low temperature to investigate the correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties. In addition, heat affected zone (HAZ) specimens are fabricated by a simulation of welding processes, and the HAZ microstructure is analyzed. The base steel that has the lowest carbon equivalent has the highest volume fraction of acicular ferrite and the lowest volume fraction of secondary phases, so the strength is the lowest and the elongation is the highest. The Mo steel has a higher volume fraction of granular bainite and more secondary phases than the base steel, so the strength is high and the elongation is low. The CrNi steel has the highest volume fraction of the secondary phases, so the strength is the highest and elongation is the lowest. The tensile properties of the steels, namely, strength and elongation, have a linear correlation with the volume fraction of secondary phases. The Mo steel has the lowest Charpy impact energy at -80 oC because of coarse granular bainite. In the Base-HAZ and Mo-HAZ specimens, the hardness increases as the volume fraction of martensite-austenite constituents increases. In the CrNi-HAZ specimen, however, hardness increases as the volume fraction of martensite and bainitic ferrite increases.

This study was carried out to estimate the effect of selected inoculants on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of rye silage. Rye was harvested at dough stage and divided into 5 treatments, following: No additives (CON); L. plantarum R48-27 (LP27); L. buchneri R4-26 (LB26); Mixture of LP27 and LB26 at 1:1 ratio (MIX); and L. buchneri (LB). The rye forage was ensiled into 10 L bucket silo for 100 days. The contents of NDF and ADF were lowest (P<0.05) in LB26. The pH in LB26, MIX, and LB were lower (P<0.05) than CON and LP27. Lactate content in LB was higher (P<0.05) than the others, while acetate content in LB26 and LB were higher (P<0.05) than that in CON and LP27. Lactate to acetate ratio was highest (P<0.05) in LB, but lowest in LB26. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in LB was higher (P<0.05) than that in CON, while yeast count in CON was lower than in all silages applied inoculants. In conclusion, silages inoculated with LB26 could improve potentially the aerobic stability caused by increases of acetate and propionate concentrations.

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of cultivated cereals by Phellinus linteus mycelium. Also, we investigated the content of free sugar, organic acid, free amino acid, mineral and fatty acid of cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium. The major free sugars were determined the glucose, maltose, and fucose by HPLC. The content of total free sugars was the highest in cultivated red rice by P. linteus mycelium at 36oC. The content of fucose was the highest in cultivated red rice by P. linteus mycelium at all cultivation temperatures. The organic acids were identified oxalic acid, malic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid, as in the case of free sugar, higher contents of organic acids were observed in the cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium than control. There was no significant difference in the mineral content between the control and cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium. Sixteen kind of free amino acid were detected in cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium. And the content of total free amino acids were higher in the cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium than the control. And essential amino acids showed significantly differences between control and cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium. Fatty acids were detected with seven kinds of fatty acids, and the major fatty acid was determined the linoleic acid by GC-MS. The content of linoleic acid was higher in the cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium than the control.

This study was performed to determine the optimal condition for Lentinula edodes JMI-10079 mycelium cultivation on the root of Polygonum multiflorum. We also analyzed the proximate composition, total amino acids, and minerals in the root of P. multiflorum cultivated with L. edodes JMI-10079 mycelia. The optimal temperature and pH for L. edodes JMI-10079 mycelium cultivation on the P. multiflorum root were 25oC and pH 5–6 respectively, whereas the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were glucose and maltose, respectively. The content of crude protein, crude fat, and ash in the P. multiflorum root cultivated with L. edodes JMI-10079 mycelia was higher than that in the uncultivated P. multiflorum root. The content of crude fiber was the highest in the control. Total amino acid analysis revealed that the contents of total amino acids and total essential amino acids were increased by higher root of P. multiflorum concentration.

낙동강에는 휴·폐광산의 관리 소홀로 인하여 광미, 광산폐기물, 침출수 등이 산재되어 있으며 여름철 집중 호우 기 동안 이 같은 오염물들이 수계에 유입될 수 있다. 경상북도 봉화군 석포면에서 시작해 안동시 안동호 상류에 이르 기까지 낙동강에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 광산은 총 105개로 금속광산 60개, 비금속 광산 45개에 달한다. 이를 확인하기 위해서 1년 동안 건기와 우기에 퇴적물, 배출수, 하천수를 채취하였다. 광산의 활동으로 낙동강 주변에 전반적으로 심각한 수준의 중금속 오염을 보이는 퇴적층이 산재해 있음을 확인했다(101개의 시료채취 지점 중 중금속농도를 바탕으로 한 오염지수 10 이상 지점 68개). 하천수 분석 결과에서는 승부, 삼보, 옥방, 장군 광산 등의 지류 시료에서 비소와 카드뮴 농도가 우기 때 증가하는 양상을 보였으며 광산의 배출수와 광미 퇴적층으로 인한 오염이 우려된다. 그러나 광미 퇴적층과 하천수의 화학조성만으로는 오염의 근원이 되는 광산의 유입정도를 분리해 내기 어렵고 이러한 문제는 광해 방지를 어렵게 한다. 광산 활동으로 인한 오염을 효과적으로 방지하기 위해서는 각 오염근원으로부터의 유입비를 분리해 낼 수 있어야 하는데, 그 방법으로써 안정동위원소를 사용하고 이를 통한 오염원 추적 분석 기술 개발에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

본 연구의 목적은 육우 송아지 출하월령(3, 6, 9, 12개월) 조건에 따른 채끝등심(m. longissimus lumborum)과 꾸리육(m. tricep brachii)의 이화학적 육질 특성 및 지방산 조성에 미치는 특성을 비교하여 송아지고기의 상품성을 조사해 보고자 수행하였다. 채끝등심육과 꾸리육 모두 출하월령이 증가됨에 따라 수분 함량은 감소하였던(73.20~79.23%) 반면에 단백질(19.51~23.13%) 및 지방(0.76~1.99%) 함량은 증가하였다. 육색의 경우 두 부위 모두 출하월령이 증가됨에 따라 L*값(30.62~43.81)은 감소하는 반면에 a*값과 b*값은 증가하였다 (P<0.05). pH는 채끝등심육은 3개월령(5.96)이 꾸리육은 3개월(5.67) 및 6개월(5.73) 령이 다른 출하월령들 보다 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 미오글로빈 함량은 채끝등심과 꾸리육 모두 출하월령이 증가할수록 증가하였다(P<0.05). 전단력을 측정한 경과 채끝등심육 은 3개월령(5.94 kg)과 12개월령(4.34 kg)이 6개월(9.16kg) 및 9개월령(9.57 kg) 보다 유의적으로 낮았으며, 꾸리육은 3개월령(2.83 kg)이 9개월 (4.47 kg)령 보다 유의적으로 낮았다(P<0.05). 가열감량은 채끝육의 경우 출하월령간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 꾸리육은 다른 출하월령들 보다 12개월(28.37%)령이 낮았고 3개월(36.55%)령이 높았다(P<0.05). 한편 채끝등심과 꾸리육은 모두 12개월령이 근절길이가 길었고 보수력이 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 지방산 조성을 분석한 결과 채끝등심육은 3개월령에 C18:2n6, C20:1n9, 총 다가불포화지방산 (PUFA), 포화지방산에 대한 다가불포화지방산의 비율(PUFA/SFA) 및 오메가-6(ω-6) 지방산 함량이 유의적으로 높았고 12개월령에는 C16:1n7, C18:1n9, 총 단가불포화 지방산(MUFA), 총 포화지방산에 대한 총 단가불포화 지방산의 비율(MUFA/SFA) 지방산 함량이 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05), 꾸리육의 경우 3개월령에 C20:1n9 함량이 높았고 12개월령에는 C14:0, C18:1n9, 총 단가불포화지방산(MUFA) 및 총 포화지방산에 대한 총 단가불포화 지방산의 비율(MUFA/SFA) 함량이 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05).

고구마 경엽을 식품소재로 활용하기 위해 신황미, 하얀미, 스이오우를 수확시기(60, 90, 120일) 및 마디별(1~5, 6~10, 11~15마디)로 채취, 동결건조한 후 분쇄하여 L값과 총 폴리페놀 함량, DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 신황미는 하얀미, 스이오우에 비해 높은 폴리페놀 함량과 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성을 나타냈으며, 이는 재배기간이 길수록 정상의 순에 가까울수록 높았다. 90일 동안 재배한 후 1~10마디의 경엽을 채취, 2단계 열풍건조법으로 제조한 신황미, 하얀미, 스이오우 경엽 분말의 총 아미노산 함량은 각각 2,469, 3,384, 2,531 mg/100 g, 총 무기물 함량은 각 7.23, 6.54, 7.11 g/100 g, 총당은 각 11.6, 12.8, 18.2 g/100 g, 비타민 E 함량은 3.04, 3.18, 1.52 mg/100 g이었다. 또한 총 폴리페놀 함량은 각각 5.03, 3.90, 4.02 mg/g, β-카로티노이드는 75.6, 71.6, 63.1 mg/g이었고, DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성(EC50)은 각각 0.29, 0.36, 0.33 mg, ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성(EC50)은 0.12, 0.15, 0.11 mg으로 시금치보다 2배 이상 강한 활성을 나타내었다.

비료의 종류 및 농도가 청축면 및 적축면 상추의 생장과 근권부 화학성 변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 산성 (AF), 중성(NF) 및 알칼리성(BF)의 세 종류 비료 처리용액을 만들고, 각각 질소 기준 100 또는 200mg · L−1로 농도를 조절하여 시비하면서 근권부 화학성 변화와 식물 생장에 미치는 영향을 밝혔다. 청축면 상추의 정식 10주 후 생장에서 AF를 시비한 처리보다 BF를 시비한 처리의 생체중과 건물중이 무거웠고, BF를 200mg · L−1로 시비한 처리의 생장이 가장 우수하였다. 적축면 상추도 BF 시비구의 생장이 가장 우수하였고, NF 및 AF 순으로 저조해지는 경향이었으며 각각의 비료를 200mg · L−1으로 시비한 처리들보다 100mg · L−1으로 시비한 처리들 의 생장이 우수하였다. 토양 pH는 정식 6주 후부터 처리간 뚜렷한 차이를 보이기 시작하였다. 정식 10주 후 농도를 200mg · L−1으로 조절한 처리가 100mg · L−1 처리 보다 AF 시비구는 pH가 더욱 낮았고 BF 시비구는 더욱 높게 측정되었다. 두 종류의 상추를 재배하면서 세 종류 비료의 농도를 200mg · L−1으로 조절한 처리들의 EC가 100mg · L−1보다 약 0.2~0.4dS · m−1 더 높았다. 산성비료를 시비한 처리들은 토양용액의 NH4-N 농도가 높았고, 알칼리 비료를 시비한 처리들은 Ca과 Mg 농도가 높았다. AF 시비구에 비해 BF 시비구의 토양 NO3- N 농도가 높았으며, PO4 −3 농도는 AF, NF 및 BF 시비구 순으로 농도가 낮아지는 경향이었다. 토양용액의 무기이온 농도에서 차이가 발생하는 것은 비료의 조성과 근권부 pH 변화에 기인한 결과라고 판단하였다.

Generally, it has been known that positive plate efficiency is the most influential effect on the initial current capacity of lead acid battery. Thus, in this study, we have investigated the curing effect of the positive plate, which is one of the important lead acid battery processes. The curing process of the positive plate is performed either with the separation of each plate with 1mm gap or with no gap of plate. As a result, when there is no interval between each plate, the higher temperature current happened than expected, resulting in the changes in the initial current efficiency of the lead acid battery. The chemical composition and crystal structure of a material coated on the positive plate were identified with XRD and SEM. It was resulted that were only there not a lot of 4BS (tetrabasic-lead sulfate, 4PbO·PbSO4) on the plate in case of curing of plates without interval, but a large quantity of Pb3O4 also formed on the surface. On the other hand, it was observed that 3BS (tribasic-lead sulface, 3PbO·PbSO4·H2O) was the main product on the plate in case of typical curing process with some interval. From the initial current capacity test, the positive plate having 3BS was approximately 40% higher in initial current capacity than that having 4BS. It was concluded that 4BS and Pb3O4 on the plate surface were harmful to the initial current capacity of lead acid battery.